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July 20, 1984, Vol 252, No. 3 >
ARTICLE | July 20, 1984

Trends in Postneonatal Mortality in the United States: Title and subTitle Break1962 Through 1978 FREE

Muin J. Khoury, MD; J. David Erickson, DDS, PhD; Myron J. Adams, Jr, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 (Dr Adams).


JAMA. 1984;252(3):367-372. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03350030035018
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References

Trends in postneonatal mortality (PNM) rates in the United States were analyzed for the period 1962 through 1978 using National Center for Health Statistics birth and death certificate data. The PNM rates declined from 5.5 to 3.6 per 1,000 live births for whites and from 15.6 to 7.6 per 1,000 live births for blacks. Most of the decline in PNM rates could be accounted for by a drop in mortality from infectious diseases. A dramatic increase occurred in the reported rates of unexplained sudden infant death (SID), which emerged as the leading reported cause of PNM. The second leading cause of PNM was birth defects among whites and infectious diseases among blacks. Gaps in PNM continued to exist between whites and blacks, and between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. These gaps suggest that further improvement in PNM may be possible by improving access to health care. The massive increase in the rates of SID, although partially explained by coding or reporting phenomena, warrants active pursuit for a better pathophysiologic and etiologic delineation of the entity.

(JAMA 1984;252:367-372)

REFERENCES

1 +
National Center for Health Statistics: International Comparison of Perinatal and Infant Mortality , publication 73-1258. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1967;.
2 +
Pharoah POD, Morris JN:  Postneonatal mortality . Epidemiol Rev 1979;;1:170-183.
3 +
Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics: Vital Statistics of the United States: I. Natality . US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare and US Dept of Health and Human Services, 1962;-1978.
4 +
International Classification of Diseases, Adapted , ed 7, publication 719. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1959;.
5 +
International Classification of Diseases, Adapted , ed 8, publication 1963. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1968;.
6 +
Erickson JD, Bjerkedal T:  Fetal and infant mortality in Norway and the United States . JAMA 1982;;247:987-991.
7 +
Wegman ME:  Annual summary of vital statistics—1980 . Pediatrics 1981;;68:755-762.
8 +
Antonovsky A, Bernstein S:  Social class and infant mortality . Soc Sci Med 1977;;11:453-470.
9 +
Morris NM, Udry JR, Chase CL:  Shifting age-parity distribution of births and the decrease in infant mortality . Am J Public Health 1975;;65:359-362.
10 +
Chabot A:  Improved infant mortality rates in a population served by a comprehensive neighborhood program . Pediatrics 1971;;47:989-994.
11 +
Richards IDG, McIntosh HT:  Confidential inquiry in 226 consecutive infant deaths . Arch Dis Child 1972;;47:697-706.
12 +
Lee KS, Paneth N, Gartner LM, et al:  Neonatal mortality: An analysis of the recent improvement in the United States . Am J Public Health 1980;;70:15-21.
13 +
Eisner V, Pratt MW, Hexter A, et al:  Improvement in infant and perinatal mortality in the United States, 1965-1973: I. Priorities for intervention . Am J Public Health 1978;;68:359-366.
14 +
Lesser AJ:  The federal government in child health care . Pediatr Clin North Am 1969;; 16:891-900.
15 +
Kulkarri P, Hall RT, Rhodes PG, et al:  Postneonatal infant mortality in infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit . Pediatrics 1978;;62:178-182.
16 +
Hack M, Merkatz IR, Jones PK, et al:  Changing trends of neonatal and postneonatal deaths in very-low-birth-weight infants . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;;137:797-800.
17 +
Zdeb MS:  Differences in trends of post-neonatal mortality by birth weight in upstate New York 1968-1979 . Am J Public Health 1982;; 72:734-736.
18 +
Weiss NS, Green D, Kruager DE:  Problems in the use of death certificates, to identify sudden unexpected infant deaths . Health Serv Rep 1973;;88:555-558.
19 +
Pebuson DR:  Evolution of the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome . Epidemiol Rev 1980;;2:97-112.
20 +
Shannon DC, Kelly DH:  SIDS and near-SIDS . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:959-965, 1022-1028.
21 +
Windham G, Edmonds LD:  Trends in the rates of neural tube defects . Pediatrics 1982;; 70:333-337.
22 +
Anderson CE, Edmonds LD, Erickson JD:  Patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular fetal defects: Trends in reported frequency . Am J Epidemiol 1978;;107:281-289.
23 +
Jason J, Gilliland JC, Tyler CW:  Homicide as a cause of pediatric mortality in the United States . Pediatrics 1983;;72:191-197.

Figures

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
National Center for Health Statistics: International Comparison of Perinatal and Infant Mortality , publication 73-1258. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1967;.
2 +
Pharoah POD, Morris JN:  Postneonatal mortality . Epidemiol Rev 1979;;1:170-183.
3 +
Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics: Vital Statistics of the United States: I. Natality . US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare and US Dept of Health and Human Services, 1962;-1978.
4 +
International Classification of Diseases, Adapted , ed 7, publication 719. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1959;.
5 +
International Classification of Diseases, Adapted , ed 8, publication 1963. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1968;.
6 +
Erickson JD, Bjerkedal T:  Fetal and infant mortality in Norway and the United States . JAMA 1982;;247:987-991.
7 +
Wegman ME:  Annual summary of vital statistics—1980 . Pediatrics 1981;;68:755-762.
8 +
Antonovsky A, Bernstein S:  Social class and infant mortality . Soc Sci Med 1977;;11:453-470.
9 +
Morris NM, Udry JR, Chase CL:  Shifting age-parity distribution of births and the decrease in infant mortality . Am J Public Health 1975;;65:359-362.
10 +
Chabot A:  Improved infant mortality rates in a population served by a comprehensive neighborhood program . Pediatrics 1971;;47:989-994.
11 +
Richards IDG, McIntosh HT:  Confidential inquiry in 226 consecutive infant deaths . Arch Dis Child 1972;;47:697-706.
12 +
Lee KS, Paneth N, Gartner LM, et al:  Neonatal mortality: An analysis of the recent improvement in the United States . Am J Public Health 1980;;70:15-21.
13 +
Eisner V, Pratt MW, Hexter A, et al:  Improvement in infant and perinatal mortality in the United States, 1965-1973: I. Priorities for intervention . Am J Public Health 1978;;68:359-366.
14 +
Lesser AJ:  The federal government in child health care . Pediatr Clin North Am 1969;; 16:891-900.
15 +
Kulkarri P, Hall RT, Rhodes PG, et al:  Postneonatal infant mortality in infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit . Pediatrics 1978;;62:178-182.
16 +
Hack M, Merkatz IR, Jones PK, et al:  Changing trends of neonatal and postneonatal deaths in very-low-birth-weight infants . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;;137:797-800.
17 +
Zdeb MS:  Differences in trends of post-neonatal mortality by birth weight in upstate New York 1968-1979 . Am J Public Health 1982;; 72:734-736.
18 +
Weiss NS, Green D, Kruager DE:  Problems in the use of death certificates, to identify sudden unexpected infant deaths . Health Serv Rep 1973;;88:555-558.
19 +
Pebuson DR:  Evolution of the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome . Epidemiol Rev 1980;;2:97-112.
20 +
Shannon DC, Kelly DH:  SIDS and near-SIDS . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:959-965, 1022-1028.
21 +
Windham G, Edmonds LD:  Trends in the rates of neural tube defects . Pediatrics 1982;; 70:333-337.
22 +
Anderson CE, Edmonds LD, Erickson JD:  Patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular fetal defects: Trends in reported frequency . Am J Epidemiol 1978;;107:281-289.
23 +
Jason J, Gilliland JC, Tyler CW:  Homicide as a cause of pediatric mortality in the United States . Pediatrics 1983;;72:191-197.

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