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May 24, 1985, Vol 253, No. 20 >
ARTICLE | May 24, 1985

Cigarette Smoking Associated With Delayed Conception FREE

Donna Day Baird, MPH, PhD; Allen J. Wilcox, MD, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Epidemiology Branch, Mail Drop A3-02, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (Dr Baird).


JAMA. 1985;253(20):2979-2983. doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03350440057031
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References

We conducted an epidemiologic study to test the hypothesis that women who smoke have reduced fertility. Data on smoking history and number of noncontracepting cycles until conception were collected from 678 pregnant women. Thirty-eight percent of nonsmokers conceived in their first cycle compared with 28% of smokers. Smokers were 3.4 times more likely to have taken greater than a year to conceive compared with nonsmokers. After adjusting for potential confounding variables by Cox proportional hazards regression, fertility of smokers was estimated to be 72% of the fertility of nonsmokers. Heavy smokers experienced lower fertility than did light smokers (57% and 75% of the pregnancy rate of nonsmokers, respectively). Fertility was not affected by the husband's smoking. These data provide evidence that reduced fertility should be added to the growing list of reproductive hazards of cigarette smoking.

(JAMA 1985;253:2979-2983)

REFERENCES

1 +
Strobino BR, Kline J, Stein Z:  Chemical and physical exposures of parents: Effects on human reproduction and offspring . Early Hum Dev 1978;;1:371-399.
2 +
Mattison DR:  The effects of smoking on fertility from gametogenesis to implantation . Environ Res 1982;;28:410-433.
3 +
McLean BK, Rubel A, Nikitovitch-Winer MB:  The differential effects of exposure to tobacco smoke on the secretion of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the proestrous rat . Endocrinology 1977;;100:1566-1570.
4 +
Longo FJ, Anderson E:  The effects of nicotine on fertilization in the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata . J Cell Biol 1970;;46:308-325.
5 +
Neri A, Marcus SL:  Effect of nicotine on the motility of the oviducts in the rhesus monkey: A preliminary report . J Reprod Fertil 1972;;31:91-97.
6 +
Yoshinaga K, Rice C, Krenn J, et al:  Effects of nicotine on early pregnancy in the rat . Biol Reprod 1979;;20:294-303.
7 +
Card JP, Mitchell JA:  The effects of nicotine on implantation in the rat . Biol Reprod 1979;;20:532-539.
8 +
McLachlan JA, Dames NM, Sieber SM, et al:  Accumulation of nicotine in the uterine fluid of the six-day pregnant rabbit . Fertil Steril 1976;;27:1204-1213.
9 +
Tokuhata GK:  Smoking in relation to infertility and fetal loss . Arch Environ Health 1968;; 17:353-359.
10 +
Olsen J, Rachootin P, Schiodt AV, et al:  Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and infertility . Int J Epidemiol 1983;;12:179-184.
11 +
Mai FM, Munday RN, Rump EE:  Psychiatric interview comparisons between infertile and fertile couples . Psychosom Med 1972;;34:431-440.
12 +
Friedman S:  Artificial donor insemination with frozen human semen . Fertil Steril 1977;; 28:1230-1233.
13 +
Linn S, Schoenbaum SC, Monson RR, et al:  Delay in conception for former 'pill' users . JAMA 1982;;247:629-632.
14 +
Harlap S, Baras M:  Conception-waits in fertile women after stopping oral contraceptives . Int J Fertil 1984;;29:73-80.
15 +
Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H: Epidemiologic Research . Belmont, Calif, Lifetime Learning Publications, 1982;.
16 +
Cox DR:  Regression models and life-tables. Series B . J R Stat Soc 1972;;34:187-220.
17 +
Harrell FE Jr:  The PHGLM procedure , in SUGI Supplemental Library User's Guide . Raleigh, NC, SAS Institute Inc, 1983;.
18 +
Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL: The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1980;, pp 35-38.
19 +
Harrell FE Jr:  The LOGIST procedure , in SUGI Supplemental Library User's Guide . Raleigh, NC, SAS Institute Inc, 1983;.
20 +
Hilliard D, Shank JC, Redman RW:  Unplanned pregnancies in a midwestern community . J Fam Pract 1982;;15:259-263.
21 +
Campbell JM, Harrison KL:  Smoking and infertility . Med J Aust 1979;;1:342-343.
22 +
Evans HJ, Fletcher J, Torrance M, et al:  Sperm abnormalities and cigarette smoking . Lancet 1981;;1:627-629.
23 +
Godfrey B:  Sperm morphology in smokers . Lancet 1981;;1:948.
24 +
Rodriquez-Rigau LJ, Smith KD, Steinberger E:  Cigarette smoking and semen quality . Fertil Steril 1982;;38:115-116.
25 +
Vogt HJ, Heller WD, Obe G:  Spermatogenesis in smokers and nonsmokers: An andrological and genetic study , in Obe G (ed): Mutations in Man . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1984;, pp 247-291.
26 +
Prager K. Malin H, Graves C, et al:  Maternal smoking and drinking behavior before and during pregnancy , in Golden PM, Wilson RM, Kavet J (eds): Health, United States, 1983, and Prevention Profile , Dept of Health and Human Services publication (PHS) 84-1232. National Center for Health Statistics, 1983;, pp 33-45.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Strobino BR, Kline J, Stein Z:  Chemical and physical exposures of parents: Effects on human reproduction and offspring . Early Hum Dev 1978;;1:371-399.
2 +
Mattison DR:  The effects of smoking on fertility from gametogenesis to implantation . Environ Res 1982;;28:410-433.
3 +
McLean BK, Rubel A, Nikitovitch-Winer MB:  The differential effects of exposure to tobacco smoke on the secretion of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the proestrous rat . Endocrinology 1977;;100:1566-1570.
4 +
Longo FJ, Anderson E:  The effects of nicotine on fertilization in the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata . J Cell Biol 1970;;46:308-325.
5 +
Neri A, Marcus SL:  Effect of nicotine on the motility of the oviducts in the rhesus monkey: A preliminary report . J Reprod Fertil 1972;;31:91-97.
6 +
Yoshinaga K, Rice C, Krenn J, et al:  Effects of nicotine on early pregnancy in the rat . Biol Reprod 1979;;20:294-303.
7 +
Card JP, Mitchell JA:  The effects of nicotine on implantation in the rat . Biol Reprod 1979;;20:532-539.
8 +
McLachlan JA, Dames NM, Sieber SM, et al:  Accumulation of nicotine in the uterine fluid of the six-day pregnant rabbit . Fertil Steril 1976;;27:1204-1213.
9 +
Tokuhata GK:  Smoking in relation to infertility and fetal loss . Arch Environ Health 1968;; 17:353-359.
10 +
Olsen J, Rachootin P, Schiodt AV, et al:  Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and infertility . Int J Epidemiol 1983;;12:179-184.
11 +
Mai FM, Munday RN, Rump EE:  Psychiatric interview comparisons between infertile and fertile couples . Psychosom Med 1972;;34:431-440.
12 +
Friedman S:  Artificial donor insemination with frozen human semen . Fertil Steril 1977;; 28:1230-1233.
13 +
Linn S, Schoenbaum SC, Monson RR, et al:  Delay in conception for former 'pill' users . JAMA 1982;;247:629-632.
14 +
Harlap S, Baras M:  Conception-waits in fertile women after stopping oral contraceptives . Int J Fertil 1984;;29:73-80.
15 +
Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H: Epidemiologic Research . Belmont, Calif, Lifetime Learning Publications, 1982;.
16 +
Cox DR:  Regression models and life-tables. Series B . J R Stat Soc 1972;;34:187-220.
17 +
Harrell FE Jr:  The PHGLM procedure , in SUGI Supplemental Library User's Guide . Raleigh, NC, SAS Institute Inc, 1983;.
18 +
Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL: The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1980;, pp 35-38.
19 +
Harrell FE Jr:  The LOGIST procedure , in SUGI Supplemental Library User's Guide . Raleigh, NC, SAS Institute Inc, 1983;.
20 +
Hilliard D, Shank JC, Redman RW:  Unplanned pregnancies in a midwestern community . J Fam Pract 1982;;15:259-263.
21 +
Campbell JM, Harrison KL:  Smoking and infertility . Med J Aust 1979;;1:342-343.
22 +
Evans HJ, Fletcher J, Torrance M, et al:  Sperm abnormalities and cigarette smoking . Lancet 1981;;1:627-629.
23 +
Godfrey B:  Sperm morphology in smokers . Lancet 1981;;1:948.
24 +
Rodriquez-Rigau LJ, Smith KD, Steinberger E:  Cigarette smoking and semen quality . Fertil Steril 1982;;38:115-116.
25 +
Vogt HJ, Heller WD, Obe G:  Spermatogenesis in smokers and nonsmokers: An andrological and genetic study , in Obe G (ed): Mutations in Man . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1984;, pp 247-291.
26 +
Prager K. Malin H, Graves C, et al:  Maternal smoking and drinking behavior before and during pregnancy , in Golden PM, Wilson RM, Kavet J (eds): Health, United States, 1983, and Prevention Profile , Dept of Health and Human Services publication (PHS) 84-1232. National Center for Health Statistics, 1983;, pp 33-45.

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