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January 20, 1984, Vol 251, No. 3 >
ARTICLE | January 20, 1984

Ventricular Ectopy: Title and subTitle BreakHistory, Epidemiology, and Clinical Implications FREE

Michael J. Horan, MD, ScM; Harold L. Kennedy, MD, MPH
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Johns Hopkins Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine, Harvey 402, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 (Dr Horan).


JAMA. 1984;251(3):380-386. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03340270058028
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References

IS VENTRICULAR ectopy always a manifestation of a disease process or can it be found in normal persons? When present, should ventricular ectopy always be treated? To answer these questions, one must delve into medical history, a history rich in anecdote and opinion but muddled in its distinction between disease and health. We review herein the historical development of knowledge about, and attitudes toward, ventricular ectopy, the recent reports delineating patients with ventricular ectopy into prognostically different subsets, and the current approach to the treatment of patients with ventricular ectopy.

Historical Perspective  Although the art of palpating the pulse was practiced as early as 500 BC in ancient China,1 it was not until the second century BC that Herophilus described what we now recognize as extrasystoles.2 However, writers after Herophilus did not make reference to extrasystoles per se but rather talked about the "intermittent pulse." The most influential

REFERENCES

1 +
Read BE:  Gleanings from old Chinese medicine . Ann Med Hist 1926;;8:16.
2 +
Arcieri GP: The Circulation of the Blood and Andrea Cesalpino of Arezzo . New York, SF Vanni, 1945;.
3 +
Scherf D, Schott A: Extrasystoles and Allied Arrhythmias , ed 2. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1973;, p 2.
4 +
Scherf D, Schott A: Extrasystoles and Allied Arrhythmias , ed 2. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1973;, pp 2-23.
5 +
Mackenzie J:  Pulsations in the veins, with the description of a method for graphically recording them . J Pathol Bacteriol 1892;;1:53.
6 +
Mackenzie J:  The venous and liver pulses, and the arrhythmic contraction of the cardiac cavities . J Pathol Bacteriol 1893;;2:84.
7 +
Engelmann TW:  Beobachtungen und Versuche am suspendirten Herzen . Arch Ges Physiol 1895;;59:309.
8 +
Cushny AR, Matthews SA:  On the effects of electrical stimulation of the mammalian heart . J Physiol Lond 1897;;21:213.
9 +
Cushny AR:  On the interpretation of pulse-tracings . J Exp Med 1899;;4:327.
10 +
Wenckebach KF:  Zur Analyse des unregelmassigen Pulses . Z Klin Med 1899;;36:181.
11 +
Hering HE:  Zur experimentellen Analyse der unregelmassigkeiten des Herzschlages . Arch Ges Physiol 1900;;82:1.
12 +
Pan 0:  Klinische Beobachtung über ventrikulare Extrasystolen ohne kompensatorische Pause . Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1903;;78:128.
13 +
Trendelenburg W:  Ueber den Wegfall der compensatorischen Ruhe am spontan schlagenden Froschherzen . Arch Anat Physiol , 1903;, p 311.
14 +
Wenckebach KF: Die Arhythmie als Auscruck bestimmter Funktionsstorungen des Herzens . Leipzig, Germany, Engelmann, 1903;.
15 +
Einthoven W:  Le telecardiogramme . Arch Int Physiol 1906;;4:132.
16 +
Morgagni GB: The Seats and Causes of Diseases . London, Millar Cadell Johnson & Payne, 1769, vol 1, p 732.
17 +
Heberden W:  Remarks on the pulse . Med Trans R Coll Physicians Lond 1786 ;2:18.
18 +
Laennec RTH: De l'auscultation mediate . Paris, Brossou et Chande, 1819;, vol 2, p 230.
19 +
Lancisi GM:  De subitaneis mortibus , in Opera Omnia. Geneva , Fratrum de Tournes, 1707, vol 19, p 71.
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Nicolai EA: Theoretische und practische Betrachtund des Pulsschlages . Halle, Germany, Luderwaldische Buchhandlung, 1746, pp 57-58.
21 +
Senac M: Traite de la structure de coeur, de son action et de ses maladies . Paris, Briasson, 1749, vol 2, p 215.
22 +
Willis T: Pharmaceutice Rationalis: Or an Exercitation of the Operations of Medicine in Humane Bodies . London, Dring Harper & Leigh, 1679, vol 1, p 132.
23 +
Mackenzie J: Diseases of the Heart , ed 3. London, Oxford University Press, 1913;.
24 +
Lewis T: Clinical Disorders of the Heart Beat , ed 7. London, Shaw & Sons Ltd, 1933;.
25 +
Osler W: The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York, D Appleton & Co, 1918;.
26 +
Grandon KF, Neill MH, Streeter GC:  Use of the electrocardiogram in 25 years of insurance selection . Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am 1950;;34:153.
27 +
Lyle AM:  Study of premature beats by electrocardiogram . Trans Soc Actuaries 1953;; 14:493.
28 +
Wood P: Diseases of the Heart and Circulation , ed 3. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1968;.
29 +
Chiang B, Perlman L, Ostrander L, et al:  Relationship of premature systoles to coronary heart disease and sudden death in the Tecumseh epidemiological study . Ann Intern Med 1969;; 70:1159-1166.
30 +
Burchell HB:  Minuscule review . Circula- tion 1969;;40:828.
31 +
The Coronary Drug Project Research Group:  Prognostic importance of premature beats following myocardial infarction: Experience in the Coronary Drug Project . JAMA 1973;;223-1116-1124.
32 +
Kotler MN, Tabatznik B, Mower MM, et al:  Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats with respect to sudden death in the late post-infarction period . Circulation 1973;;47:959-966.
33 +
Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, et al:  Ventricular premature beats and mortality after myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:750-757.
34 +
Rodstein M, Wolloch L, Guliner RS:  Mortality study of the significance of extrasystoles in an insured population . Circulation 1971;; 44:617-625.
35 +
Fisher FD, Tyroler HA:  Relationship between ventricular premature contractions on routine electrocardiography and subsequent sudden death from coronary heart disease . Circulation 1973;;47:712-719.
36 +
Elkon K, Swerdlow T, Myburgh D:  Persistent ventricular ectopic beats . S Afr Med J 1977;;52:564-566.
37 +
Hinkle LE Jr, Carver ST, Stevens M:  Frequency of asymptomatic disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction in middle-aged men . Am J Cardiol 1970;;24:629.
38 +
Rabkin S, Mathewson A, Tate R:  Relationship of ventricular ectopy in men without apparent heart disease to occurrence of ischemic heart disease and sudden death . Am Heart J 1981;; 101:135-142.
39 +
Crow R, Prineas R, Blackburn H:  The prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats among the apparently healthy . Am Heart J 1981;;101:244-248.
40 +
Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, et al:  Ventricular premature complexes in prognosis of angina . Circulation 1980;;61:1172-1178.
41 +
Kleiger RE, Senior RM:  Long-term electrocardiographic monitoring of ambulatory patients with chronic airway obstruction . Chest 1974;;65:483-487.
42 +
DeMaria AN, Amsterdam EA, Vismara LA, et al:  Arrhythmias in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome: Prevalence, nature, and frequency . Ann Intern Med 1976;;84:656-660.
43 +
Winkle RA, Lopes MG, Fitzgerald JW, et al:  Arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse . Circulation 1975;;52:73-81.
44 +
Stapleton JF, Segal JP, Harvey WP:  The electrocardiogram of myocardiopathy . Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1970;;13:217-239.
45 +
Savage D, Seider S, Maron B, et al:  Prevalence of arrhythmias during 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring and exercise testing in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . Circulation 1979;;59:866-875.
46 +
McKenna W, Chetty S, Ockley C, et al:  Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Exercise electrocardiographic and 48 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic assessment with and without beta adrenergic blocking therapy . Am J Cardiol 1980;;45:1-5.
47 +
Maron B, Savage D, Wolfson J, et al:  Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A prospective study . Am J Cardiol 1981;;48:252-257.
48 +
Follansbee WP, Michaelson EL, Morganroth J:  Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in ambulatory patients: Characteristics and association with sudden cardiac death . Ann Intern Med 1980;;92:741-747.
49 +
Kennedy HL, Underhill SJ:  Frequent and complex ventricular ectopy in apparently healthy subjects . Am J Cardiol 1976;;38:141-148.
50 +
Manger Cats V, Lie KI, Van Capelle FJ, et al:  Limitations of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in predicting coronary events after acute myocardial infarction . Am J Cardiol 1979;;44:1257-1262.
51 +
Moss AJ, Davis HT, De Camilla J, et al:  Ventricular ectopic beats and their relation to sudden and nonsudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction . Circulation 1979;;60:998-1003.
52 +
Thanavaro S, Kleiger R, Hieb B, et al:  Effects of electrocardiographic recording duration on ventricular dysrhythmia detection after myocardial infarction . Circulation 1980;;62:262-265.
53 +
Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, et al:  Ventricular premature complexes and sudden death after myocardial infarction . Circulation 1981;;64:297-305.
54 +
Vajda FJE, Porineas RJ, Lovell RRH, et al:  The possible effect of long term high plasma levels of phenytoin on mortality after acute myocardial infarction . Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1973;;5:138-144.
55 +
Wilhelmsson C, Vedin JA, Wilhelmsen L, et al:  Reduction of sudden death after myocardial infarction by treatment with alprenolol . Lancet 1974;;2:1157-1160.
56 +
Ahlmark G, Saetre J, Kosgren M:  Reduction of sudden death after myocardial infarction . Lancet 1974;;2:1563.
57 +
 Improvement in prognosis of myocardial infarction by long-term beta-adrenoreceptor blockade using practolol: A multicenter international study . Br Med J 1975;;3:735-740.
58 +
Shugoll GI, Bowen PJ, Moore JP, et al:  Follow-up observations and prognosis in primary myocardial disease . Arch Intern Med 1972;; 129:62-72.
59 +
McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, et al:  The natural history of congestive heart failure: The Framingham Study . N Engl J Med 1971;;285:1441-1446.
60 +
Liberthson RR, Nagel EL, Hirschman JC, et al:  Prehospital ventricular fibrillation: Prognosis and follow-up course . N Engl J Med 1974;;291:317-321.
61 +
Schaffer WA, Cobb LA:  Recurrent ventricular fibrillation and modes of death in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation . N Engl J Med 1975;;293:259-262.
62 +
Ruskin JN, DiMarco JP, Garan H:  Out of hospital cardiac arrest (electrophysiologic observation and selection of long term antiarrhythmic therapy) . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:607-613.
63 +
Fisher JD, Cohen HL, Mehra R, et al:  Cardiac pacing and pacemakers: II. Serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing for control of recurrent tachyarrhythmias . Am Heart J 1977;;93:658-668.
64 +
Mason JW, Winkle RA:  Electrode-catheter arrhythmia induction in the selection and assessment of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia . Circulation 1978;;58:971-985.
65 +
Horowitz LN, Josephson ME, Farshidi A, et al:  Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia: III. Role of the electrophysiologic study in selection of antiarrhythmic regimens . Circulation 1978;;58:986-997.
66 +
Vandepal CJ, Farshili A, Spielman SR, et al:  Incidence and clinical significance of induced ventricular tachycardia . Am J Cardiol 1980;; 45:725-731.
67 +
Lown B:  Sudden cardiac death: The major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology . Am J Cardiol 1978;;43:313-328.
68 +
Graboys TB, Lown B, Podrid PJ, et al:  Long-term survival of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs . Am J Cardiol 1982;;50:437-443.
69 +
Myerburg RJ, Conde C, Sheps DS, et al:  Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of pre-hospital cardiac arrest: Comparison of effects on chronic ventricular arrhythmias and recurrent cardiac arrest . Circulation 1979;;59:855-863.
70 +
Hinkle LE, Carver SJ, Stevens M:  The frequency of asymptomatic disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction in middle-aged men . Am J Cardiol 1969;;24:629-650.
71 +
Hinkle LE, Carver SJ, Argyros DC:  The prognostic significance of ventricular premature contractions in healthy people and in people with coronary heart disease . Acta Cardiol Brux 1974;;18( (suppl) ):5-32.
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Gilson JS, Holter NJ, Glasscock WR:  Clinical observations using the Electrocardiocorder-AVSEP continuous electrocardiographic system: Tentative standards and typical patterns . Am J Cardiol 1964;;14:204-217.
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Clarke JM, Hamer J, Shelton JR, et al:  The rhythm of the normal human heart . Lancet 1976;;2:508-512.
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Brodsky M, Wu D, Denes P, et al:  Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease . Am J Cardiol 1977;;39:390-395.
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Glasser SP, Clark PI, Applebaum HJ:  Occurrence of frequent complex arrhythmias detected by ambulatory monitoring: Findings in an apparently healthy asymptomatic elderly population . Chest 1979;;75:565-568.
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Kostis J, McGrove K, Moreyra A, et al:  Premature ventricular complexes in the absence of identifiable heart disease . Circulation 1981;; 63:1351-1356.
81 +
Horan M, Kennedy H:  Characteristics and prognosis of apparently healthy patients with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy: Evidence for a relatively benign new syndrome with occult myocardial and/or coronary disease . Am Heart J 1981;;102:809-810.
82 +
McHenry PL, Fisch C, Jordan JW:  Cardiac arrhythmias observed during maximal treadmill exercise testing in clinically normal men . Am J Cardiol 1972;;29:331-336.
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Blackburn H, Taylor HL, Hamrell B:  Premature ventricular complexes induced by stress testing . Am J Cardiol 1973;;31:441-449.
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Beard EF, Owen CA:  Cardiac arrhythmias during exercise testing in healthy men . Aerosp Med 1973;;44:286-289.
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Kennedy H, Pescarmona J, Bouchard R, et al:  Coronary artery status of apparently healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy . Ann Intern Med 1980;;92(pt (1) ):179-185.
86 +
Kennedy H, Pescarmona J, Bouchard R, et al:  Objective evidence of occult myocardial dysfunction in patients with frequent ventricular ectopy without clinically apparent heart disease . Am Heart J 1982;;104:57-65.
87 +
Horowitz L, Morganroth J:  Can we prevent sudden cardiac death? Am J Cardiol 1982;;50:535-538.
88 +
Horowitz L, Harken A, Kastor J, et al:  Ventricular resection guided by epicardial and endocardial mapping for treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia . N Engl J Med 1980;; 302:589-593.
89 +
Horowitz L, Harken A, Josephson M, et al:  Surgical treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in coronary artery disease . Ann Intern Med 1981;;95:88-97.
90 +
Mirowski M, Reid P, Mower M, et al:  Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:322324.
91 +
Fisher J, Kim S, Furman S, et al:  Role of implantable pacemakers in control of recurrent ventricular tachycardia . Am J Cardiol 1982;; 49:194-206.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Read BE:  Gleanings from old Chinese medicine . Ann Med Hist 1926;;8:16.
2 +
Arcieri GP: The Circulation of the Blood and Andrea Cesalpino of Arezzo . New York, SF Vanni, 1945;.
3 +
Scherf D, Schott A: Extrasystoles and Allied Arrhythmias , ed 2. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1973;, p 2.
4 +
Scherf D, Schott A: Extrasystoles and Allied Arrhythmias , ed 2. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1973;, pp 2-23.
5 +
Mackenzie J:  Pulsations in the veins, with the description of a method for graphically recording them . J Pathol Bacteriol 1892;;1:53.
6 +
Mackenzie J:  The venous and liver pulses, and the arrhythmic contraction of the cardiac cavities . J Pathol Bacteriol 1893;;2:84.
7 +
Engelmann TW:  Beobachtungen und Versuche am suspendirten Herzen . Arch Ges Physiol 1895;;59:309.
8 +
Cushny AR, Matthews SA:  On the effects of electrical stimulation of the mammalian heart . J Physiol Lond 1897;;21:213.
9 +
Cushny AR:  On the interpretation of pulse-tracings . J Exp Med 1899;;4:327.
10 +
Wenckebach KF:  Zur Analyse des unregelmassigen Pulses . Z Klin Med 1899;;36:181.
11 +
Hering HE:  Zur experimentellen Analyse der unregelmassigkeiten des Herzschlages . Arch Ges Physiol 1900;;82:1.
12 +
Pan 0:  Klinische Beobachtung über ventrikulare Extrasystolen ohne kompensatorische Pause . Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1903;;78:128.
13 +
Trendelenburg W:  Ueber den Wegfall der compensatorischen Ruhe am spontan schlagenden Froschherzen . Arch Anat Physiol , 1903;, p 311.
14 +
Wenckebach KF: Die Arhythmie als Auscruck bestimmter Funktionsstorungen des Herzens . Leipzig, Germany, Engelmann, 1903;.
15 +
Einthoven W:  Le telecardiogramme . Arch Int Physiol 1906;;4:132.
16 +
Morgagni GB: The Seats and Causes of Diseases . London, Millar Cadell Johnson & Payne, 1769, vol 1, p 732.
17 +
Heberden W:  Remarks on the pulse . Med Trans R Coll Physicians Lond 1786 ;2:18.
18 +
Laennec RTH: De l'auscultation mediate . Paris, Brossou et Chande, 1819;, vol 2, p 230.
19 +
Lancisi GM:  De subitaneis mortibus , in Opera Omnia. Geneva , Fratrum de Tournes, 1707, vol 19, p 71.
20 +
Nicolai EA: Theoretische und practische Betrachtund des Pulsschlages . Halle, Germany, Luderwaldische Buchhandlung, 1746, pp 57-58.
21 +
Senac M: Traite de la structure de coeur, de son action et de ses maladies . Paris, Briasson, 1749, vol 2, p 215.
22 +
Willis T: Pharmaceutice Rationalis: Or an Exercitation of the Operations of Medicine in Humane Bodies . London, Dring Harper & Leigh, 1679, vol 1, p 132.
23 +
Mackenzie J: Diseases of the Heart , ed 3. London, Oxford University Press, 1913;.
24 +
Lewis T: Clinical Disorders of the Heart Beat , ed 7. London, Shaw & Sons Ltd, 1933;.
25 +
Osler W: The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York, D Appleton & Co, 1918;.
26 +
Grandon KF, Neill MH, Streeter GC:  Use of the electrocardiogram in 25 years of insurance selection . Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am 1950;;34:153.
27 +
Lyle AM:  Study of premature beats by electrocardiogram . Trans Soc Actuaries 1953;; 14:493.
28 +
Wood P: Diseases of the Heart and Circulation , ed 3. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1968;.
29 +
Chiang B, Perlman L, Ostrander L, et al:  Relationship of premature systoles to coronary heart disease and sudden death in the Tecumseh epidemiological study . Ann Intern Med 1969;; 70:1159-1166.
30 +
Burchell HB:  Minuscule review . Circula- tion 1969;;40:828.
31 +
The Coronary Drug Project Research Group:  Prognostic importance of premature beats following myocardial infarction: Experience in the Coronary Drug Project . JAMA 1973;;223-1116-1124.
32 +
Kotler MN, Tabatznik B, Mower MM, et al:  Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats with respect to sudden death in the late post-infarction period . Circulation 1973;;47:959-966.
33 +
Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, et al:  Ventricular premature beats and mortality after myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:750-757.
34 +
Rodstein M, Wolloch L, Guliner RS:  Mortality study of the significance of extrasystoles in an insured population . Circulation 1971;; 44:617-625.
35 +
Fisher FD, Tyroler HA:  Relationship between ventricular premature contractions on routine electrocardiography and subsequent sudden death from coronary heart disease . Circulation 1973;;47:712-719.
36 +
Elkon K, Swerdlow T, Myburgh D:  Persistent ventricular ectopic beats . S Afr Med J 1977;;52:564-566.
37 +
Hinkle LE Jr, Carver ST, Stevens M:  Frequency of asymptomatic disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction in middle-aged men . Am J Cardiol 1970;;24:629.
38 +
Rabkin S, Mathewson A, Tate R:  Relationship of ventricular ectopy in men without apparent heart disease to occurrence of ischemic heart disease and sudden death . Am Heart J 1981;; 101:135-142.
39 +
Crow R, Prineas R, Blackburn H:  The prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats among the apparently healthy . Am Heart J 1981;;101:244-248.
40 +
Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, et al:  Ventricular premature complexes in prognosis of angina . Circulation 1980;;61:1172-1178.
41 +
Kleiger RE, Senior RM:  Long-term electrocardiographic monitoring of ambulatory patients with chronic airway obstruction . Chest 1974;;65:483-487.
42 +
DeMaria AN, Amsterdam EA, Vismara LA, et al:  Arrhythmias in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome: Prevalence, nature, and frequency . Ann Intern Med 1976;;84:656-660.
43 +
Winkle RA, Lopes MG, Fitzgerald JW, et al:  Arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse . Circulation 1975;;52:73-81.
44 +
Stapleton JF, Segal JP, Harvey WP:  The electrocardiogram of myocardiopathy . Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1970;;13:217-239.
45 +
Savage D, Seider S, Maron B, et al:  Prevalence of arrhythmias during 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring and exercise testing in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . Circulation 1979;;59:866-875.
46 +
McKenna W, Chetty S, Ockley C, et al:  Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Exercise electrocardiographic and 48 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic assessment with and without beta adrenergic blocking therapy . Am J Cardiol 1980;;45:1-5.
47 +
Maron B, Savage D, Wolfson J, et al:  Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A prospective study . Am J Cardiol 1981;;48:252-257.
48 +
Follansbee WP, Michaelson EL, Morganroth J:  Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in ambulatory patients: Characteristics and association with sudden cardiac death . Ann Intern Med 1980;;92:741-747.
49 +
Kennedy HL, Underhill SJ:  Frequent and complex ventricular ectopy in apparently healthy subjects . Am J Cardiol 1976;;38:141-148.
50 +
Manger Cats V, Lie KI, Van Capelle FJ, et al:  Limitations of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in predicting coronary events after acute myocardial infarction . Am J Cardiol 1979;;44:1257-1262.
51 +
Moss AJ, Davis HT, De Camilla J, et al:  Ventricular ectopic beats and their relation to sudden and nonsudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction . Circulation 1979;;60:998-1003.
52 +
Thanavaro S, Kleiger R, Hieb B, et al:  Effects of electrocardiographic recording duration on ventricular dysrhythmia detection after myocardial infarction . Circulation 1980;;62:262-265.
53 +
Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, et al:  Ventricular premature complexes and sudden death after myocardial infarction . Circulation 1981;;64:297-305.
54 +
Vajda FJE, Porineas RJ, Lovell RRH, et al:  The possible effect of long term high plasma levels of phenytoin on mortality after acute myocardial infarction . Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1973;;5:138-144.
55 +
Wilhelmsson C, Vedin JA, Wilhelmsen L, et al:  Reduction of sudden death after myocardial infarction by treatment with alprenolol . Lancet 1974;;2:1157-1160.
56 +
Ahlmark G, Saetre J, Kosgren M:  Reduction of sudden death after myocardial infarction . Lancet 1974;;2:1563.
57 +
 Improvement in prognosis of myocardial infarction by long-term beta-adrenoreceptor blockade using practolol: A multicenter international study . Br Med J 1975;;3:735-740.
58 +
Shugoll GI, Bowen PJ, Moore JP, et al:  Follow-up observations and prognosis in primary myocardial disease . Arch Intern Med 1972;; 129:62-72.
59 +
McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, et al:  The natural history of congestive heart failure: The Framingham Study . N Engl J Med 1971;;285:1441-1446.
60 +
Liberthson RR, Nagel EL, Hirschman JC, et al:  Prehospital ventricular fibrillation: Prognosis and follow-up course . N Engl J Med 1974;;291:317-321.
61 +
Schaffer WA, Cobb LA:  Recurrent ventricular fibrillation and modes of death in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation . N Engl J Med 1975;;293:259-262.
62 +
Ruskin JN, DiMarco JP, Garan H:  Out of hospital cardiac arrest (electrophysiologic observation and selection of long term antiarrhythmic therapy) . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:607-613.
63 +
Fisher JD, Cohen HL, Mehra R, et al:  Cardiac pacing and pacemakers: II. Serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing for control of recurrent tachyarrhythmias . Am Heart J 1977;;93:658-668.
64 +
Mason JW, Winkle RA:  Electrode-catheter arrhythmia induction in the selection and assessment of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia . Circulation 1978;;58:971-985.
65 +
Horowitz LN, Josephson ME, Farshidi A, et al:  Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia: III. Role of the electrophysiologic study in selection of antiarrhythmic regimens . Circulation 1978;;58:986-997.
66 +
Vandepal CJ, Farshili A, Spielman SR, et al:  Incidence and clinical significance of induced ventricular tachycardia . Am J Cardiol 1980;; 45:725-731.
67 +
Lown B:  Sudden cardiac death: The major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology . Am J Cardiol 1978;;43:313-328.
68 +
Graboys TB, Lown B, Podrid PJ, et al:  Long-term survival of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs . Am J Cardiol 1982;;50:437-443.
69 +
Myerburg RJ, Conde C, Sheps DS, et al:  Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of pre-hospital cardiac arrest: Comparison of effects on chronic ventricular arrhythmias and recurrent cardiac arrest . Circulation 1979;;59:855-863.
70 +
Hinkle LE, Carver SJ, Stevens M:  The frequency of asymptomatic disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction in middle-aged men . Am J Cardiol 1969;;24:629-650.
71 +
Hinkle LE, Carver SJ, Argyros DC:  The prognostic significance of ventricular premature contractions in healthy people and in people with coronary heart disease . Acta Cardiol Brux 1974;;18( (suppl) ):5-32.
72 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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