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September 2, 1983, Vol 250, No. 9 >
ARTICLE | September 2, 1983

W. W. Duke and His Bleeding Time Test: Title and subTitle BreakA Commentary on Platelet Function FREE

K. M. Brinkhous, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Pathology 228-H, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 (Dr Brinkhous).


JAMA. 1983;250(9):1210-1214. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03340090066032
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Article
References

The 1910 article by Duke1 on platelets and bleeding has been judged by history to be one of the outstanding contributions to the science and practice of medicine during the first half of this century. In this article, Duke made two tremendous contributions. First, he firmly established with excellent data for the times that platelets are needed for hemostasis and that thrombocytopenia is associated with purpura and other hemorrhagic manifestations. The important role of platelets in the formation of thrombi had already been established in the 1880s by the work of Eberth and Schimmelbusch, Bizzozero, and Hayem. However, the origin of the platelets was uncertain. Hayem erroneously believed they were derived from red cell precursors, a view Osier gently ridiculed with the statement: "I have spent many weary hours over them, but I never caught one 'blushing.' "2 In 1905, Wright demonstrated the platelet derivation from the megakaryocyte. Spaet,

REFERENCES

1 +
Duke WW:  The relation of blood platelets to hemorrhagic disease: Description of a method for determining the bleeding time and coagulation time and report of three cases of hemorrhagic disease relieved by transfusion . JAMA 1910;;55:1185-1192.
2 +
Brinkhous KM, Shermer RW, Mostofi FK (eds): The Platelet . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1971;, p 388.
3 +
Spaet TH:  Platelets: The blood dust , in Wintrobe MM (ed): Blood Pure and Eloquent . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1980;, pp 549-571.
4 +
Debus AG: World Who's Who in Science . Chicago, Marquis Who's Who Inc, 1968;, p 490.
5 +
Corner GW: George Hoyt Whipple and His Friends . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1963;.
6 +
Duke WW:  The rate of regeneration of blood platelets . J Exp Med 1911;;14:265-273.
7 +
Flexner S, Flexner JT: William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine . New York, Viking Press, 1941;, p 303.
8 +
Whipple GH, Sperry JA:  Chloroform poisoning: Liver necrosis and repair . Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 1909;;20:278-289.
9 +
Ivy AC, Shapiro PF, Melnick P:  The bleeding time in jaundice . Surg Gynecol Obstet 1935;;60:781-784.
10 +
Tocantins LM:  The bleeding time . Am J Clin Pathol 1936;;6:160-171.
11 +
Mielke CH Jr, Kaneshiro MM, Maher IA, et al:  The standardized normal Ivy bleeding time and its prolongation by aspirin . Blood 1969;;34:204-215.
12 +
Babson SR, Babson AL:  Development and evaluation of a disposable device for performing simultaneous duplicate bleeding time determinations . Am J Clin Pathol 1978;;70:406-408.
13 +
Bowie EJW, Owen CA Jr:  The bleeding time . Progr Hemost Thromb 1974;;2:249-271.
14 +
Copley AL, Lalich JJ:  Bleeding time, lymph time, and clot resistance in men . J Clin Invest 1942;;21:145-152.
15 +
Wester J, Sixma JJ, Geuze JJ, et al:  Morphology of the early hemostasis in human skin wounds: Influence of acetylsalicylic acid . Lab Invest 1978;;39:298-311.
16 +
Born GVR:  Platelets in haemostasis and thrombosis , in Rotman A, Meyer FA, Gitler C, et al (eds): Platelets: Cellular Response Mechanisms and Their Biological Significance . Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1980;, pp 3-15.
17 +
Rodman NF Jr, Painter JC, McDevitt NB:  Platelet disintegration during clotting . J Cell Biol 1963;;16:225-241.
18 +
Borchgrevink CF, Waaler BA:  The secondary bleeding time: A new method for the differentiation of hemorrhagic diseases . Acta Med Scand 1958;;162:361-374.
19 +
O'Brien JR:  The bleeding time in normal and abnormal subjects . J Clin Pathol 1951;;4:272-285.
20 +
Harker LA, Slichter SJ:  The bleeding time as a screening test for evaluation of platelet function . N Engl J Med 1972;;287:155-159.
21 +
Thompson CB, Jakubowski JA, Quinn PG, et al:  Platelet size as a determinant of platelet function . J Lab Clin Med 1983;;101:205-213.
22 +
Stuart MJ, Miller ML, Davey FR, et al:  The post-aspirin bleeding time: A screening test for evaluating haemostatic disorders . Br J Haematol 1979;;43:649-659.
23 +
Meyer D, Frommel D, Larrieu MJ, et al:  Selective absence of large forms of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in acquired von Willebrand's syndrome: Response to transfusion . Blood 1979;;54:600-606.
24 +
Sarji KE, Stratton RD, Wagner RH, et al:  Nature of von Willebrand factor: A new assay and a specific inhibitor . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;;71:2937-2941.
25 +
Phillips DR, Jennings LK, Berndt MC:  Studies of inherited bleeding disorders to identify platelet membrane glycoproteins involved in adhesion and aggregation , in Sheppard JR, Anderson VE, Eaton JW (eds): Membranes and Genetic Disease . New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1982;, pp 151-163.
26 +
Brinkhous KM, Read MS, Mason RG:  Plasma thrombocyteagglutinating activity and fibrinogen: Synergism with adenosine diphosphate . Lab Invest 1965;;14:335-342.
27 +
Leung LLK, Kinoshita T, Nachman RL:  Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa . J Biol Chem 1981;;256:1994-1997.
28 +
Howard L, Shulman S, Sadanandan S, et al:  Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of human platelet membranes . J Biol Chem 1982;;257:8331-8336.
29 +
Bennett JS, Vilaire G, Cines DB:  Identification of the fibrinogen receptor on human platelets by photoaffinity labeling . J Biol Chem 1982;;257:8049-8054.
30 +
van Leeuwen EF, van der Ven JTM, Engelfriet CP, et al:  Specificity of autoantibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia . Blood 1982;;59:23-26.
31 +
Cohen I, Gerrard JM, White JG:  Ultrastructure of clots during isometric contraction . J Cell Biol 1982;;93:775-787.
32 +
Rodman NF Jr, Mason RG, Painter JC, et al:  Fibrinogen — its role in platelet agglutination and agglutinate stability . Lab Invest 1966;;15:641-656.
33 +
Verstraete M:  A pharmacological approach to the inhibition of platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation . Haemostasis 1982;;12:317-336.
34 +
Cooper HA, Bennett WP, Kreger A, et al:  The effect of extracellular proteases from gram-negative bacteria on the interaction of von Willebrand factor with human platelets . J Lab Clin Med 1981;;97:379-389.
35 +
Hoyer LW:  The factor VIII complex: Structure and function , in Menache D, Surgenor DM, Anderson H (eds): Hemophilia and Hemostasis . New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1981;, pp 1-26.
36 +
Blatt PM, Brinkhous KM, Culp HR, et al:  Antihemophilic factor concentrate therapy in von Willebrand disease: Dissociation of bleeding-time factor and ristocetin-cofactor activities . JAMA 1976;;236:2770-2772.
37 +
Brinkhous KM, Read MS, Fricke WA, et al:  Botrocetin (venom coagglutinin): Reaction with a broad spectrum of multimeric forms of factor VIII macromolecular complex . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;;80:1463-1466.
38 +
Howard MA, Salem HH, Thomas KB, et al:  Variant von Willebrand's disease type B — revisited . Blood 1982;;60:1420-1428.
39 +
Brinkhous KM, Read MS:  Use of venom coagglutinin and lyophilized platelets in testing for platelet-aggregating von Willebrand factor . Blood 1980;;55:517-520.
40 +
Brinkhous KM, Culp HR:  Quantitation of von Willebrand factor and an antibody inhibitor . Thromb Res 1976;;8( (suppl 2) ):125-132.
41 +
Mannucci PM, Remuzzi G, Pusineri F, et al:  Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia . N Engl J Med 1983;;308:8-12.
42 +
Weitekamp MR, Aber RC:  Prolonged bleeding times and bleeding diathesis associated with moxalactam administration . JAMA 1983;;249:69-71.

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1 +
Duke WW:  The relation of blood platelets to hemorrhagic disease: Description of a method for determining the bleeding time and coagulation time and report of three cases of hemorrhagic disease relieved by transfusion . JAMA 1910;;55:1185-1192.
2 +
Brinkhous KM, Shermer RW, Mostofi FK (eds): The Platelet . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1971;, p 388.
3 +
Spaet TH:  Platelets: The blood dust , in Wintrobe MM (ed): Blood Pure and Eloquent . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1980;, pp 549-571.
4 +
Debus AG: World Who's Who in Science . Chicago, Marquis Who's Who Inc, 1968;, p 490.
5 +
Corner GW: George Hoyt Whipple and His Friends . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1963;.
6 +
Duke WW:  The rate of regeneration of blood platelets . J Exp Med 1911;;14:265-273.
7 +
Flexner S, Flexner JT: William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine . New York, Viking Press, 1941;, p 303.
8 +
Whipple GH, Sperry JA:  Chloroform poisoning: Liver necrosis and repair . Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 1909;;20:278-289.
9 +
Ivy AC, Shapiro PF, Melnick P:  The bleeding time in jaundice . Surg Gynecol Obstet 1935;;60:781-784.
10 +
Tocantins LM:  The bleeding time . Am J Clin Pathol 1936;;6:160-171.
11 +
Mielke CH Jr, Kaneshiro MM, Maher IA, et al:  The standardized normal Ivy bleeding time and its prolongation by aspirin . Blood 1969;;34:204-215.
12 +
Babson SR, Babson AL:  Development and evaluation of a disposable device for performing simultaneous duplicate bleeding time determinations . Am J Clin Pathol 1978;;70:406-408.
13 +
Bowie EJW, Owen CA Jr:  The bleeding time . Progr Hemost Thromb 1974;;2:249-271.
14 +
Copley AL, Lalich JJ:  Bleeding time, lymph time, and clot resistance in men . J Clin Invest 1942;;21:145-152.
15 +
Wester J, Sixma JJ, Geuze JJ, et al:  Morphology of the early hemostasis in human skin wounds: Influence of acetylsalicylic acid . Lab Invest 1978;;39:298-311.
16 +
Born GVR:  Platelets in haemostasis and thrombosis , in Rotman A, Meyer FA, Gitler C, et al (eds): Platelets: Cellular Response Mechanisms and Their Biological Significance . Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1980;, pp 3-15.
17 +
Rodman NF Jr, Painter JC, McDevitt NB:  Platelet disintegration during clotting . J Cell Biol 1963;;16:225-241.
18 +
Borchgrevink CF, Waaler BA:  The secondary bleeding time: A new method for the differentiation of hemorrhagic diseases . Acta Med Scand 1958;;162:361-374.
19 +
O'Brien JR:  The bleeding time in normal and abnormal subjects . J Clin Pathol 1951;;4:272-285.
20 +
Harker LA, Slichter SJ:  The bleeding time as a screening test for evaluation of platelet function . N Engl J Med 1972;;287:155-159.
21 +
Thompson CB, Jakubowski JA, Quinn PG, et al:  Platelet size as a determinant of platelet function . J Lab Clin Med 1983;;101:205-213.
22 +
Stuart MJ, Miller ML, Davey FR, et al:  The post-aspirin bleeding time: A screening test for evaluating haemostatic disorders . Br J Haematol 1979;;43:649-659.
23 +
Meyer D, Frommel D, Larrieu MJ, et al:  Selective absence of large forms of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in acquired von Willebrand's syndrome: Response to transfusion . Blood 1979;;54:600-606.
24 +
Sarji KE, Stratton RD, Wagner RH, et al:  Nature of von Willebrand factor: A new assay and a specific inhibitor . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;;71:2937-2941.
25 +
Phillips DR, Jennings LK, Berndt MC:  Studies of inherited bleeding disorders to identify platelet membrane glycoproteins involved in adhesion and aggregation , in Sheppard JR, Anderson VE, Eaton JW (eds): Membranes and Genetic Disease . New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1982;, pp 151-163.
26 +
Brinkhous KM, Read MS, Mason RG:  Plasma thrombocyteagglutinating activity and fibrinogen: Synergism with adenosine diphosphate . Lab Invest 1965;;14:335-342.
27 +
Leung LLK, Kinoshita T, Nachman RL:  Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa . J Biol Chem 1981;;256:1994-1997.
28 +
Howard L, Shulman S, Sadanandan S, et al:  Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of human platelet membranes . J Biol Chem 1982;;257:8331-8336.
29 +
Bennett JS, Vilaire G, Cines DB:  Identification of the fibrinogen receptor on human platelets by photoaffinity labeling . J Biol Chem 1982;;257:8049-8054.
30 +
van Leeuwen EF, van der Ven JTM, Engelfriet CP, et al:  Specificity of autoantibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia . Blood 1982;;59:23-26.
31 +
Cohen I, Gerrard JM, White JG:  Ultrastructure of clots during isometric contraction . J Cell Biol 1982;;93:775-787.
32 +
Rodman NF Jr, Mason RG, Painter JC, et al:  Fibrinogen — its role in platelet agglutination and agglutinate stability . Lab Invest 1966;;15:641-656.
33 +
Verstraete M:  A pharmacological approach to the inhibition of platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation . Haemostasis 1982;;12:317-336.
34 +
Cooper HA, Bennett WP, Kreger A, et al:  The effect of extracellular proteases from gram-negative bacteria on the interaction of von Willebrand factor with human platelets . J Lab Clin Med 1981;;97:379-389.
35 +
Hoyer LW:  The factor VIII complex: Structure and function , in Menache D, Surgenor DM, Anderson H (eds): Hemophilia and Hemostasis . New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1981;, pp 1-26.
36 +
Blatt PM, Brinkhous KM, Culp HR, et al:  Antihemophilic factor concentrate therapy in von Willebrand disease: Dissociation of bleeding-time factor and ristocetin-cofactor activities . JAMA 1976;;236:2770-2772.
37 +
Brinkhous KM, Read MS, Fricke WA, et al:  Botrocetin (venom coagglutinin): Reaction with a broad spectrum of multimeric forms of factor VIII macromolecular complex . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;;80:1463-1466.
38 +
Howard MA, Salem HH, Thomas KB, et al:  Variant von Willebrand's disease type B — revisited . Blood 1982;;60:1420-1428.
39 +
Brinkhous KM, Read MS:  Use of venom coagglutinin and lyophilized platelets in testing for platelet-aggregating von Willebrand factor . Blood 1980;;55:517-520.
40 +
Brinkhous KM, Culp HR:  Quantitation of von Willebrand factor and an antibody inhibitor . Thromb Res 1976;;8( (suppl 2) ):125-132.
41 +
Mannucci PM, Remuzzi G, Pusineri F, et al:  Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia . N Engl J Med 1983;;308:8-12.
42 +
Weitekamp MR, Aber RC:  Prolonged bleeding times and bleeding diathesis associated with moxalactam administration . JAMA 1983;;249:69-71.

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