0
March 9, 1984, Vol 251, No. 10 >
ARTICLE | March 9, 1984

Brain Peptides as Intercellular Messengers: Title and subTitle BreakImplications for Medicine FREE

Marvin R. Brown, MD; Laurel A. Fisher, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to The Salk Institute, Peptide Biology Laboratory, PO Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92138 (Dr Brown).


JAMA. 1984;251(10):1310-1315. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03340340050027
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

THE FOLLOWING discussion examines the unique features of peptides as intercellular messengers. An intercellular messenger is defined as a substance released from one cell that is capable of modifying the functional activity of another neighboring or distant cell.1 The roles that particular brain peptides may play in regulating anterior pituitary and autonomic nervous system functions, and the potential impact of peptide biology on the future practice of medicine will also be considered.

Peptides are now recognized to be a class of intercellular messengers widely distributed throughout the nervous system, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and pancreas of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals.1 During the last 20 years, the number of peptides identified within the brain and gut of animals has increased enormously (Table 1). The discovery of these peptides in animals has resulted from improved methods of biologic assay and the development of techniques for the isolation, purification, and microsequencing

REFERENCES

1 +
Vale W, Rivier C, Brown M:  Regulatory peptides of the hypothalamus . Annu Rev Physiol 1977;;29:473-527.
2 +
Rivier J, Rivier C, Spiess J, et al:  High-performance liquid chromatographic purification of peptide hormones: Ovine hypothalamic amunine (corticotropin releasing factor) . Anal Biochem 1983;;127:258-266.
3 +
Spiess J, Rivier J, Rivier C, et al:  Primary structure of corticotropin-releasing factor from ovine hypothalamus . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;;78:6517-6521.
4 +
Kakidani H, Furutani Y, Takahashi H, et al:  Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for porcine β-neo-endorphin . Nature 1982;;298:245-249.
5 +
Vale W, Brown M:  Neurobiology of peptides , in The Neurosciences, Fourth Study Program . Cambridge, Mass, The MIT Press, 1979;, pp 1027-1041.
6 +
Hokfelt T, Johansson O, Ljungdahl A, et al:  Peptidergic neurons . Nature 1980;;284:515-521.
7 +
Darnell JE:  Transcription-units for messenger RNA-production in eucaryotic-cells and their DNA viruses . Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1979;;22:327-353.
8 +
Gilbert N:  Why genes in pieces? Nature 1978;;271:501-502.
9 +
Rosenfeld MG, Lin CR, Amara SG, et al:  Calcitonin mRNA polymorphism: Peptide switching associated with alternative RNA splicing events . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;;79:1717-1721.
10 +
Amara SG, Jonas V, Rosenfeld MG, et al:  Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products . Nature 1982;;298:240-244.
11 +
Eipper BA, Mains RE:  Structure and biosynthesis of pro-adrenocorticotropin/endorphin and related peptides . Endocr Rev 1980;;1:1-27.
12 +
Brown M, Vale W:  Bombesin: Putative mammalian neurogastrointestinal peptides . Trends Neurosci 1979;;2:95-97.
13 +
Simpson JB:  The circumventricular organs and the central actions of angiotensin . Neuroendocrinology 1981;;32:248-256.
14 +
Brown MR, Vale WW:  Glucoregulatory effects of neurogastrointestinal peptides: The diffuse neuroendocrine system , in Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Treatment . Bowie, Md, Robert J. Brody Co, 1981;, vol 5, pp 55-62.
15 +
Fisher LA, Brown MR:  Corticotropin-releasing factor: Central nervous system effects on the sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular regulation , in Ganten D, Pfaff D (eds): Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology . New York, Springer Publishing Co Inc, 1983;, 87-101.
16 +
Brown MR, Fisher DA:  Glucoregulation and the sympathetic nervous system: CNS control by brain peptides , in Peptides: Integrators of Cell and Tissue Functions . New York, Raven Press, 1980;, pp 81-97.
17 +
Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE:  Paraventricular nucleus: A site for the integration of neuroendocrine and autonomic mechanisms . Neuroendocrinology 1980;;31:410-417.
18 +
Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE:  Hypothalamic integration: Organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei . Ann Rev Neurosci 1983;;6:269-324.
19 +
Brown MR:  Thyrotropin releasing factor: A putative CNS regulator of autonomic nervous system outflow . Life Sci 1981;;28:1789-1795.
20 +
Brown M, Rivier J, Vale W:  Somatostatin-28: Selective action on the pancreatic β-cell and brain . Endocrinology 1981;;108:2391-2393.
21 +
Brown MR, Fisher LA, Spiess J, et al:  Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): Actions on the sympathetic nervous system and metabolism . Endocrinology 1982;;111:928-931.
22 +
Burgus R, Dunn TF, Desiderio D, et al:  Characterization of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic TSH releasing factor (TRF) of ovine origin . Nature 1970;;226:321-325.
23 +
Matsuo H, Baba Y, Nair R, et al:  Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone I proposed amino acid sequence . Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1971;;43:1334-1339.
24 +
Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, et al:  Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone . Science 1973;;179:77-79.
25 +
Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, et al:  Characterization of a 41 residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates the secretion of corticotropin and β-endorphin . Science 1981;;213:1394-1397.
26 +
Spiess J, Rivier J, Vale W:  Characterization of rat hypothalamic growth hormone releasing factor . Nature 1983;;303:532-535.
27 +
Bloom FE, Battenberg ELF, Rivier. J, et al:  Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF): Immunoreactive neurons and fibers in rat hypothalamus . Regul Pept 1982;;4:43-48.
28 +
Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, et al:  Organization of ovine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study . Neuroendocrinology 1983;; 36:165-186.
29 +
Segal DS, Mandell AJ:  Differential behavioral effects of hypothalamic polypeptides , in Prange AJ: The Thyroid Axis, Drugs and Behavior . New York, Raven Press, 1974;, pp 129-133.
30 +
Yarbrough GC:  On the pharmacology of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) , in Progress in Neurobiology . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 291-312.
31 +
Moss RL, McCann SM:  Induction of mating behavior in rats by luteinizing hormone-releasing factor . Science 1973;;181:177-179.
32 +
Tache Y, Goto Y, Gunion M, et al:  Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by corticotropin-releasing factor . Science 1983;;222:935-937.
33 +
Fisher LA, Rivier J, Rivier C, et al:  Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): Central effects on mean arterial pressure and heart rate in rats . Endocrinology 1982;;110:2222-2224.
34 +
Corbin A:  From contraception to cancer: A review of the therapeutic applications of LHRH analogues as antitumor agents . Yale J Biol Med 1982;;55:27-47.
35 +
Comite F, Cutler GB, Rivier J, et al:  Short-term treatment of idiopathic precocious puberty with a long-acting analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone . N Engl J Med 1982;;305:1546-1550.
36 +
Crowley WF, Vale WW, Rivier J, et al:  LHRH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism , in Zatuchn GI, Shelton JD, Sciarra JJ (eds): LHRH Peptides as Female and Male Contraceptives . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1981;, pp 321-333.
37 +
Corbin A, Beattie CW, Jones R, et al:  Peptide contraception: Antifertility properties of LH-RH analogues . Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1979;;16:359-372.
38 +
Brooks CMcC, Koizumi K, Sato A (eds): Integrative Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System . New York, Elsevier-North Holland Inc, 1979;, pp 1-508.
39 +
McCarty R, Kopin IJ:  Stress-induced alterations in plasma catecholamines and behavior of rats: Effects of chlorisondamine and bretylium . Behav Neural Biol 1979;;27:249-265.
40 +
Young JB, Landsberg L:  Sympathoadrenal activity in fasting pregnant rats . J Clin Invest 1979;;64:109-116.
41 +
Brown MR, Fisher LA:  Brain peptide regulation of adrenal epinephrine secretion . Am J Physiol , 1983;, in press.
42 +
Fisher LA, Kikkawa DO, Rivier JE, et al:  Stimulation of noradrenergic sympathetic outflow by calcitonin gene-related peptide . Nature 1983;; 305:534-536.
43 +
Brown M, Tache Y, Fisher D:  Central nervous system actions of bombesin: Mechanism to induce hyperglycemia . Endocrinology 1979;; 105:660-665.
44 +
Severs WB, Daniels-Severs AE:  Effects of angiotensin on the central nervous system . Pharmacol Rev 1973;;25:415-449.
45 +
Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W:  Inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in the rat by immunoneutralization of corticotropin-releasing factor . Science 1982;;218:377-379.
46 +
Brown M, Rivier J, Vale W:  Bombesin: Potent effects on thermoregulation in the rat . Science 1977;;196:998-1000.
47 +
Fisher LA, Brown MR:  Central nervous system actions of bombesin on cardiovascular regulation in the rat , abstracted. Soc Neurosci 1983;; 9:549.
48 +
Brown M, Fisher D:  Thermoregulation and adrenomedullary activity: Coordinated adaptive responses to nutrient deprivation , abstracted. Soc Neurosci 1979;;5:85.
49 +
Sims EA:  Experimental obesity, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and their clinical implications . Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1976;;5:377-395.
50 +
Jung RJ, Shetty PS, James WPT, et al:  Reduced thermogenesis in obesity . Nature 1979;;279:322-323.
51 +
Van Loon GR, Appel NM:  β-Endorphin-induced increases in plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine . Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1980;;27:607-610.
52 +
Goodman RH, Lund PK, Jacobs JW:  Pre-prosomatostatins . J Biol Chem 1980;;255:6549-6552.
53 +
Hobart P, Crawford R, Shen L, et al:  Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding two distinct somatostatin precursors found in the endocrine pancreas of angler fish . Nature 1980;;228:137-141.
54 +
Brown MR, Rivier J, Vale M:  Somatostatin: Central nervous system actions on glucoregulation . Endocrinology 1979;;104:1709-1715.
55 +
Brown M, Ling N, Rivier J:  Somatostatin-28, somatostatin-14 and somatostatin analogs: Effects of thermoregulation . Brain Res 1981;; 214:127-135.
56 +
Fisher DA, Brown M:  Somatostatin analog: Plasma catecholamine suppression mediated by the central nervous system . Endocrinology 1980;;107:714-718.
57 +
Tache Y, Vale W, Rivier J, et al:  Brain regulation of gastric acid secretion in rats by neurogastrointestinal peptides . Peptides 1981;;2( (suppl 2) ):51-55.
58 +
Zukin RS, Zukin SR:  Multiple opiate receptors: Emerging concepts . Life Sci 1981;;29:2681-2690.
59 +
Quirion R, Hammer RP, Herkenham M, et al:  Phencyclidine (angel dust)/σ 'opiate' receptor: Visualization by tritium-sensitive film . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;;78:5881-5885.
60 +
Petty MA, deJong W:  Enkephalins induce a centrally mediated rise in blood pressure in rats . Brain Res 1983;;260:322-325.
61 +
Petty MA, deJong W, deWied D:  An inhibitory role of β-endorphin in central cardiovascular regulation . Life Sci 1982;;30:1835-1840.
62 +
Faden AI, Holaday JW:  Opiate antagonists: A role in the treatment of hypovolemic shock . Science 1979;;205:317-318.
63 +
Holaday JW, Ruvio B-A, Faden AI:  Thyrotropin releasing hormone improves blood pressure and survival in endotoxic shock . Eur J Pharmacol 1981;;74:101-105.
64 +
Faris PL, Komisaruk BR, Watkins LR, et al:  Evidence for the neuropeptide cholecystokinin as an antagonist of opiate analgesia . Science 1983;;219:310-312.
65 +
Veale WC, Kasting NW, Cooper KE:  Arginine vasopressin and endogenous antipyresis: Evidence and significance . Fed Proc 1981;;40:2750-2753.
66 +
Kasting NW, Veale WL, Cooper KE, et al:  Vasopressin may mediate febrile convulsions . Brain Res 1981;;213:327-333.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Vale W, Rivier C, Brown M:  Regulatory peptides of the hypothalamus . Annu Rev Physiol 1977;;29:473-527.
2 +
Rivier J, Rivier C, Spiess J, et al:  High-performance liquid chromatographic purification of peptide hormones: Ovine hypothalamic amunine (corticotropin releasing factor) . Anal Biochem 1983;;127:258-266.
3 +
Spiess J, Rivier J, Rivier C, et al:  Primary structure of corticotropin-releasing factor from ovine hypothalamus . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;;78:6517-6521.
4 +
Kakidani H, Furutani Y, Takahashi H, et al:  Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for porcine β-neo-endorphin . Nature 1982;;298:245-249.
5 +
Vale W, Brown M:  Neurobiology of peptides , in The Neurosciences, Fourth Study Program . Cambridge, Mass, The MIT Press, 1979;, pp 1027-1041.
6 +
Hokfelt T, Johansson O, Ljungdahl A, et al:  Peptidergic neurons . Nature 1980;;284:515-521.
7 +
Darnell JE:  Transcription-units for messenger RNA-production in eucaryotic-cells and their DNA viruses . Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1979;;22:327-353.
8 +
Gilbert N:  Why genes in pieces? Nature 1978;;271:501-502.
9 +
Rosenfeld MG, Lin CR, Amara SG, et al:  Calcitonin mRNA polymorphism: Peptide switching associated with alternative RNA splicing events . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;;79:1717-1721.
10 +
Amara SG, Jonas V, Rosenfeld MG, et al:  Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products . Nature 1982;;298:240-244.
11 +
Eipper BA, Mains RE:  Structure and biosynthesis of pro-adrenocorticotropin/endorphin and related peptides . Endocr Rev 1980;;1:1-27.
12 +
Brown M, Vale W:  Bombesin: Putative mammalian neurogastrointestinal peptides . Trends Neurosci 1979;;2:95-97.
13 +
Simpson JB:  The circumventricular organs and the central actions of angiotensin . Neuroendocrinology 1981;;32:248-256.
14 +
Brown MR, Vale WW:  Glucoregulatory effects of neurogastrointestinal peptides: The diffuse neuroendocrine system , in Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Treatment . Bowie, Md, Robert J. Brody Co, 1981;, vol 5, pp 55-62.
15 +
Fisher LA, Brown MR:  Corticotropin-releasing factor: Central nervous system effects on the sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular regulation , in Ganten D, Pfaff D (eds): Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology . New York, Springer Publishing Co Inc, 1983;, 87-101.
16 +
Brown MR, Fisher DA:  Glucoregulation and the sympathetic nervous system: CNS control by brain peptides , in Peptides: Integrators of Cell and Tissue Functions . New York, Raven Press, 1980;, pp 81-97.
17 +
Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE:  Paraventricular nucleus: A site for the integration of neuroendocrine and autonomic mechanisms . Neuroendocrinology 1980;;31:410-417.
18 +
Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE:  Hypothalamic integration: Organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei . Ann Rev Neurosci 1983;;6:269-324.
19 +
Brown MR:  Thyrotropin releasing factor: A putative CNS regulator of autonomic nervous system outflow . Life Sci 1981;;28:1789-1795.
20 +
Brown M, Rivier J, Vale W:  Somatostatin-28: Selective action on the pancreatic β-cell and brain . Endocrinology 1981;;108:2391-2393.
21 +
Brown MR, Fisher LA, Spiess J, et al:  Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): Actions on the sympathetic nervous system and metabolism . Endocrinology 1982;;111:928-931.
22 +
Burgus R, Dunn TF, Desiderio D, et al:  Characterization of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic TSH releasing factor (TRF) of ovine origin . Nature 1970;;226:321-325.
23 +
Matsuo H, Baba Y, Nair R, et al:  Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone I proposed amino acid sequence . Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1971;;43:1334-1339.
24 +
Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, et al:  Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone . Science 1973;;179:77-79.
25 +
Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, et al:  Characterization of a 41 residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates the secretion of corticotropin and β-endorphin . Science 1981;;213:1394-1397.
26 +
Spiess J, Rivier J, Vale W:  Characterization of rat hypothalamic growth hormone releasing factor . Nature 1983;;303:532-535.
27 +
Bloom FE, Battenberg ELF, Rivier. J, et al:  Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF): Immunoreactive neurons and fibers in rat hypothalamus . Regul Pept 1982;;4:43-48.
28 +
Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, et al:  Organization of ovine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study . Neuroendocrinology 1983;; 36:165-186.
29 +
Segal DS, Mandell AJ:  Differential behavioral effects of hypothalamic polypeptides , in Prange AJ: The Thyroid Axis, Drugs and Behavior . New York, Raven Press, 1974;, pp 129-133.
30 +
Yarbrough GC:  On the pharmacology of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) , in Progress in Neurobiology . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 291-312.
31 +
Moss RL, McCann SM:  Induction of mating behavior in rats by luteinizing hormone-releasing factor . Science 1973;;181:177-179.
32 +
Tache Y, Goto Y, Gunion M, et al:  Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by corticotropin-releasing factor . Science 1983;;222:935-937.
33 +
Fisher LA, Rivier J, Rivier C, et al:  Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): Central effects on mean arterial pressure and heart rate in rats . Endocrinology 1982;;110:2222-2224.
34 +
Corbin A:  From contraception to cancer: A review of the therapeutic applications of LHRH analogues as antitumor agents . Yale J Biol Med 1982;;55:27-47.
35 +
Comite F, Cutler GB, Rivier J, et al:  Short-term treatment of idiopathic precocious puberty with a long-acting analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone . N Engl J Med 1982;;305:1546-1550.
36 +
Crowley WF, Vale WW, Rivier J, et al:  LHRH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism , in Zatuchn GI, Shelton JD, Sciarra JJ (eds): LHRH Peptides as Female and Male Contraceptives . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1981;, pp 321-333.
37 +
Corbin A, Beattie CW, Jones R, et al:  Peptide contraception: Antifertility properties of LH-RH analogues . Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1979;;16:359-372.
38 +
Brooks CMcC, Koizumi K, Sato A (eds): Integrative Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System . New York, Elsevier-North Holland Inc, 1979;, pp 1-508.
39 +
McCarty R, Kopin IJ:  Stress-induced alterations in plasma catecholamines and behavior of rats: Effects of chlorisondamine and bretylium . Behav Neural Biol 1979;;27:249-265.
40 +
Young JB, Landsberg L:  Sympathoadrenal activity in fasting pregnant rats . J Clin Invest 1979;;64:109-116.
41 +
Brown MR, Fisher LA:  Brain peptide regulation of adrenal epinephrine secretion . Am J Physiol , 1983;, in press.
42 +
Fisher LA, Kikkawa DO, Rivier JE, et al:  Stimulation of noradrenergic sympathetic outflow by calcitonin gene-related peptide . Nature 1983;; 305:534-536.
43 +
Brown M, Tache Y, Fisher D:  Central nervous system actions of bombesin: Mechanism to induce hyperglycemia . Endocrinology 1979;; 105:660-665.
44 +
Severs WB, Daniels-Severs AE:  Effects of angiotensin on the central nervous system . Pharmacol Rev 1973;;25:415-449.
45 +
Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W:  Inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in the rat by immunoneutralization of corticotropin-releasing factor . Science 1982;;218:377-379.
46 +
Brown M, Rivier J, Vale W:  Bombesin: Potent effects on thermoregulation in the rat . Science 1977;;196:998-1000.
47 +
Fisher LA, Brown MR:  Central nervous system actions of bombesin on cardiovascular regulation in the rat , abstracted. Soc Neurosci 1983;; 9:549.
48 +
Brown M, Fisher D:  Thermoregulation and adrenomedullary activity: Coordinated adaptive responses to nutrient deprivation , abstracted. Soc Neurosci 1979;;5:85.
49 +
Sims EA:  Experimental obesity, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and their clinical implications . Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1976;;5:377-395.
50 +
Jung RJ, Shetty PS, James WPT, et al:  Reduced thermogenesis in obesity . Nature 1979;;279:322-323.
51 +
Van Loon GR, Appel NM:  β-Endorphin-induced increases in plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine . Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1980;;27:607-610.
52 +
Goodman RH, Lund PK, Jacobs JW:  Pre-prosomatostatins . J Biol Chem 1980;;255:6549-6552.
53 +
Hobart P, Crawford R, Shen L, et al:  Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding two distinct somatostatin precursors found in the endocrine pancreas of angler fish . Nature 1980;;228:137-141.
54 +
Brown MR, Rivier J, Vale M:  Somatostatin: Central nervous system actions on glucoregulation . Endocrinology 1979;;104:1709-1715.
55 +
Brown M, Ling N, Rivier J:  Somatostatin-28, somatostatin-14 and somatostatin analogs: Effects of thermoregulation . Brain Res 1981;; 214:127-135.
56 +
Fisher DA, Brown M:  Somatostatin analog: Plasma catecholamine suppression mediated by the central nervous system . Endocrinology 1980;;107:714-718.
57 +
Tache Y, Vale W, Rivier J, et al:  Brain regulation of gastric acid secretion in rats by neurogastrointestinal peptides . Peptides 1981;;2( (suppl 2) ):51-55.
58 +
Zukin RS, Zukin SR:  Multiple opiate receptors: Emerging concepts . Life Sci 1981;;29:2681-2690.
59 +
Quirion R, Hammer RP, Herkenham M, et al:  Phencyclidine (angel dust)/σ 'opiate' receptor: Visualization by tritium-sensitive film . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;;78:5881-5885.
60 +
Petty MA, deJong W:  Enkephalins induce a centrally mediated rise in blood pressure in rats . Brain Res 1983;;260:322-325.
61 +
Petty MA, deJong W, deWied D:  An inhibitory role of β-endorphin in central cardiovascular regulation . Life Sci 1982;;30:1835-1840.
62 +
Faden AI, Holaday JW:  Opiate antagonists: A role in the treatment of hypovolemic shock . Science 1979;;205:317-318.
63 +
Holaday JW, Ruvio B-A, Faden AI:  Thyrotropin releasing hormone improves blood pressure and survival in endotoxic shock . Eur J Pharmacol 1981;;74:101-105.
64 +
Faris PL, Komisaruk BR, Watkins LR, et al:  Evidence for the neuropeptide cholecystokinin as an antagonist of opiate analgesia . Science 1983;;219:310-312.
65 +
Veale WC, Kasting NW, Cooper KE:  Arginine vasopressin and endogenous antipyresis: Evidence and significance . Fed Proc 1981;;40:2750-2753.
66 +
Kasting NW, Veale WL, Cooper KE, et al:  Vasopressin may mediate febrile convulsions . Brain Res 1981;;213:327-333.

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