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August 12, 1983, Vol 250, No. 6 >
ARTICLE | August 12, 1983

The Virus of Poliomyelitis: Title and subTitle BreakFrom Discovery to Extinction FREE

Jonas Salk, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, PO Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92138-9216 (Dr Salk).


JAMA. 1983;250(6):808-810. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03340060086037
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References

Gustavson1 defined science as that body of knowledge obtained by techniques that enable us to place limiting values on our preconceptions. A review of what we now know about poliomyelitis reveals a list of preconceptions that have been modified with the help of techniques developed to examine them. When ideas are transformed in this way, it is oftentimes difficult to understand why we thought as we did previously.

It was once believed that (1) poliomyelitis was not an infectious disease, (2) the virus reached the CNS via nerve pathways and not via the bloodstream, (3) the virus was strictly neurotropic, unlikely of cultivation in nonneural tissue, and (4) the prevention of the disease could not be accomplished by a noninfectious virus vaccine because it was also believed that (5) the process of infection was required for inducing effective and durable immunity.

The scientific investigation of these and other questions

REFERENCES

1 +
Gustavson RG: Pitcairn-Crabbe lecture . University of Pittsburgh, (spring) 1958;.
2 +
Flexner S, Lewis PA:  The transmission of acute poliomyelitis to monkeys . JAMA 1909;;53:1639.
3 +
Flexner S, Lewis PA:  The transmission of epidemic poliomyelitis to monkeys: A further note . JAMA 1909;;53:1913.
4 +
Lansteiner K, Levaditi C:  Experimental infantile paralysis . C Rend Soc Biol 1909;;67:787-790.
5 +
Burnet FM, Macnamara J:  Immunological differences between strains of poliomyelitis virus . Br J Exp Pathol 1931;;12:57-61.
6 +
Paul JR, Trask JD:  A comparative study of recently isolated human strains and a passage strain of poliomyelitis virus . J Exp Med 1933;;58:513-529.
7 +
Bodian D, Morgan IM, Howe HA:  Differentiation of types of poliomyelitis viruses: III. The grouping of 14 strains into three immunological types . Am J Hyg 1949;;49:234-245.
8 +
Kessel JF, Pait CF:  Differentiation of three groups of poliomyelitis virus . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1949;;70:315-316.
9 +
Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC:  Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues . Science 1949;;109:85-87.
10 +
Bodian DA:  Reconsideration of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis . Am J Hyg 1952;;55:414-438.
11 +
Horstmann DM:  Poliomyelitis virus in blood of orally infected monkeys and chimpanzees . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1952;;79:417-419.
12 +
Bodian DA:  Experimental studies on passive immunization against poliomyelitis: II. The prophylactic effect of human gamma globulin on paralytic poliomyelitis in cynomolgus monkeys after virus feeding . Am J Hyg 1952;;56:78-89.
13 +
Hammon WM, Coriell LL, Stokes J Jr:  Evaluation of Red Cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis . JAMA 1952;;150:739-760.
14 +
Brodie M, Park WH:  Active immunization against poliomyelitis . Am J Public Health 1936;;26:119-125.
15 +
Kolmer JA:  Vaccination against acute anterior poliomyelitis . Am J Public Health 1936;;26:126-135.
16 +
Morgan IM:  Immunization of monkeys with formalin-inactivated poliomyelitis viruses . Am J Hyg 1948;;48:394-406.
17 +
Howe HA:  Duration of immunity in chimpanzees vaccinated with formalin inactivated poliomyelitis virus . Fed Proc 1952;;11:471-472.
18 +
Howe HA:  Antibody response of chimpanzees and human beings to formalin-inactivated trivalent poliomyelitis vaccine . Am J Hyg 1952;;56:265-286.
19 +
Koprowski H, Jervis GA, Norton TW:  Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus . Am J Hyg 1952;;55:108-126.
20 +
Salk JE, Gori JB:  A review of theoretical, experimental, and practical considerations in the use of formaldehyde for the inactivation of poliovirus . Ann NY Acad Sci 1960;;83:609-637.
21 +
Salk JE, Bennett BL, Lewis LJ, et al:  Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis: 1. A preliminary report of experiments in progress . JAMA 1953;;151:1081-1098.
22 +
Salk JE, Lewis LJ, Bennett BL, et al:  Antigenic activity of poliomyelitis vaccines undergoing field test . Am J Public Health 1955;;45:151-162.
23 +
Salk JE:  Vaccination against paralytic poliomyelitis: Performance and prospects . Am J Public Health 1955;;45:575-596.
24 +
Salk JE:  Considerations in the preparation and use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine . JAMA 1955;;158:1239-1248.
25 +
Francis T Jr, Korns RF, Voight RB, et al:  An evaluation of the 1954 poliomyelitis vaccine trials: Summary report . Am J Public Health 1955;;45:1-63.
26 +
Salk JE:  Preconceptions about vaccination against paralytic poliomyelitis . Ann Intern Med 1959;;50:843-861.
27 +
Salk J, Salk D:  Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines . Science 1977;;195:834-847.
28 +
Salk JE:  Persistence of immunity after administration of formalin-treated poliovirus vaccine . Lancet 1960;;2:715-723.
29 +
Salk J, van Wezel AL, Stoeckel P, et al:  Theoretical and practical considerations in the application of killed poliovirus vaccine for the control of paralytic poliomyelitis . Dev Biol Stand 1981;;47:181-198.
30 +
van Wezel AL, van Steenis G, Hannik CA, et al:  New approach to the production of concentrated and purified inactivated polio and rabies tissue culture vaccines . Dev Biol Stand 1978;;41:159-168.
31 +
Petricciani JC, Salk PL, Salk J, et al:  Theoretical considerations and practical concerns regarding the use of continuous cell lines in the production of biologics . Dev Biol Stand 1982;;50:15-25.
32 +
Sabin AB:  Avirulent viruses for immunization against poliomyelitis , in International Poliomyelitis Congress: Poliomyelitis—Papers and Discussions Presented at the Third International Poliomyelitis Conference . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1955;, pp 186-194.
33 +
Salk D:  Eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States: I. Live virus vaccine-associated and wild poliovirus disease: II. Experience with killed poliovirus vaccine: III. Poliovaccines — practical considerations . Rev Infect Dis 1980;;2:228-273.
34 +
Sabin AB, Ramon-Alvarez M, Alvarez-Amezquita J, et al:  Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine: Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses . JAMA 1960;;173:1521-1526.
35 +
Salk J, Stoeckel P, van Wezel AL, et al:  Antigen content of inactivated poliovirus vaccine for use in a one- or two-dose regimen . Ann Clin Res 1982;;14:204-212.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Gustavson RG: Pitcairn-Crabbe lecture . University of Pittsburgh, (spring) 1958;.
2 +
Flexner S, Lewis PA:  The transmission of acute poliomyelitis to monkeys . JAMA 1909;;53:1639.
3 +
Flexner S, Lewis PA:  The transmission of epidemic poliomyelitis to monkeys: A further note . JAMA 1909;;53:1913.
4 +
Lansteiner K, Levaditi C:  Experimental infantile paralysis . C Rend Soc Biol 1909;;67:787-790.
5 +
Burnet FM, Macnamara J:  Immunological differences between strains of poliomyelitis virus . Br J Exp Pathol 1931;;12:57-61.
6 +
Paul JR, Trask JD:  A comparative study of recently isolated human strains and a passage strain of poliomyelitis virus . J Exp Med 1933;;58:513-529.
7 +
Bodian D, Morgan IM, Howe HA:  Differentiation of types of poliomyelitis viruses: III. The grouping of 14 strains into three immunological types . Am J Hyg 1949;;49:234-245.
8 +
Kessel JF, Pait CF:  Differentiation of three groups of poliomyelitis virus . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1949;;70:315-316.
9 +
Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC:  Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues . Science 1949;;109:85-87.
10 +
Bodian DA:  Reconsideration of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis . Am J Hyg 1952;;55:414-438.
11 +
Horstmann DM:  Poliomyelitis virus in blood of orally infected monkeys and chimpanzees . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1952;;79:417-419.
12 +
Bodian DA:  Experimental studies on passive immunization against poliomyelitis: II. The prophylactic effect of human gamma globulin on paralytic poliomyelitis in cynomolgus monkeys after virus feeding . Am J Hyg 1952;;56:78-89.
13 +
Hammon WM, Coriell LL, Stokes J Jr:  Evaluation of Red Cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis . JAMA 1952;;150:739-760.
14 +
Brodie M, Park WH:  Active immunization against poliomyelitis . Am J Public Health 1936;;26:119-125.
15 +
Kolmer JA:  Vaccination against acute anterior poliomyelitis . Am J Public Health 1936;;26:126-135.
16 +
Morgan IM:  Immunization of monkeys with formalin-inactivated poliomyelitis viruses . Am J Hyg 1948;;48:394-406.
17 +
Howe HA:  Duration of immunity in chimpanzees vaccinated with formalin inactivated poliomyelitis virus . Fed Proc 1952;;11:471-472.
18 +
Howe HA:  Antibody response of chimpanzees and human beings to formalin-inactivated trivalent poliomyelitis vaccine . Am J Hyg 1952;;56:265-286.
19 +
Koprowski H, Jervis GA, Norton TW:  Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus . Am J Hyg 1952;;55:108-126.
20 +
Salk JE, Gori JB:  A review of theoretical, experimental, and practical considerations in the use of formaldehyde for the inactivation of poliovirus . Ann NY Acad Sci 1960;;83:609-637.
21 +
Salk JE, Bennett BL, Lewis LJ, et al:  Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis: 1. A preliminary report of experiments in progress . JAMA 1953;;151:1081-1098.
22 +
Salk JE, Lewis LJ, Bennett BL, et al:  Antigenic activity of poliomyelitis vaccines undergoing field test . Am J Public Health 1955;;45:151-162.
23 +
Salk JE:  Vaccination against paralytic poliomyelitis: Performance and prospects . Am J Public Health 1955;;45:575-596.
24 +
Salk JE:  Considerations in the preparation and use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine . JAMA 1955;;158:1239-1248.
25 +
Francis T Jr, Korns RF, Voight RB, et al:  An evaluation of the 1954 poliomyelitis vaccine trials: Summary report . Am J Public Health 1955;;45:1-63.
26 +
Salk JE:  Preconceptions about vaccination against paralytic poliomyelitis . Ann Intern Med 1959;;50:843-861.
27 +
Salk J, Salk D:  Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines . Science 1977;;195:834-847.
28 +
Salk JE:  Persistence of immunity after administration of formalin-treated poliovirus vaccine . Lancet 1960;;2:715-723.
29 +
Salk J, van Wezel AL, Stoeckel P, et al:  Theoretical and practical considerations in the application of killed poliovirus vaccine for the control of paralytic poliomyelitis . Dev Biol Stand 1981;;47:181-198.
30 +
van Wezel AL, van Steenis G, Hannik CA, et al:  New approach to the production of concentrated and purified inactivated polio and rabies tissue culture vaccines . Dev Biol Stand 1978;;41:159-168.
31 +
Petricciani JC, Salk PL, Salk J, et al:  Theoretical considerations and practical concerns regarding the use of continuous cell lines in the production of biologics . Dev Biol Stand 1982;;50:15-25.
32 +
Sabin AB:  Avirulent viruses for immunization against poliomyelitis , in International Poliomyelitis Congress: Poliomyelitis—Papers and Discussions Presented at the Third International Poliomyelitis Conference . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1955;, pp 186-194.
33 +
Salk D:  Eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States: I. Live virus vaccine-associated and wild poliovirus disease: II. Experience with killed poliovirus vaccine: III. Poliovaccines — practical considerations . Rev Infect Dis 1980;;2:228-273.
34 +
Sabin AB, Ramon-Alvarez M, Alvarez-Amezquita J, et al:  Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine: Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses . JAMA 1960;;173:1521-1526.
35 +
Salk J, Stoeckel P, van Wezel AL, et al:  Antigen content of inactivated poliovirus vaccine for use in a one- or two-dose regimen . Ann Clin Res 1982;;14:204-212.

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