0
April 22, 1983, Vol 249, No. 16 >
ARTICLE | April 22, 1983

Health Care Technology and the Inevitability of Resource Allocation and Rationing Decisions: Title and subTitle BreakPart II FREE

Roger W. Evans, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Health Care Financing Administration or the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers.

Reprint requests to Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, 4000 NE 41st St, PO Box C-5395, Seattle, WA 98105 (Dr Evans).


JAMA. 1983;249(16):2208-2219. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330400054025
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

ALLOCATION AND RATIONING OF HEALTH CARE RESOURCES  Of all the resource-shortage crises this nation is expected to confront in the future, the problem of resource distribution is likely to be most acute and problematic in medicine.23,29,123 Persons will be recognized as in need of, and then denied, benefits that the medical care provision system is capable of providing. Instead of an unidentified mass of persons being denied access to a needed resource, persons whose names have become known to the public will be declared ineligible for a treatment or service they are known to require.124 Perhaps this scenario is inhumane, but it is undoubtedly a true representation of reality. As already noted, technology now permits to be saved the lives of persons who less than a decade ago would have surely died. Moreover, technology has made it exceedingly difficult to specify at precisely what point life ceases. This

REFERENCES

1 +
References 21, 22, 128, 156, 164, 173, 201-203, 210, 243.
2 +
Rescher N:  The allocation of exotic medical lifesaving therapy . Ethics 1969;;79:173-186.
3 +
Schelling TC:  The life you save may be your own , in Chase SB Jr (ed): Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis . Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution, 1968;, pp 127-176.
4 +
Fuchs VR: Who Shall Live?: Health, Economics, and Social Choice . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;.
5 +
Weinstein MC, Stason WB: Hypertension: A Policy Perspective. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1976;.
6 +
Weinstein MC, Stason WB:  Foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices . N Engl J Med 1977;;296:716-721.
7 +
Weinstein MC, Fineberg HV, Elstein AS, et al: Clinical Decision Analysis . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1980;.
8 +
Stason WB, Weinstein MC:  Allocation of resources to manage hypertension . N Engl J Med 1977;;296:732-739.
9 +
Weinstein MC:  Estrogen use in postmenopausal women—costs, risks and benefits . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:308-316.
10 +
Mechanic D:  The growth of medical technology and bureaucracy: Implications for medical care . Milbank Mem Fund Q 1977;;55:61-78.
11 +
Mechanic D: Medical Sociology , ed 2. New York, Free Press, 1978;.
12 +
Aday LA, Anderson R: Development of Indices of Access to Medical Care . Ann Arbor, Mich, Health Administration Press, 1975;.
13 +
Childress JF:  Rationing of medical treatment , in Reich WT (ed): Encylopedia of Biomedical Ethics . New York, Oxford University Press, 1979;, pp 1414-1419.
14 +
Blumstein JF: Constitutional and Legal Constraints on the Rationing of Medical Resources . Prepared for the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Nashville, Tenn, (October) 1981;.
15 +
David CK:  Hearings of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Governmental Operations, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and Human Resources . Contemp Dial 1982;;3( (April) ):23-30.
16 +
Kusserow RP:  Hearings of the US House of Representatives' Committee on Governmental Operations, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and Human Resources . Contemp Dial 1982;;59:12-18.
17 +
Iglehart JK:  Health policy report: Funding the End-Stage Renal Disease Program . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:492-496.
18 +
Relman AS:  The new medical-industrial complex . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:963-970.
19 +
Rettig RA:  The politics of health cost containment: End-stage renal disease . Bull NY Acad Med 1980;;56:115-138.
20 +
Rettig RA: Implementing the End-Stage Renal Disease Program of Medicare , Rand publication 2505-HCFA/HEW. Santa Monica, Calif, Rand Corporation, 1980;.
21 +
Kolata GB:  NMC thrives selling dialysis . Science 1980;;208:380-382.
22 +
Kolata GB:  Dialysis after nearly a decade . Science 1980;;208:473-476.
23 +
Lowrie EG, Hampers CL:  The success of Medicare's End-Stage Renal Disease Program: The case for profits and the private marketplace . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:434-438.
24 +
Lowrie EG, Hampers CL:  Proprietary dialysis and the End-Stage Renal Disease Program . Dial Transplant 1982;;11:191-204.
25 +
Hampers CL, Hager EB:  The delivery of dialysis services on a nationwide basis—can we afford the nonprofit system? Dial Transplant 1979;;8:417-423, 442.
26 +
Blagg CR:  Cui bono?: A response to Drs. Hampers and Hager . Dial Transplant 1979;; 8:501-502, 513.
27 +
Bart KJ, Macon EJ, Humphries AL:  A response to the shortage of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation . Transplant Proc 1979;;11:455-457.
28 +
Bart KJ, Macon EJ, Humphries AL Jr, et al:  Increasing the supply of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation . Transplantation 1981;;31:383-387.
29 +
Bart KJ, Macon EJ, Whittier FC, et al:  Cadaveric kidneys for transplantation . Transplantation 1981;;31:379-382.
30 +
Steinbrook RL:  Kidneys for transplantation . J Health Polit Policy Law 1981;;6:504-573.
31 +
Simmons RG, Schilling KJ:  Social and psychological rehabilitation of the diabetic transplant patient . Kidney Int Suppl 1974;; 6:S152-S158.
32 +
Simmons RG, Klein SD, Simmons RL: The Gift of Life: The Social and Psychological Impact of Organ Transplantation . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1977;.
33 +
Poznanski EO, Miller E, Salguero C, et al:  Quality of life for long-term survivors of endstate renal disease . JAMA 1978;;239:2343-2347.
34 +
Guttmann RD:  Renal transplantation: II . N Engl J Med 1979;;301:1038-1048.
35 +
Fox RC, Swazey JP: The Courage to Fail . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974;.
36 +
Abram HS:  Dilemmas of medical progress . Psychiatr Med 1972;;3:51-58.
37 +
Katz AH, Proctor DM: Social-Psychological Characteristics of Patients Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment for Chronic Renal Failure: Report of a Questionnaire Study of Dialysis Centers During 1967 . The Kidney Disease Program, Division of Chronic Disease Programs, Regional Medical Programs Service, Health Services and Mental Health Administration, Public Health Service, Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969;.
38 +
Newman HN:  Health Care Financing Administration, Medicare Program: Solicitation of hospitals and medical centers to participate in a study of heart transplants . Federal Register 1981;;46:7072-7075.
39 +
Pennock JL, Oyer PE, Reitz BA, et al:  Cardiac transplantation in perspective for the future: Survival, complications, rehabilitation, and cost . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;;83:168-177.
40 +
Copeland JG, Salomon NW, Mammana RB, et al:  Cardiac transplantation, a two-year experience . Health Transplant 1981;;1:67-71.
41 +
Oyer PE, Stinson EB, Reitz BA, et al:  Cardiac transplantation: 1980 . Transplant Proc 1981;;13:199-206.
42 +
Office of Technology Assessment: The Implications of Cost-Effectiveness: Analysis of Medical Technology. Government Printing Office, 1980.
43 +
Bunker JP. Mosteller CF, Barnes BA: Costs, Risks and Benefits of Surgery . New York, Oxford University Press, 1977;.
44 +
Fuchs VR:  What is CBA/CEA and why are they doing this to us? N Engl J Med 1980;;303:937-938.
45 +
Lashof JC, Behney C, Banta D, et al:  The role of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses in controlling health care costs , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology. Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 185-189.
46 +
Warner KE, Luce BR: Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Care: Principles, Practice, and Potential . Ann Arbor, Mich, Health Administration Press, 1982;.
47 +
Fineberg HV, Pearlman LA: The Implications of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Medical Technology: Case Study #11: Benefit-and-Cost Analysis of Medical Interventions: The Case of Cimetidine and Peptic Ulcer Disease , stock OTA-BP-H-9(11). Office of Technology Assessment, 1981;.
48 +
Klarman HE:  Application of cost-benefit analysis to the health services and the special case of technologic innovation . Int J Health Serv 1974;;4:325-352.
49 +
Evans RW, Garrison LP, Manninen D:  The National Kidney Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Study: Study description, statement of objectives, and project significance . Contemp Dial 1982;;3( (June) ):55-58.
50 +
Gruntzig AR, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE:  Nonoperative dilation of coronary-artery stenosis: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty . N Engl J Med 1979;;301:61-68.
51 +
Levy RI, Jesse MS, Mock MB:  Position on percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) . Circulation 1979;;59:613.
52 +
Buck RW:  Prolonging life in the aged . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:963.
53 +
Mazzarella V:  An open letter to my mother's nephrologist . N Engl J Med 1981;; 305:175.
54 +
Parsons V, Lock P:  Triage and the patient with renal failure . J Med Ethics 1980;;6:173-176.
55 +
Basson MD:  Choosing among candidates for scarce medical resources . J Med Philos 1979;;4:313-333.
56 +
Childress J:  Who shall live when not all can live? Soundings 1970;;43:339-362.
57 +
Caplan AL:  Kidneys, ethics, and politics: Policy lessons of the ESRD experience . J Health Polit Policy Law 1981;;6:488-503.
58 +
Arrow KJ:  Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care . Am Econ Rev 1963;; 53:941-973.
59 +
Mechanic D:  The right to treatment: Judicial action and social change , in Mechanic D (ed): Politics, Medicine, and Social Science . New York, Wiley Interscience, 1974;, pp 227-248.
60 +
Krause EA: Power and Illness: The Political Sociology of Health and Medical Care . New York, Elsevier North-Holland Inc, 1977;.
61 +
Strickland SP: U.S. Health Care: What's Wrong and What's Right . New York, Universe Books, 1972;.
62 +
Klarman HE: The Economics of Health . New York, Columbia University Press, 1965;.
63 +
Fried C:  Equality and rights in medical care . Hastings Cent Rep 1976;;6:29-34.
64 +
Sidel V:  The right to health care: An international perspective , in Bandman EL, Bandman B (eds): Bioethics and Human Rights . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1978;, pp 341-349.
65 +
Bell NK:  The scarcity of medical resources: Are there rights to health care? J Med Philos 1979;;4:158-169.
66 +
Knowles JH:  Responsibility for health . Science 1977;;198:1103.
67 +
Allegrante JP, Green LW:  When health policy becomes victim blaming . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:528-529.
68 +
McCarthy DG, Moraczewski AS (eds): Moral Responsibility in Prolonging Life Decisions . St Louis, Pope John XIII Medical-Moral Research and Education Center, 1981;.
69 +
Winslow GR: Triage and Justice . Berkeley, Calif, University of California Press, 1982;.
70 +
Brent L:  Deciding who gets what . Lancet 1983;;1:57.
71 +
Bell NK (ed): Who Decides? Conflicts of Rights in Health Care . Clifton, NJ, Humana Press, 1982;.
72 +
Childress JF: Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Health Care . New York, Oxford University Press, 1982;.
73 +
Harron F, Burnside J, Beauchamp T: Health and Human Values: Making Your Own Decisions . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1982;.
74 +
Freidson E: Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge . New York, Harper & Row Publishers, Inc, 1970;.
75 +
Feinstein AR: Clinical Judgment . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1967;.
76 +
Lo B, Jonsen AR:  Clinical decisions to limit treatment . Ann Intern Med 1980;;93:764-768.
77 +
Wong CB, Swazey JP: Dilemmas of Dying: Policies and Procedures for Decisions Not to Treat . Boston, GK Hall Medical Publishers, 1981;.
78 +
Relman AS:  The Saikewicz decision: Judges as physicians . N Engl J Med 1978;; 298:508-509.
79 +
Barron CH:  Medical paternalism and the rule of law . Am J Law Med 1979;;4:337-365.
80 +
McNeil BJ, Weichselbaum R, Pauker SG:  Speech and survival: Tradeoff between quality and quantity of life in laryngeal cancer . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:982-987.
81 +
McNeil BJ, Pauker SG:  Incorporation of patient values in medical decision making , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology. Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 113-126.
82 +
McNeil BJ, Pauker SG, Sox HC Jr, et al:  On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:1259-1262.
83 +
Raiffa H: Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty . Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co Inc, 1968;.
84 +
Keeney RL, Raiffa H: Decision Making with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1976;.
85 +
Brett AS:  Hidden ethical issues in clinical decision analysis . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:1150-1152.
86 +
Pauker SG, Kassirer JP:  The threshold approach to clinical decision making . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:1109-1117.
87 +
Schwartz WB:  Decision analysis: A look at the chief complaints . N Engl J Med 1979;; 300:556-559.
88 +
Ransoff DF, Feinstein AR:  Is decision analysis useful in clinical medicine? Yale J Biol Med 1976;;49:165-168.
89 +
Reich WT:  Life: Quality of life , in Reicht WT (ed): Encyclopedia of Biomedical Ethics . New York, Oxford University Press, 1979;, pp 829-840.
90 +
Eisenberg JM:  Sociologic influences on decision-making by clinicians . Ann Intern Med 1979;;90:957-964.
91 +
Gutman RA, Stead WW, Robinson RR:  Physical activity and employment status of patients on maintenance dialysis . N Engl J Med 1981;;304:309-313.
92 +
Randal J:  Coronary artery bypass surgery . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:13-18.
93 +
Drunkman WB, Perloff JK, Kaston JA, et al:  Medical perspectives in coronary artery surgery: A caveat . Ann Intern Med 1974;;81:817-837.
94 +
Stoney WS, Alford WC, Burrus GR, et al:  The cost of coronary bypass procedures . JAMA 1978;;240:2278-2280.
95 +
Love JW:  Employment status after coronary bypass operations and some cost considerations . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;;80:68-72.
96 +
Mundth ED, Austen WG:  Surgical measures for coronary heart disease, part 1 . N Engl J Med 1975;;293:13-19.
97 +
 Coronary artery bypass surgery, editorial . Lancet 1976;;1:841-842.
98 +
Kolata GB:  Coronary bypass surgery: Debate over its benefits . Science 1976;;194:1263-1265.
99 +
Brauwald E:  Coronary-artery surgery at the crossroads . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:661-663.
100 +
Sanz G, Castaner A, Betriu A, et al:  Determinants of prognosis in survivors of myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:1065-1070.
101 +
Hammermeister KE, DeRouen TA, English MT, et al:  Effect of surgical versus medical therapy on return to work in patients with coronary artery disease . Am J Cardiol 1979;; 44:105-111.
102 +
Rimm AA, Barboriak JJ, Anderson AJ, et al:  Changes in occupation after aortocoronary vein-bypass operation . JAMA 1976;;236:361-364.
103 +
Wallwork J, Potter B, Caves PK:  Return to work after coronary artery surgery for angina . Br Med J 1978;;2:1680-1681.
104 +
Frick MH, Harjola PT, Valle M:  Work status after coronary bypass surgery . Acta Med Scand 1979;;206:61-64.
105 +
Barnes GK, Ray MJ, Oberman A, et al:  Changes in working status of patients following coronary bypass surgery . JAMA 1977;;238:1259-1262.
106 +
Blumlein SL, Anderson AJ, Barboriak JJ, et al:  Changes in occupation after coronary arteriography . Scand J Rehabil Med 1977;;9:79-83.
107 +
Burdetti P, McManus P, Barrand N, et al: Neonatal Intensive Care. Government Printing Office, 1982.
108 +
Hiatt HH:  Sounding board: The physician and national security . N Engl J Med 1982;; 307:1142-1145.
109 +
Office of the President: The Budget of the United States Government: Fiscal Year, 1983, House document 97-124. Government Printing Office, 1982.
110 +
Tancredi LR, Barsky AJ:  Technology and health care decision making—conceptualizing the process for societal informed consent . Med Care 1974;;12:845-858.
111 +
Choron J: Death and Modern Man . New York, Collier Bros, 1964;.
112 +
Feifel H (ed): Death in Contemporary America: New Meanings of Death . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1977;.
113 +
Becker E: The Denial of Death . New York, Free Press, 1973;.
114 +
Maguire DC: Death by Choice . New York, Schocken Books Inc, 1973;.
115 +
Manning B:  Legal and policy issues in the allocation of death , in Brim OG Jr, Freeman HE, Levine S, et al (eds): The Dying Patient . New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1970;, pp 253-274.
116 +
Veatch RM: Death, Dying, and the Biological Revolution . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1976;.
117 +
Campbell A, Converse PE, Rodgers WL: The Quality of American Life . New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1976;.
118 +
Donald CA, Ware JE Jr, Brook RH, et al: Conceptualization and Measurement of Health for Adults in the Health Insurance Survey: Social Health , publication R-1987/4-HEW. Santa Monica, Calif, Rand Corporation, 1978;, vol 4.
119 +
Renne KS:  Measurement of social health in a general population survey . Social Sci Res 1974;;3:25-44.
120 +
Russell RD:  Social health: An attempt to clarify this dimension of well-being . Int J Health Educ 1973;;74:74-82.
121 +
 Constitution of the World Health Organization , in The First Ten Years of the World Health Organization . Geneva, Palais des Nations, World Health Organization, 1958;.
122 +
Sackett DL, Torrance GW:  The utility of different health states as perceived by the general public . J Chronic Dis 1978;;31:697-704.
123 +
Dorfman NS:  The social value of saving a life , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 61-68.
124 +
Lipscomb J:  The willingness-to-pay criterion and public program evaluation in health , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 91-139.
125 +
Clarke EH:  Social valuation of life- and health-saving activities by the demand-revealing process , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 69-90.
126 +
Fischer GW:  Willingness to pay for probabilistic improvements in functional health status: A psychological perspective , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 167-202.
127 +
Ware JE Jr, Young J:  Issues in the conceptualization and measurement of value placed on health , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 141-166.
128 +
Mooney G: The Valuation of Human Life . London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 1977;.
129 +
Culyer AJ: The Political Economy of Social Policy . Oxford, England, Martin Robertson & Co Ltd, 1980;.
130 +
Culyer AJ:  Assessing cost-effectiveness , in Banta HD (ed): Resources for Health: Technology Assessment for Policy Making . New York, Praeger Publishers, 1982;.
131 +
Beecher HJ:  A definition of irreversible coma: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death . JAMA 1968;;205:337-340.
132 +
Mohandas A, Chou SN: Brain death:  A clinical and pathological study . J Neurosurg 1971;;35:211-218.
133 +
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Defining Death: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Government Printing Office, 1981.
134 +
 President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Guidelines for the determination of death . JAMA 1981;;246:2184-2186.
135 +
Bernat JL, Culver CM, Gert B:  On the definition and criterion of death . Ann Intern Med 1981;;94:389-394.
136 +
Bernat JL, Culver CM, Gert B:  Defining death in theory and practice . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:5-9.
137 +
Stahlman MT, Cotton RB:  Defining death: Which way? A reply . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:44.
138 +
Capron AM, Lyn J:  Defining death: Which way? Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:43-44.
139 +
Parisi JE, Kim RC, Collins GH, et al:  Brain death with prolonged somatic survival . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:14-16.
140 +
Nagle CE:  Brain death with prolonged somatic survival . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:1361.
141 +
Saunders C:  Hospice care . Am J Med 1978;;65:726-728.
142 +
Saunders C (ed): The Management of Terminal Disease . London, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, 1978;.
143 +
Smith DH, Granbois JA:  the American way of hospice . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:8-10.
144 +
Benedict R: Patterns of Culture . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1934;.
145 +
McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology. Boston, Auburn House, 1982;.
146 +
 Report of a Working Party of the Council for Science and Society : Expensive Medical Techniques . London, Council for Science and Society, 1982;.
147 +
 Expensive medical techniques , editorial. Lancet 1983;;1:279-280.
148 +
Omenn GS, Ball JR:  The role of health technology evaluation: A policy perspective , in Goldman J (ed): Health Care Technology Evaluation Proceedings , Columbia, Missouri, 1978. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1978;, pp 5-32.
149 +
Sun M:  Fishing for a forum on health policy . Science 1983;;219:37-38.
150 +
Perry S:  Technology assessment proposed . Health Affairs 1982;;1:123-128.
151 +
Perry S:  Special report: The brief life of the National Center for Health Care Technology . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1095-1100.
152 +
Banta HD (ed): Resources for Health: Technology Assessment for Policy Making . New York, Praeger Publishers, 1982;.
153 +
Evans RW, Anderson A, Perry B:  The National Heart Transplantation Study: An overview . Heart Transplant 1982;;2:85-87.
154 +
Relman AS:  The new medical-industrial complex . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:963-970.
155 +
Blumenthal D, Feldman P, Zeckhauser R:  Misuse of technology: A symptom, not the disease , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology . Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 163-174.
156 +
Relman AS:  An institute for health-care evaluation . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:669-670.
157 +
Schaeffer LD:  Role of the HCFA in the regulation of new medical technologies , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology . Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 151-161.
158 +
Office of Technology Assessment: Medical Technology Proposals to Increase Competition in Health Care. Government Printing Office, 1982.
159 +
Le Maitre GD:  Medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1649.
160 +
Jellinek PS:  Yet another look at medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:496-497.
161 +
Jellinek PS:  Medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1649-1650.
162 +
Lee B:  Medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1649.
163 +
Weinberger CW:  Shattuck lecture— remarks by the Secretary of Defense to the Massachusetts Medical Society, May 1982 . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:765-768.
164 +
Relman AS:  Physicians, nuclear war, and politics . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:744-745.
165 +
Caldicott HM, Walker PF:  Preventing nuclear war: The secretary of defense replies to his critics . N Engl J Med 1983;;308:338-339.
166 +
Rawls JA: Theory of Justice . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1971;.
167 +
Soltan KE:  Empirical studies of distributive justice . Ethics 1982;;92:673-691.
168 +
Branson R:  Theories of justice and health care , in Reich WT (ed): Encyclopedia of Bioethics . New York, Free Press, 1978;, pp 630-637.
169 +
Daniels N:  Health care needs and distributive justice . Philos Public Affairs 1981;;10:146-179.
170 +
Feinberg J:  Justice , in Reich WT (ed): Encyclopedia of Bioethics . New York, Free Press, 1978;, pp 802-810.
171 +
Daniels N (ed): Reading Rawls: Critical Studies on Rawl's 'A Theory of Justic e.' New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1975;.
172 +
Piven FF, Cloward RA: Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare . New York, Vintage Books, 1971;.
173 +
Jonsen AR:  Purposefulness in human life . West J Med 1976;;125:5-7.
174 +
Englehardt HT Jr:  Rights to health care: A critical approach . J Med Philos 1979;;4:113-117.
175 +
Beauchamp TL, Faden RR:  The right to health and the right to health care . J Med Philos 1979;;4:118-131.
176 +
Childress JF:  A right to health care? J Med Philos 1979;;4:132-147.
177 +
Siegler M:  A right to health care: Ambiguity, professional responsibility and patient liberty . J Med Philos 1979;;4:148-157.
178 +
Veatch RM:  Just social institutions and the right to health care . J Med Philos 1979;; 4:170-173.
179 +
Daniels N:  Rights to health care and distributive justice: Programmatic worries . J Med Philos 1979;;4:174-191.
180 +
Ruddick W:  Doctor's rights and work . J Med Philos 1979;;4:192-203.
181 +
McCullough LB:  Rights, health care, and public policy . J Med Philos 1979;;4:204-215.
182 +
Curran WJ:  The Saikewicz decision . N Engl J Med 1978;;298:499-500.
183 +
Relman AS:  The Saikewicz decision: A medical viewpoint . Am J Law Med 1979;;4:233-237.
184 +
Glantz LH, Swazey JP:  Decisions not to treat: The Saikewicz case and its aftermath . Forum Med 1979;;2:22-32.
185 +
Carroll C:  The ethics of heart transplantation . J Natl Med Assoc 1970;;62:14-20.
186 +
Jonsen AR, Siegler M, Winslade WJ: Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine . New York, Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, 1982;.
187 +
Culver CM, Gert B: Philosophy in Medicine: Conceptual and Ethical Issues in Medicine and Psychiatry . New York, Oxford University Press, 1982;.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
References 21, 22, 128, 156, 164, 173, 201-203, 210, 243.
2 +
Rescher N:  The allocation of exotic medical lifesaving therapy . Ethics 1969;;79:173-186.
3 +
Schelling TC:  The life you save may be your own , in Chase SB Jr (ed): Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis . Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution, 1968;, pp 127-176.
4 +
Fuchs VR: Who Shall Live?: Health, Economics, and Social Choice . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1974;.
5 +
Weinstein MC, Stason WB: Hypertension: A Policy Perspective. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1976;.
6 +
Weinstein MC, Stason WB:  Foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices . N Engl J Med 1977;;296:716-721.
7 +
Weinstein MC, Fineberg HV, Elstein AS, et al: Clinical Decision Analysis . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1980;.
8 +
Stason WB, Weinstein MC:  Allocation of resources to manage hypertension . N Engl J Med 1977;;296:732-739.
9 +
Weinstein MC:  Estrogen use in postmenopausal women—costs, risks and benefits . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:308-316.
10 +
Mechanic D:  The growth of medical technology and bureaucracy: Implications for medical care . Milbank Mem Fund Q 1977;;55:61-78.
11 +
Mechanic D: Medical Sociology , ed 2. New York, Free Press, 1978;.
12 +
Aday LA, Anderson R: Development of Indices of Access to Medical Care . Ann Arbor, Mich, Health Administration Press, 1975;.
13 +
Childress JF:  Rationing of medical treatment , in Reich WT (ed): Encylopedia of Biomedical Ethics . New York, Oxford University Press, 1979;, pp 1414-1419.
14 +
Blumstein JF: Constitutional and Legal Constraints on the Rationing of Medical Resources . Prepared for the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Nashville, Tenn, (October) 1981;.
15 +
David CK:  Hearings of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Governmental Operations, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and Human Resources . Contemp Dial 1982;;3( (April) ):23-30.
16 +
Kusserow RP:  Hearings of the US House of Representatives' Committee on Governmental Operations, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and Human Resources . Contemp Dial 1982;;59:12-18.
17 +
Iglehart JK:  Health policy report: Funding the End-Stage Renal Disease Program . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:492-496.
18 +
Relman AS:  The new medical-industrial complex . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:963-970.
19 +
Rettig RA:  The politics of health cost containment: End-stage renal disease . Bull NY Acad Med 1980;;56:115-138.
20 +
Rettig RA: Implementing the End-Stage Renal Disease Program of Medicare , Rand publication 2505-HCFA/HEW. Santa Monica, Calif, Rand Corporation, 1980;.
21 +
Kolata GB:  NMC thrives selling dialysis . Science 1980;;208:380-382.
22 +
Kolata GB:  Dialysis after nearly a decade . Science 1980;;208:473-476.
23 +
Lowrie EG, Hampers CL:  The success of Medicare's End-Stage Renal Disease Program: The case for profits and the private marketplace . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:434-438.
24 +
Lowrie EG, Hampers CL:  Proprietary dialysis and the End-Stage Renal Disease Program . Dial Transplant 1982;;11:191-204.
25 +
Hampers CL, Hager EB:  The delivery of dialysis services on a nationwide basis—can we afford the nonprofit system? Dial Transplant 1979;;8:417-423, 442.
26 +
Blagg CR:  Cui bono?: A response to Drs. Hampers and Hager . Dial Transplant 1979;; 8:501-502, 513.
27 +
Bart KJ, Macon EJ, Humphries AL:  A response to the shortage of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation . Transplant Proc 1979;;11:455-457.
28 +
Bart KJ, Macon EJ, Humphries AL Jr, et al:  Increasing the supply of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation . Transplantation 1981;;31:383-387.
29 +
Bart KJ, Macon EJ, Whittier FC, et al:  Cadaveric kidneys for transplantation . Transplantation 1981;;31:379-382.
30 +
Steinbrook RL:  Kidneys for transplantation . J Health Polit Policy Law 1981;;6:504-573.
31 +
Simmons RG, Schilling KJ:  Social and psychological rehabilitation of the diabetic transplant patient . Kidney Int Suppl 1974;; 6:S152-S158.
32 +
Simmons RG, Klein SD, Simmons RL: The Gift of Life: The Social and Psychological Impact of Organ Transplantation . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1977;.
33 +
Poznanski EO, Miller E, Salguero C, et al:  Quality of life for long-term survivors of endstate renal disease . JAMA 1978;;239:2343-2347.
34 +
Guttmann RD:  Renal transplantation: II . N Engl J Med 1979;;301:1038-1048.
35 +
Fox RC, Swazey JP: The Courage to Fail . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974;.
36 +
Abram HS:  Dilemmas of medical progress . Psychiatr Med 1972;;3:51-58.
37 +
Katz AH, Proctor DM: Social-Psychological Characteristics of Patients Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment for Chronic Renal Failure: Report of a Questionnaire Study of Dialysis Centers During 1967 . The Kidney Disease Program, Division of Chronic Disease Programs, Regional Medical Programs Service, Health Services and Mental Health Administration, Public Health Service, Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969;.
38 +
Newman HN:  Health Care Financing Administration, Medicare Program: Solicitation of hospitals and medical centers to participate in a study of heart transplants . Federal Register 1981;;46:7072-7075.
39 +
Pennock JL, Oyer PE, Reitz BA, et al:  Cardiac transplantation in perspective for the future: Survival, complications, rehabilitation, and cost . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;;83:168-177.
40 +
Copeland JG, Salomon NW, Mammana RB, et al:  Cardiac transplantation, a two-year experience . Health Transplant 1981;;1:67-71.
41 +
Oyer PE, Stinson EB, Reitz BA, et al:  Cardiac transplantation: 1980 . Transplant Proc 1981;;13:199-206.
42 +
Office of Technology Assessment: The Implications of Cost-Effectiveness: Analysis of Medical Technology. Government Printing Office, 1980.
43 +
Bunker JP. Mosteller CF, Barnes BA: Costs, Risks and Benefits of Surgery . New York, Oxford University Press, 1977;.
44 +
Fuchs VR:  What is CBA/CEA and why are they doing this to us? N Engl J Med 1980;;303:937-938.
45 +
Lashof JC, Behney C, Banta D, et al:  The role of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses in controlling health care costs , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology. Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 185-189.
46 +
Warner KE, Luce BR: Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Care: Principles, Practice, and Potential . Ann Arbor, Mich, Health Administration Press, 1982;.
47 +
Fineberg HV, Pearlman LA: The Implications of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Medical Technology: Case Study #11: Benefit-and-Cost Analysis of Medical Interventions: The Case of Cimetidine and Peptic Ulcer Disease , stock OTA-BP-H-9(11). Office of Technology Assessment, 1981;.
48 +
Klarman HE:  Application of cost-benefit analysis to the health services and the special case of technologic innovation . Int J Health Serv 1974;;4:325-352.
49 +
Evans RW, Garrison LP, Manninen D:  The National Kidney Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Study: Study description, statement of objectives, and project significance . Contemp Dial 1982;;3( (June) ):55-58.
50 +
Gruntzig AR, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE:  Nonoperative dilation of coronary-artery stenosis: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty . N Engl J Med 1979;;301:61-68.
51 +
Levy RI, Jesse MS, Mock MB:  Position on percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) . Circulation 1979;;59:613.
52 +
Buck RW:  Prolonging life in the aged . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:963.
53 +
Mazzarella V:  An open letter to my mother's nephrologist . N Engl J Med 1981;; 305:175.
54 +
Parsons V, Lock P:  Triage and the patient with renal failure . J Med Ethics 1980;;6:173-176.
55 +
Basson MD:  Choosing among candidates for scarce medical resources . J Med Philos 1979;;4:313-333.
56 +
Childress J:  Who shall live when not all can live? Soundings 1970;;43:339-362.
57 +
Caplan AL:  Kidneys, ethics, and politics: Policy lessons of the ESRD experience . J Health Polit Policy Law 1981;;6:488-503.
58 +
Arrow KJ:  Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care . Am Econ Rev 1963;; 53:941-973.
59 +
Mechanic D:  The right to treatment: Judicial action and social change , in Mechanic D (ed): Politics, Medicine, and Social Science . New York, Wiley Interscience, 1974;, pp 227-248.
60 +
Krause EA: Power and Illness: The Political Sociology of Health and Medical Care . New York, Elsevier North-Holland Inc, 1977;.
61 +
Strickland SP: U.S. Health Care: What's Wrong and What's Right . New York, Universe Books, 1972;.
62 +
Klarman HE: The Economics of Health . New York, Columbia University Press, 1965;.
63 +
Fried C:  Equality and rights in medical care . Hastings Cent Rep 1976;;6:29-34.
64 +
Sidel V:  The right to health care: An international perspective , in Bandman EL, Bandman B (eds): Bioethics and Human Rights . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1978;, pp 341-349.
65 +
Bell NK:  The scarcity of medical resources: Are there rights to health care? J Med Philos 1979;;4:158-169.
66 +
Knowles JH:  Responsibility for health . Science 1977;;198:1103.
67 +
Allegrante JP, Green LW:  When health policy becomes victim blaming . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:528-529.
68 +
McCarthy DG, Moraczewski AS (eds): Moral Responsibility in Prolonging Life Decisions . St Louis, Pope John XIII Medical-Moral Research and Education Center, 1981;.
69 +
Winslow GR: Triage and Justice . Berkeley, Calif, University of California Press, 1982;.
70 +
Brent L:  Deciding who gets what . Lancet 1983;;1:57.
71 +
Bell NK (ed): Who Decides? Conflicts of Rights in Health Care . Clifton, NJ, Humana Press, 1982;.
72 +
Childress JF: Who Should Decide? Paternalism in Health Care . New York, Oxford University Press, 1982;.
73 +
Harron F, Burnside J, Beauchamp T: Health and Human Values: Making Your Own Decisions . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1982;.
74 +
Freidson E: Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge . New York, Harper & Row Publishers, Inc, 1970;.
75 +
Feinstein AR: Clinical Judgment . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1967;.
76 +
Lo B, Jonsen AR:  Clinical decisions to limit treatment . Ann Intern Med 1980;;93:764-768.
77 +
Wong CB, Swazey JP: Dilemmas of Dying: Policies and Procedures for Decisions Not to Treat . Boston, GK Hall Medical Publishers, 1981;.
78 +
Relman AS:  The Saikewicz decision: Judges as physicians . N Engl J Med 1978;; 298:508-509.
79 +
Barron CH:  Medical paternalism and the rule of law . Am J Law Med 1979;;4:337-365.
80 +
McNeil BJ, Weichselbaum R, Pauker SG:  Speech and survival: Tradeoff between quality and quantity of life in laryngeal cancer . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:982-987.
81 +
McNeil BJ, Pauker SG:  Incorporation of patient values in medical decision making , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology. Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 113-126.
82 +
McNeil BJ, Pauker SG, Sox HC Jr, et al:  On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:1259-1262.
83 +
Raiffa H: Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty . Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co Inc, 1968;.
84 +
Keeney RL, Raiffa H: Decision Making with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1976;.
85 +
Brett AS:  Hidden ethical issues in clinical decision analysis . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:1150-1152.
86 +
Pauker SG, Kassirer JP:  The threshold approach to clinical decision making . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:1109-1117.
87 +
Schwartz WB:  Decision analysis: A look at the chief complaints . N Engl J Med 1979;; 300:556-559.
88 +
Ransoff DF, Feinstein AR:  Is decision analysis useful in clinical medicine? Yale J Biol Med 1976;;49:165-168.
89 +
Reich WT:  Life: Quality of life , in Reicht WT (ed): Encyclopedia of Biomedical Ethics . New York, Oxford University Press, 1979;, pp 829-840.
90 +
Eisenberg JM:  Sociologic influences on decision-making by clinicians . Ann Intern Med 1979;;90:957-964.
91 +
Gutman RA, Stead WW, Robinson RR:  Physical activity and employment status of patients on maintenance dialysis . N Engl J Med 1981;;304:309-313.
92 +
Randal J:  Coronary artery bypass surgery . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:13-18.
93 +
Drunkman WB, Perloff JK, Kaston JA, et al:  Medical perspectives in coronary artery surgery: A caveat . Ann Intern Med 1974;;81:817-837.
94 +
Stoney WS, Alford WC, Burrus GR, et al:  The cost of coronary bypass procedures . JAMA 1978;;240:2278-2280.
95 +
Love JW:  Employment status after coronary bypass operations and some cost considerations . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;;80:68-72.
96 +
Mundth ED, Austen WG:  Surgical measures for coronary heart disease, part 1 . N Engl J Med 1975;;293:13-19.
97 +
 Coronary artery bypass surgery, editorial . Lancet 1976;;1:841-842.
98 +
Kolata GB:  Coronary bypass surgery: Debate over its benefits . Science 1976;;194:1263-1265.
99 +
Brauwald E:  Coronary-artery surgery at the crossroads . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:661-663.
100 +
Sanz G, Castaner A, Betriu A, et al:  Determinants of prognosis in survivors of myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:1065-1070.
101 +
Hammermeister KE, DeRouen TA, English MT, et al:  Effect of surgical versus medical therapy on return to work in patients with coronary artery disease . Am J Cardiol 1979;; 44:105-111.
102 +
Rimm AA, Barboriak JJ, Anderson AJ, et al:  Changes in occupation after aortocoronary vein-bypass operation . JAMA 1976;;236:361-364.
103 +
Wallwork J, Potter B, Caves PK:  Return to work after coronary artery surgery for angina . Br Med J 1978;;2:1680-1681.
104 +
Frick MH, Harjola PT, Valle M:  Work status after coronary bypass surgery . Acta Med Scand 1979;;206:61-64.
105 +
Barnes GK, Ray MJ, Oberman A, et al:  Changes in working status of patients following coronary bypass surgery . JAMA 1977;;238:1259-1262.
106 +
Blumlein SL, Anderson AJ, Barboriak JJ, et al:  Changes in occupation after coronary arteriography . Scand J Rehabil Med 1977;;9:79-83.
107 +
Burdetti P, McManus P, Barrand N, et al: Neonatal Intensive Care. Government Printing Office, 1982.
108 +
Hiatt HH:  Sounding board: The physician and national security . N Engl J Med 1982;; 307:1142-1145.
109 +
Office of the President: The Budget of the United States Government: Fiscal Year, 1983, House document 97-124. Government Printing Office, 1982.
110 +
Tancredi LR, Barsky AJ:  Technology and health care decision making—conceptualizing the process for societal informed consent . Med Care 1974;;12:845-858.
111 +
Choron J: Death and Modern Man . New York, Collier Bros, 1964;.
112 +
Feifel H (ed): Death in Contemporary America: New Meanings of Death . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1977;.
113 +
Becker E: The Denial of Death . New York, Free Press, 1973;.
114 +
Maguire DC: Death by Choice . New York, Schocken Books Inc, 1973;.
115 +
Manning B:  Legal and policy issues in the allocation of death , in Brim OG Jr, Freeman HE, Levine S, et al (eds): The Dying Patient . New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1970;, pp 253-274.
116 +
Veatch RM: Death, Dying, and the Biological Revolution . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1976;.
117 +
Campbell A, Converse PE, Rodgers WL: The Quality of American Life . New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1976;.
118 +
Donald CA, Ware JE Jr, Brook RH, et al: Conceptualization and Measurement of Health for Adults in the Health Insurance Survey: Social Health , publication R-1987/4-HEW. Santa Monica, Calif, Rand Corporation, 1978;, vol 4.
119 +
Renne KS:  Measurement of social health in a general population survey . Social Sci Res 1974;;3:25-44.
120 +
Russell RD:  Social health: An attempt to clarify this dimension of well-being . Int J Health Educ 1973;;74:74-82.
121 +
 Constitution of the World Health Organization , in The First Ten Years of the World Health Organization . Geneva, Palais des Nations, World Health Organization, 1958;.
122 +
Sackett DL, Torrance GW:  The utility of different health states as perceived by the general public . J Chronic Dis 1978;;31:697-704.
123 +
Dorfman NS:  The social value of saving a life , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 61-68.
124 +
Lipscomb J:  The willingness-to-pay criterion and public program evaluation in health , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 91-139.
125 +
Clarke EH:  Social valuation of life- and health-saving activities by the demand-revealing process , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 69-90.
126 +
Fischer GW:  Willingness to pay for probabilistic improvements in functional health status: A psychological perspective , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 167-202.
127 +
Ware JE Jr, Young J:  Issues in the conceptualization and measurement of value placed on health , in Mushkin SJ, Dunlop D (eds): Health: What Is it Worth? Measures of Health Benefits . New York, Pergamon Press, 1979;, pp 141-166.
128 +
Mooney G: The Valuation of Human Life . London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 1977;.
129 +
Culyer AJ: The Political Economy of Social Policy . Oxford, England, Martin Robertson & Co Ltd, 1980;.
130 +
Culyer AJ:  Assessing cost-effectiveness , in Banta HD (ed): Resources for Health: Technology Assessment for Policy Making . New York, Praeger Publishers, 1982;.
131 +
Beecher HJ:  A definition of irreversible coma: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death . JAMA 1968;;205:337-340.
132 +
Mohandas A, Chou SN: Brain death:  A clinical and pathological study . J Neurosurg 1971;;35:211-218.
133 +
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Defining Death: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Government Printing Office, 1981.
134 +
 President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Guidelines for the determination of death . JAMA 1981;;246:2184-2186.
135 +
Bernat JL, Culver CM, Gert B:  On the definition and criterion of death . Ann Intern Med 1981;;94:389-394.
136 +
Bernat JL, Culver CM, Gert B:  Defining death in theory and practice . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:5-9.
137 +
Stahlman MT, Cotton RB:  Defining death: Which way? A reply . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:44.
138 +
Capron AM, Lyn J:  Defining death: Which way? Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:43-44.
139 +
Parisi JE, Kim RC, Collins GH, et al:  Brain death with prolonged somatic survival . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:14-16.
140 +
Nagle CE:  Brain death with prolonged somatic survival . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:1361.
141 +
Saunders C:  Hospice care . Am J Med 1978;;65:726-728.
142 +
Saunders C (ed): The Management of Terminal Disease . London, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, 1978;.
143 +
Smith DH, Granbois JA:  the American way of hospice . Hastings Cent Rep 1982;;12:8-10.
144 +
Benedict R: Patterns of Culture . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1934;.
145 +
McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology. Boston, Auburn House, 1982;.
146 +
 Report of a Working Party of the Council for Science and Society : Expensive Medical Techniques . London, Council for Science and Society, 1982;.
147 +
 Expensive medical techniques , editorial. Lancet 1983;;1:279-280.
148 +
Omenn GS, Ball JR:  The role of health technology evaluation: A policy perspective , in Goldman J (ed): Health Care Technology Evaluation Proceedings , Columbia, Missouri, 1978. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1978;, pp 5-32.
149 +
Sun M:  Fishing for a forum on health policy . Science 1983;;219:37-38.
150 +
Perry S:  Technology assessment proposed . Health Affairs 1982;;1:123-128.
151 +
Perry S:  Special report: The brief life of the National Center for Health Care Technology . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1095-1100.
152 +
Banta HD (ed): Resources for Health: Technology Assessment for Policy Making . New York, Praeger Publishers, 1982;.
153 +
Evans RW, Anderson A, Perry B:  The National Heart Transplantation Study: An overview . Heart Transplant 1982;;2:85-87.
154 +
Relman AS:  The new medical-industrial complex . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:963-970.
155 +
Blumenthal D, Feldman P, Zeckhauser R:  Misuse of technology: A symptom, not the disease , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology . Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 163-174.
156 +
Relman AS:  An institute for health-care evaluation . N Engl J Med 1982;;306:669-670.
157 +
Schaeffer LD:  Role of the HCFA in the regulation of new medical technologies , in McNeil BJ, Cravalho EG (eds): Critical Issues in Medical Technology . Boston, Auburn House, 1982;, pp 151-161.
158 +
Office of Technology Assessment: Medical Technology Proposals to Increase Competition in Health Care. Government Printing Office, 1982.
159 +
Le Maitre GD:  Medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1649.
160 +
Jellinek PS:  Yet another look at medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:496-497.
161 +
Jellinek PS:  Medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1649-1650.
162 +
Lee B:  Medical cost inflation . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:1649.
163 +
Weinberger CW:  Shattuck lecture— remarks by the Secretary of Defense to the Massachusetts Medical Society, May 1982 . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:765-768.
164 +
Relman AS:  Physicians, nuclear war, and politics . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:744-745.
165 +
Caldicott HM, Walker PF:  Preventing nuclear war: The secretary of defense replies to his critics . N Engl J Med 1983;;308:338-339.
166 +
Rawls JA: Theory of Justice . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1971;.
167 +
Soltan KE:  Empirical studies of distributive justice . Ethics 1982;;92:673-691.
168 +
Branson R:  Theories of justice and health care , in Reich WT (ed): Encyclopedia of Bioethics . New York, Free Press, 1978;, pp 630-637.
169 +
Daniels N:  Health care needs and distributive justice . Philos Public Affairs 1981;;10:146-179.
170 +
Feinberg J:  Justice , in Reich WT (ed): Encyclopedia of Bioethics . New York, Free Press, 1978;, pp 802-810.
171 +
Daniels N (ed): Reading Rawls: Critical Studies on Rawl's 'A Theory of Justic e.' New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1975;.
172 +
Piven FF, Cloward RA: Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare . New York, Vintage Books, 1971;.
173 +
Jonsen AR:  Purposefulness in human life . West J Med 1976;;125:5-7.
174 +
Englehardt HT Jr:  Rights to health care: A critical approach . J Med Philos 1979;;4:113-117.
175 +
Beauchamp TL, Faden RR:  The right to health and the right to health care . J Med Philos 1979;;4:118-131.
176 +
Childress JF:  A right to health care? J Med Philos 1979;;4:132-147.
177 +
Siegler M:  A right to health care: Ambiguity, professional responsibility and patient liberty . J Med Philos 1979;;4:148-157.
178 +
Veatch RM:  Just social institutions and the right to health care . J Med Philos 1979;; 4:170-173.
179 +
Daniels N:  Rights to health care and distributive justice: Programmatic worries . J Med Philos 1979;;4:174-191.
180 +
Ruddick W:  Doctor's rights and work . J Med Philos 1979;;4:192-203.
181 +
McCullough LB:  Rights, health care, and public policy . J Med Philos 1979;;4:204-215.
182 +
Curran WJ:  The Saikewicz decision . N Engl J Med 1978;;298:499-500.
183 +
Relman AS:  The Saikewicz decision: A medical viewpoint . Am J Law Med 1979;;4:233-237.
184 +
Glantz LH, Swazey JP:  Decisions not to treat: The Saikewicz case and its aftermath . Forum Med 1979;;2:22-32.
185 +
Carroll C:  The ethics of heart transplantation . J Natl Med Assoc 1970;;62:14-20.
186 +
Jonsen AR, Siegler M, Winslade WJ: Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine . New York, Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, 1982;.
187 +
Culver CM, Gert B: Philosophy in Medicine: Conceptual and Ethical Issues in Medicine and Psychiatry . New York, Oxford University Press, 1982;.

Letters

Submit a Letter
CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Response

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2012 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems