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August 17, 1984, Vol 252, No. 7 >
ARTICLE | August 17, 1984

Vietnam Veterans' Risks for Fathering Babies With Birth Defects FREE

J. David Erickson, DDS, PhD; Joseph Mulinare, MD, MSPH; Philip W. McClain, MS; Terry G. Fitch, MA; Levy M. James, MS; Anne B. McClearn; Myron J. Adams, Jr, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Birth Defects Branch, Chronic Diseases Division, Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 (Dr Erickson).


JAMA. 1984;252(7):903-912. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03350070021017
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References

Vietnam veterans' risks for fathering babies with major structural birth defects were assessed using a case-control study. Information regarding military service in Vietnam was obtained from interviews with mothers and fathers of babies in case and control groups and from review of military records. Vietnam veterans, in general, did not have an increased risk of fathering babies with defects (all types combined; relative risk estimate, 0.97). Vietnam veterans who had greater estimated opportunities for Agent Orange exposure did not seem to be at greater risk for fathering babies with all types of defects combined. However, for a few specific types of defects the estimated risks were higher for subgroups of Vietnam veterans that may have had a greater likelihood of exposure to Agent Orange. These seemingly higher risks could be chance events, the result of some experience in the Vietnam service of the father, or the result of some other unidentified risk factor.

(JAMA 1984;252:903-912)

REFERENCES

1 +
Bogen G:  Symptoms in Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange . JAMA 1979;;242:2391.
2 +
LaVecchio FA, Pashayan HM, Singer W:  Agent Orange and birth defects . N Engl J Med 1983;;308:719-720.
3 +
Donovan JW: Case-Control Study of Congenital Anomalies and Vietnam Service . Sydney, Australia, Commonwealth Institute of Health, University of Sydney, 1983;.
4 +
Young AL, Calcagni JA, Thalken CE, et al: The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin , US Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory (OEHL) technical report TR-78-92. Brooks AFB, Texas, Aerospace Medical Division, 1978;.
5 +
Friedman JM:  Does Agent Orange cause birth defects? Teratology 1984;;29:193-221.
6 +
Edmonds LD, Layde PM, James LM, et al:  Congenital malformations surveillance: Two American systems . Int J Epidemiol 1981;;10:247-252.
7 +
World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases , 1965 revision, based on the recommendations of the Eighth Revision Conference, 1965. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1967;, vol 1.
8 +
Erickson JD, Mulinare J, McClain PW, et al: Vietnam Veterans' Risks for Fathering Babies Born with Birth Defects . Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control, 1984;.
9 +
Seltzer CC, Jablon S:  Effects of selection on mortality . Am J Epidemiol 1974;;100:367-372.
10 +
Gail MH, Lubin JH, Rubinstein LV:  Likelihood calculations for matched case-control studies and survival studies with tied death times . Biometrika 1981;;68:703-707.
11 +
Veterans Administration: Myths and Realities: A Study of Attitudes Toward Vietnam Era Veterans . 96th Cong, 2nd sess (1980;), House Committee Print No. 89.
12 +
Review of Literature on Herbicides, Including Phenoxy Herbicides and its Associated Dioxins , Analysis of the Literature-V101(93)P-823. Veterans Administration, 1981;, vol 1.
13 +
Carter CO:  Clues to the etiology of neural tube malformations . Dev Med Child Neurol 1974;;16( (suppl 32) ):3-15.
14 +
Neel S: Vietnam Studies: Medical Support of the US Army in Vietnam: 1965-1970 . Dept of Army, 1973;.
15 +
Kunstadter P: A Study of Herbicides and Birth Defects in the Republic of Vietnam: An Analysis of Hospital Records . National Academy Press, 1982;.
16 +
Tung TT, Anh TK, Tuyen BC, et al:  Clinical effects of massive and continuous utilization of defoliants on civilians: Preliminary survey . Vietnamese Studies 1971;;29:53-81.
17 +
Thomas HF:  2,4,5-T use and congenital malformation rates in Hungary . Lancet 1980;; 2:214-215.
18 +
Smith AH, Fisher DO, Pearce N, et al:  Congenital defects and miscarriages among New Zealand 2,4,5-T Sprayers . Arch Environ Health 1982;;37:197-200.
19 +
Hanify JA, Metcalf P, Nobbs CL, et al:  Aerial spraying of 2,4,5-T and human birth malformations: An epidemiologic investigation . Science 1981;;212:349-351.
20 +
Townsend JC, Bodner KM, VanPeenen PF, et al:  Survey of reproductive events of wives of employees exposed to chlorinated dioxins . Am J Epidemiol 1982;;115:695-713.
21 +
Suskind RR, Hertzberg VS:  Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants . JAMA 1984;;251:2372-2380.
22 +
Courtney KD, Moore JA:  Teratology studies with 2,4,5-T and 2,3,7,8-TCDD . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971;;20:396-403.
23 +
Lamb JC, Moore JA, Marks TA: Evaluation of 2,4-D,2,4,5-T, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD Toxicity in C57BL/5 Mice: Reproduction and Fertility in Treated Male Mice and Evaluation of Congenital Malformations in Their Offspring , National Toxicology Program report 80-44. Research Triangle Park, NC, National Toxicology Program, 1980;.
24 +
Pearn JH:  Teratogens and the male . Med J Aust 1983;;2:16-20.
25 +
Penrose LS:  Paternal age in achondroplasia and mongolism . Am J Hum Genet 1957;; 9:167-169.
26 +
Hook EB, Regal RR:  A search for a paternal-age effect upon cases of 47,+21 in which the extra chromosome is of paternal origin . Am J Hum Genet 1984;;36:413-421.

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1 +
Bogen G:  Symptoms in Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange . JAMA 1979;;242:2391.
2 +
LaVecchio FA, Pashayan HM, Singer W:  Agent Orange and birth defects . N Engl J Med 1983;;308:719-720.
3 +
Donovan JW: Case-Control Study of Congenital Anomalies and Vietnam Service . Sydney, Australia, Commonwealth Institute of Health, University of Sydney, 1983;.
4 +
Young AL, Calcagni JA, Thalken CE, et al: The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin , US Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory (OEHL) technical report TR-78-92. Brooks AFB, Texas, Aerospace Medical Division, 1978;.
5 +
Friedman JM:  Does Agent Orange cause birth defects? Teratology 1984;;29:193-221.
6 +
Edmonds LD, Layde PM, James LM, et al:  Congenital malformations surveillance: Two American systems . Int J Epidemiol 1981;;10:247-252.
7 +
World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases , 1965 revision, based on the recommendations of the Eighth Revision Conference, 1965. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1967;, vol 1.
8 +
Erickson JD, Mulinare J, McClain PW, et al: Vietnam Veterans' Risks for Fathering Babies Born with Birth Defects . Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control, 1984;.
9 +
Seltzer CC, Jablon S:  Effects of selection on mortality . Am J Epidemiol 1974;;100:367-372.
10 +
Gail MH, Lubin JH, Rubinstein LV:  Likelihood calculations for matched case-control studies and survival studies with tied death times . Biometrika 1981;;68:703-707.
11 +
Veterans Administration: Myths and Realities: A Study of Attitudes Toward Vietnam Era Veterans . 96th Cong, 2nd sess (1980;), House Committee Print No. 89.
12 +
Review of Literature on Herbicides, Including Phenoxy Herbicides and its Associated Dioxins , Analysis of the Literature-V101(93)P-823. Veterans Administration, 1981;, vol 1.
13 +
Carter CO:  Clues to the etiology of neural tube malformations . Dev Med Child Neurol 1974;;16( (suppl 32) ):3-15.
14 +
Neel S: Vietnam Studies: Medical Support of the US Army in Vietnam: 1965-1970 . Dept of Army, 1973;.
15 +
Kunstadter P: A Study of Herbicides and Birth Defects in the Republic of Vietnam: An Analysis of Hospital Records . National Academy Press, 1982;.
16 +
Tung TT, Anh TK, Tuyen BC, et al:  Clinical effects of massive and continuous utilization of defoliants on civilians: Preliminary survey . Vietnamese Studies 1971;;29:53-81.
17 +
Thomas HF:  2,4,5-T use and congenital malformation rates in Hungary . Lancet 1980;; 2:214-215.
18 +
Smith AH, Fisher DO, Pearce N, et al:  Congenital defects and miscarriages among New Zealand 2,4,5-T Sprayers . Arch Environ Health 1982;;37:197-200.
19 +
Hanify JA, Metcalf P, Nobbs CL, et al:  Aerial spraying of 2,4,5-T and human birth malformations: An epidemiologic investigation . Science 1981;;212:349-351.
20 +
Townsend JC, Bodner KM, VanPeenen PF, et al:  Survey of reproductive events of wives of employees exposed to chlorinated dioxins . Am J Epidemiol 1982;;115:695-713.
21 +
Suskind RR, Hertzberg VS:  Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants . JAMA 1984;;251:2372-2380.
22 +
Courtney KD, Moore JA:  Teratology studies with 2,4,5-T and 2,3,7,8-TCDD . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971;;20:396-403.
23 +
Lamb JC, Moore JA, Marks TA: Evaluation of 2,4-D,2,4,5-T, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD Toxicity in C57BL/5 Mice: Reproduction and Fertility in Treated Male Mice and Evaluation of Congenital Malformations in Their Offspring , National Toxicology Program report 80-44. Research Triangle Park, NC, National Toxicology Program, 1980;.
24 +
Pearn JH:  Teratogens and the male . Med J Aust 1983;;2:16-20.
25 +
Penrose LS:  Paternal age in achondroplasia and mongolism . Am J Hum Genet 1957;; 9:167-169.
26 +
Hook EB, Regal RR:  A search for a paternal-age effect upon cases of 47,+21 in which the extra chromosome is of paternal origin . Am J Hum Genet 1984;;36:413-421.

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