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October 7, 1983, Vol 250, No. 13 >
ARTICLE | October 7, 1983

How Do Viruses Cause Different Diseases? FREE

Bernard N. Fields, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 (Dr Fields).


JAMA. 1983;250(13):1754-1756. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03340130072038
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References

VIRUSES are capable of causing a wide variety of clinical illnesses.1 Such illnesses vary from asymptomatic or mild infections, such as the common cold, to rapidly progressive fatal infections, such as rabies or herpes encephalitis. In addition to differing in the severity of illness, different viruses are associated with highly distinct patterns of illness. For example, the most common of all clinical illnesses are associated with infections of surface epithelial cells, either the respiratory epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree (as best illustrated by influenza) or gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorptive cells (as seen in the diarrheal illnesses caused by the human rotaviruses).2 In both of these instances, the infection is usually limited to epithelial cells directly in contact with the primary portal of entry, the nose or the mouth. A second general pattern of infection is illustrated by a wide variety of viruses that, after entering through a primary

REFERENCES

1 +
Evans AS: Viral Infections of Humans Epidemiology and Control . New York, Plenum Medical Book Co, 1976;, pp 1-584.
2 +
Mims CA: The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease . London, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 1-246.
3 +
Johnson RT: Viral Infections of the Nervous System . New York, Raven Press, 1982;, pp 1-433.
4 +
Haynes RE:  Varicella zoster infections in normal and compromised hosts , in Galasso G, Merigan TC, Buchanan RC (eds): Antiviral Agents and Viral Diseases of Man . New York, Raven Press, 1979;, pp 647-679.
5 +
Kilbourne ED: Progress in Medical Virology . New York, S Karger AG, 1963;, vol 5, pp 79-126.
6 +
Fields BN:  Molecular basis of reovirus virulence . Arch Virol 1982;; 71:95-107.
7 +
Smith H, Skehel JJ, Turner MJ: The Molecular Basis of Microbial Pathogenicity . Weinheim, Germany, Verlag Chemie, 1980;.
8 +
Joklik WK:  Reproduction of reoviridae , in Wagner R, Frankel-Conrat H (eds): Comprehensive Virology . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1974;, pp 297-334.
9 +
Mustoe TA, Ramig RF, Sharpe AH, et al:  Genetics of reovirus: Identification of the dsRNA segments encoding the polypeptides of the μ and a size classes . Virology 1978;;89:594-604.
10 +
Zweerink H, Joklik WK:  Studies on the intracellular synthesis of reovirus-specified proteins . Virology 1970;;44:501-518.
11 +
Shatkin AJ, Rada B:  Reovirus-directed ribonucleic acid synthesis in infected L-cells . J Virol 1967;;1:24-35.
12 +
McCrae M, Joklik WK:  The nature of polypeptide encoded by each of the ten double-stranded RNA segments of reovirus type 3 . Virology 1978;;89:578-593.
13 +
Fields BN:  Genetics of reovirus . Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1981;;91:1-23.
14 +
Rosen L:  Reoviruses in animals other than man . Ann NY Acad Sci 1962;;101:461-464.
15 +
Owen RL:  Sequential uptake of horseradish peroxidase by lymphoid follice epithelium of Peyer's patches in the normal unobstructed mouse intestine: An ultrastructural study . Gastroenterology 1977;;72:440-451.
16 +
Wolf JL, Rubin DH, Finberg R, et al:  Intestinal M cells: A pathway for entry of reovirus into the host . Science 1981;;212:471-472.
17 +
Kauffman RS, Wolf JL, Finberg R, et al:  The σ1 protein determines the extent of spread of reovirus from the gastrointestinal tract of mice . Virology 1983;;124:403-410.
18 +
Weiner HL, Drayna D, Averill DR Jr, et al:  Molecular basis of reovirus: Role of the S1 gene . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;;74:5744-5748.
19 +
Kilham L, Margolis G:  Hydrocephalus in hamsters, ferrets, rats and mice following inoculations with reovirus type 1 . Lab Invest 1969;; 21:183-188.
20 +
Onodera T, Toniolo A, Ray UR, et al:  Virus-induced diabetes mellitus: XX. Polyendocrinopathy and autoimmunity . J Exp Med 1981;;153:1457-1473.
21 +
Stanley NF, Joske RA:  Animal model: Chronic murine hepatitis induced by reovirus type 3 . Am J Pathol 1975;;80:181-185.
22 +
Margolis G, Kilham L, Gonatos N:  Reovirus type III encephalitis: Observations of virus-cell interactions in neural tissues: I. Light microscopy studies . Lab Invest 1971;;24:91-109.
23 +
Rubin DH, Fields BN:  The molecular basis of reovirus virulence: The role of the M2 gene . J Exp Med 1980;;152:853-868.
24 +
Rubin D, Weiner HL, Fields BN, et al:  Immunologic tolerance after oral administration of reovirus: Requirement for two viral gene products for tolerance induction . J Immunol 1981;;127:1697-1701.
25 +
Hrdy DB, Rubin DH, Fields BN:  Molecular basis of reovirus virulence: Role of the M2 gene in avirulence . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;;79:1298-1302.
26 +
Weiner HL, Ramig RF, Mustoe TA, et al:  Identification of the gene coding for the hemagglutinin of reovirus . Virology 1978;;86:581-584.
27 +
Weiner HL, Powers LM, Fields BN:  Absolute linkage of virulence and central nervous system cell tropism of reovirus to viral hemagglutinin . J Infect Dis 1980;;141:609-616.
28 +
Weiner HL, Fields BN:  Neutralization of reovirus: The gene responsible for the neutralization antigen . J Exp Med 1977;;146:1305-1310.
29 +
Finberg R, Weiner HL, Fields BN, et al:  Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes after reovirus infection: Role of S1 gene . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;;76:442-446.
30 +
Greene MI, Weiner HL:  Delayed hypersensitivity in mice infected with reovirus: II. Induction of tolerance and suppressor T cells to viral specific gene products . J Immunol 1980;;125:283-287.
31 +
Weiner HL, Greene MI, Fields BN:  Delayed hypersensitivity in mice infected with reovirus: I. Identification of host and viral gene products responsible for the immune response . J Immunol 1980;;125:278-282.
32 +
Burstin SJ, Spriggs DR, Fields BN:  Evidence for functional domains on the reovirus type 3 hemagglutinin . Virology 1982;;117:146-155.
33 +
Spriggs DR, Fields BN:  Attenuated reovirus type 3 strains generated by selection of hemagglutinin antigenic variants . Nature 1982;;297:68-70.
34 +
Finberg R, Spriggs DR, Fields BN:  Host immune response to reovirus: CTL recognize the major neutralization domain of the viral hemagglutinin . J Immunol 1982;;129:2235-2238.
35 +
Spriggs DR, Bronson RT, Fields BN:  Hemagglutinin variants of reovirus type 3 have altered central nervous system tropism . Science 1983;;220:505-507.
36 +
Sharpe AH, Fields BN:  Reovirus inhibition of cellular RNA and protein synthesis: Role of the S4 gene . Virology 1982;;122:381-391.
37 +
Ahmed R, Fields BN:  Reassortment of genome segments between reovirus defective interfering particles and infectious virus: Construction of temperature-sensitive and attenuated viruses by rescue of mutations from DI particles . Virology 1981;;111:351-363.
38 +
Ahmed R, Fields BN:  Role of the S4 gene in the establishment of persistent reovirus infection in L cells . Cell 1982;;28:605-612.
39 +
Fields BN, Greene MI:  Genetic and molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenesis: Implications for prevention and treatment . Nature 1982;; 300:19-23.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Evans AS: Viral Infections of Humans Epidemiology and Control . New York, Plenum Medical Book Co, 1976;, pp 1-584.
2 +
Mims CA: The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease . London, Academic Press Inc, 1976;, pp 1-246.
3 +
Johnson RT: Viral Infections of the Nervous System . New York, Raven Press, 1982;, pp 1-433.
4 +
Haynes RE:  Varicella zoster infections in normal and compromised hosts , in Galasso G, Merigan TC, Buchanan RC (eds): Antiviral Agents and Viral Diseases of Man . New York, Raven Press, 1979;, pp 647-679.
5 +
Kilbourne ED: Progress in Medical Virology . New York, S Karger AG, 1963;, vol 5, pp 79-126.
6 +
Fields BN:  Molecular basis of reovirus virulence . Arch Virol 1982;; 71:95-107.
7 +
Smith H, Skehel JJ, Turner MJ: The Molecular Basis of Microbial Pathogenicity . Weinheim, Germany, Verlag Chemie, 1980;.
8 +
Joklik WK:  Reproduction of reoviridae , in Wagner R, Frankel-Conrat H (eds): Comprehensive Virology . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1974;, pp 297-334.
9 +
Mustoe TA, Ramig RF, Sharpe AH, et al:  Genetics of reovirus: Identification of the dsRNA segments encoding the polypeptides of the μ and a size classes . Virology 1978;;89:594-604.
10 +
Zweerink H, Joklik WK:  Studies on the intracellular synthesis of reovirus-specified proteins . Virology 1970;;44:501-518.
11 +
Shatkin AJ, Rada B:  Reovirus-directed ribonucleic acid synthesis in infected L-cells . J Virol 1967;;1:24-35.
12 +
McCrae M, Joklik WK:  The nature of polypeptide encoded by each of the ten double-stranded RNA segments of reovirus type 3 . Virology 1978;;89:578-593.
13 +
Fields BN:  Genetics of reovirus . Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1981;;91:1-23.
14 +
Rosen L:  Reoviruses in animals other than man . Ann NY Acad Sci 1962;;101:461-464.
15 +
Owen RL:  Sequential uptake of horseradish peroxidase by lymphoid follice epithelium of Peyer's patches in the normal unobstructed mouse intestine: An ultrastructural study . Gastroenterology 1977;;72:440-451.
16 +
Wolf JL, Rubin DH, Finberg R, et al:  Intestinal M cells: A pathway for entry of reovirus into the host . Science 1981;;212:471-472.
17 +
Kauffman RS, Wolf JL, Finberg R, et al:  The σ1 protein determines the extent of spread of reovirus from the gastrointestinal tract of mice . Virology 1983;;124:403-410.
18 +
Weiner HL, Drayna D, Averill DR Jr, et al:  Molecular basis of reovirus: Role of the S1 gene . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;;74:5744-5748.
19 +
Kilham L, Margolis G:  Hydrocephalus in hamsters, ferrets, rats and mice following inoculations with reovirus type 1 . Lab Invest 1969;; 21:183-188.
20 +
Onodera T, Toniolo A, Ray UR, et al:  Virus-induced diabetes mellitus: XX. Polyendocrinopathy and autoimmunity . J Exp Med 1981;;153:1457-1473.
21 +
Stanley NF, Joske RA:  Animal model: Chronic murine hepatitis induced by reovirus type 3 . Am J Pathol 1975;;80:181-185.
22 +
Margolis G, Kilham L, Gonatos N:  Reovirus type III encephalitis: Observations of virus-cell interactions in neural tissues: I. Light microscopy studies . Lab Invest 1971;;24:91-109.
23 +
Rubin DH, Fields BN:  The molecular basis of reovirus virulence: The role of the M2 gene . J Exp Med 1980;;152:853-868.
24 +
Rubin D, Weiner HL, Fields BN, et al:  Immunologic tolerance after oral administration of reovirus: Requirement for two viral gene products for tolerance induction . J Immunol 1981;;127:1697-1701.
25 +
Hrdy DB, Rubin DH, Fields BN:  Molecular basis of reovirus virulence: Role of the M2 gene in avirulence . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;;79:1298-1302.
26 +
Weiner HL, Ramig RF, Mustoe TA, et al:  Identification of the gene coding for the hemagglutinin of reovirus . Virology 1978;;86:581-584.
27 +
Weiner HL, Powers LM, Fields BN:  Absolute linkage of virulence and central nervous system cell tropism of reovirus to viral hemagglutinin . J Infect Dis 1980;;141:609-616.
28 +
Weiner HL, Fields BN:  Neutralization of reovirus: The gene responsible for the neutralization antigen . J Exp Med 1977;;146:1305-1310.
29 +
Finberg R, Weiner HL, Fields BN, et al:  Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes after reovirus infection: Role of S1 gene . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;;76:442-446.
30 +
Greene MI, Weiner HL:  Delayed hypersensitivity in mice infected with reovirus: II. Induction of tolerance and suppressor T cells to viral specific gene products . J Immunol 1980;;125:283-287.
31 +
Weiner HL, Greene MI, Fields BN:  Delayed hypersensitivity in mice infected with reovirus: I. Identification of host and viral gene products responsible for the immune response . J Immunol 1980;;125:278-282.
32 +
Burstin SJ, Spriggs DR, Fields BN:  Evidence for functional domains on the reovirus type 3 hemagglutinin . Virology 1982;;117:146-155.
33 +
Spriggs DR, Fields BN:  Attenuated reovirus type 3 strains generated by selection of hemagglutinin antigenic variants . Nature 1982;;297:68-70.
34 +
Finberg R, Spriggs DR, Fields BN:  Host immune response to reovirus: CTL recognize the major neutralization domain of the viral hemagglutinin . J Immunol 1982;;129:2235-2238.
35 +
Spriggs DR, Bronson RT, Fields BN:  Hemagglutinin variants of reovirus type 3 have altered central nervous system tropism . Science 1983;;220:505-507.
36 +
Sharpe AH, Fields BN:  Reovirus inhibition of cellular RNA and protein synthesis: Role of the S4 gene . Virology 1982;;122:381-391.
37 +
Ahmed R, Fields BN:  Reassortment of genome segments between reovirus defective interfering particles and infectious virus: Construction of temperature-sensitive and attenuated viruses by rescue of mutations from DI particles . Virology 1981;;111:351-363.
38 +
Ahmed R, Fields BN:  Role of the S4 gene in the establishment of persistent reovirus infection in L cells . Cell 1982;;28:605-612.
39 +
Fields BN, Greene MI:  Genetic and molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenesis: Implications for prevention and treatment . Nature 1982;; 300:19-23.

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