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Sept 21, 1984, Vol 252, No. 11 >
ARTICLE | Sept 21, 1984

Excessive Intake of Zinc Impairs Immune Responses FREE

Ranjit Kumar Chandra, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Health Science Centre, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada (Dr Chandra).


JAMA. 1984;252(11):1443-1446. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03350110043027
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References

The effect of administration of large amounts of zinc on immune response and serum lipoproteins was examined. Eleven healthy adult men ingested 150 mg of elemental zinc twice a day for six weeks. This was associated with a reduction in lymphocyte stimulation response to phytohemagglutinin as well as chemotaxis and phagocytosis of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Serum high-density lipoprotein concentration decreased significantly and low-density lipoprotein level increased slightly. The common food fad of zinc supplementation with resultant excessive intake could have deleterious effects in healthy persons.

(JAMA 1984;252:1443-1446)

REFERENCES

1 +
Prasad AS (ed): Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 1-20.
2 +
Chandra RK, Dayton DH:  Trace element regulation of immunity and infection . Nutr Res 1982;;2:721-733.
3 +
Golden MHN, Golden BE, Harland PSEG, et al:  Zinc and immunocompetence in protein-energy malnutrition . Lancet 1978;;1:1226-1228.
4 +
Fraker PJ, DePasquale-Jardieu P, Zwicki CM, et al:  Regeneration of T-cell helper function in zinc-deficient adult mice . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978;;75:5660-5664.
5 +
Iwata T, Incefy GS, Tanaka T, et al:  Circulating thymic hormone levels in zinc deficiency . Cell Immunol 1979;;47:100-105.
6 +
Cunningham-Rundles S, Cunningham-Rundles C, Dupont B, et al:  Zinc-induced activation of human B lymphocytes . Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1980;;16:115-122.
7 +
Chandra RK, Heresi G, Au B:  Serum thymic factor activity in deficiencies of calories, zinc, vitamin A and pyridoxine . Clin Exp Immunol 1981;;42:332-335.
8 +
Dardenne M, Pleau JM, LeFrancier P, et al:  Role du zinc et du'autres métaux dans l'activité biologique due FTS (thymuline) . CR Acad Sci 1981;;292:793-795.
9 +
Chandra RK, Gupta S, Singh H:  Inducer and suppressor T cell subsets in protein-energy malnutrition: Analysis by monoclonal antibodies . Nutr Res 1982;;2:21-26.
10 +
Heresi G, Chandra RK:  Effects of severe calorie restriction on thymic factor activity and lymphocyte stimulation response in rats . J Nutr 1980;;110:1888-1893.
11 +
Harmony JAK, Hui DY:  Inhibition by membrane-bound low-density lipoproteins of the primary inductive events of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte activation . Cancer Res 1981;;41:3799-3802.
12 +
Schopfer K, Douglas SD:  Neutrophil function in children with kwashiorkor . J Lab Clin Med 1976;;88:450-461.
13 +
Seth V, Chandra RK:  Opsonic function, phagocytosis and intracellular bactericidal capacity of polymorphs in undernutrition . Arch Dis Child 1972;;47:282-284.
14 +
Livin J, Zak B:  Automated determination of serum cholesterol . Clin Chem Acta 1964;; 10:381-384.
15 +
Kessler G, Lederer H:  Fluorimetric measurement of triglycerides , in Skeggs LT (ed): Automation in Analytical Chemistry: Technicon Symposia . New York, Mediad, 1965;, pp 341-344.
16 +
Lopes-Virella MD, Stone P, Ellis S, et al:  Cholesterol determinations in high density lipoprotein separated by three different methods . Clin Chem 1977;;23:882-884.
17 +
Friedewalde WT, Levy RI,  Fredrickson DS: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge . Clin Chem 1972;;18:499-502.
18 +
Spencer H, Osis D, Kramer L, et al:  Intake, excretion and retention of zinc in man , in Prasad AS (ed): Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 345-361.
19 +
Richmond CR, Furchner JE, Trafton GA, et al:  Comparative metabolism in radionuclides in mammals: I. Uptake and retention of orally administered ZN65 by four mammalian species . Health Phys 1962;;8:481-489.
20 +
Committee on Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board: Recommended Dietary Allowances . National Academy of Sciences, 1980;.
21 +
Sandstead HH:  Zinc nutrition in the United States . Am J Clin Nutr 1973;;26:1251-1260.
22 +
Holden JM, Wolf WR, Mertz W:  Zinc and copper in self-selected diets . J Am Diet Assoc 1979;;75:23-28.
23 +
Klevay LM:  The ratio of zinc to copper of diets in the United States . Nutr Rep Int 1975;; 11:237-242.
24 +
Hooper PL, Visconti L, Garry PJ, et al:  Zinc lowers high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels . JAMA 1980;;244:1960-1961.
25 +
Chvapil M, Stankova L, Zukoski CIV, et al:  Inhibition of some functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by zinc . J Lab Clin Med 1977;; 89:135-146.
26 +
Chandra RK:  Nutrition, immunity and infection: Present knowledge and future directions . Lancet 1983;;1:688-692.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Prasad AS (ed): Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 1-20.
2 +
Chandra RK, Dayton DH:  Trace element regulation of immunity and infection . Nutr Res 1982;;2:721-733.
3 +
Golden MHN, Golden BE, Harland PSEG, et al:  Zinc and immunocompetence in protein-energy malnutrition . Lancet 1978;;1:1226-1228.
4 +
Fraker PJ, DePasquale-Jardieu P, Zwicki CM, et al:  Regeneration of T-cell helper function in zinc-deficient adult mice . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978;;75:5660-5664.
5 +
Iwata T, Incefy GS, Tanaka T, et al:  Circulating thymic hormone levels in zinc deficiency . Cell Immunol 1979;;47:100-105.
6 +
Cunningham-Rundles S, Cunningham-Rundles C, Dupont B, et al:  Zinc-induced activation of human B lymphocytes . Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1980;;16:115-122.
7 +
Chandra RK, Heresi G, Au B:  Serum thymic factor activity in deficiencies of calories, zinc, vitamin A and pyridoxine . Clin Exp Immunol 1981;;42:332-335.
8 +
Dardenne M, Pleau JM, LeFrancier P, et al:  Role du zinc et du'autres métaux dans l'activité biologique due FTS (thymuline) . CR Acad Sci 1981;;292:793-795.
9 +
Chandra RK, Gupta S, Singh H:  Inducer and suppressor T cell subsets in protein-energy malnutrition: Analysis by monoclonal antibodies . Nutr Res 1982;;2:21-26.
10 +
Heresi G, Chandra RK:  Effects of severe calorie restriction on thymic factor activity and lymphocyte stimulation response in rats . J Nutr 1980;;110:1888-1893.
11 +
Harmony JAK, Hui DY:  Inhibition by membrane-bound low-density lipoproteins of the primary inductive events of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte activation . Cancer Res 1981;;41:3799-3802.
12 +
Schopfer K, Douglas SD:  Neutrophil function in children with kwashiorkor . J Lab Clin Med 1976;;88:450-461.
13 +
Seth V, Chandra RK:  Opsonic function, phagocytosis and intracellular bactericidal capacity of polymorphs in undernutrition . Arch Dis Child 1972;;47:282-284.
14 +
Livin J, Zak B:  Automated determination of serum cholesterol . Clin Chem Acta 1964;; 10:381-384.
15 +
Kessler G, Lederer H:  Fluorimetric measurement of triglycerides , in Skeggs LT (ed): Automation in Analytical Chemistry: Technicon Symposia . New York, Mediad, 1965;, pp 341-344.
16 +
Lopes-Virella MD, Stone P, Ellis S, et al:  Cholesterol determinations in high density lipoprotein separated by three different methods . Clin Chem 1977;;23:882-884.
17 +
Friedewalde WT, Levy RI,  Fredrickson DS: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge . Clin Chem 1972;;18:499-502.
18 +
Spencer H, Osis D, Kramer L, et al:  Intake, excretion and retention of zinc in man , in Prasad AS (ed): Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 345-361.
19 +
Richmond CR, Furchner JE, Trafton GA, et al:  Comparative metabolism in radionuclides in mammals: I. Uptake and retention of orally administered ZN65 by four mammalian species . Health Phys 1962;;8:481-489.
20 +
Committee on Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board: Recommended Dietary Allowances . National Academy of Sciences, 1980;.
21 +
Sandstead HH:  Zinc nutrition in the United States . Am J Clin Nutr 1973;;26:1251-1260.
22 +
Holden JM, Wolf WR, Mertz W:  Zinc and copper in self-selected diets . J Am Diet Assoc 1979;;75:23-28.
23 +
Klevay LM:  The ratio of zinc to copper of diets in the United States . Nutr Rep Int 1975;; 11:237-242.
24 +
Hooper PL, Visconti L, Garry PJ, et al:  Zinc lowers high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels . JAMA 1980;;244:1960-1961.
25 +
Chvapil M, Stankova L, Zukoski CIV, et al:  Inhibition of some functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by zinc . J Lab Clin Med 1977;; 89:135-146.
26 +
Chandra RK:  Nutrition, immunity and infection: Present knowledge and future directions . Lancet 1983;;1:688-692.

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