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September 10, 1982, Vol 248, No. 10 >
ARTICLE | September 10, 1982

Disuse and Aging FREE

Walter M. Bortz, II, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Palo Alto Medical Clinic, 300 Homer Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94301 (Dr Bortz).


JAMA. 1982;248(10):1203-1208. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03330100041028
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References

A review of biologic changes commonly attributed to the process of aging demonstrates the close similarity of most of these to changes subsequent to a period of enforced physical inactivity. The coincidence of these changes from the subcellular to the whole-body level of organization, and across a wide range of body systems, prompts the suggestion that at least a portion of the changes that are commonly attributed to aging is in reality caused by disuse and, as such, is subject to correction. There is no drug in current or prospective use that holds as much promise for sustained health as a lifetime program of physical exercise.

(JAMA 1982;248:1203-1208)

REFERENCES

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Birkhead NC, Haupt GJ, Issekutz B, et al:  Circulatory and metabolic effects of different types of prolonged inactivity . Am J Med Sci 1964;;247:243.
9 +
Robinson S:  Experimental studies of physical fitness in relation to age . Arbeitsphysiologie 1938;;4:251-323.
10 +
Shock N:  Physiologic aspects of aging in man . Ann Rev Physiol 1961;;23:97-122.
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Brandfonbrener M, Landone M, Shock N:  Changes in cardiac output with age . Circulation 1955;;12:557-566.
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Lakatta E:  Alterations in the cardiovascular system that occur in advanced age . Fed Proc 1979;;38:163-167.
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Taylor H, Henschel A, Brozek J, et al:  Effects of bedrest on cardiovascular function and work performance . J Appl Physiol 1949;; 2:223-239.
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Vetter W, Sullivan R, Hyatt K:  Deterioration of LV function: A consequence of simulated weightlessness . Aerospace Med Assoc Preprints , 1971;, pp 56-78.
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Fuller JH, Bernauer EM, Adams WC:  Renal function, water and electrolyte exchange during bedrest with daily exercise . Aerospace Med 1970;;41:60-72.
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Tomanek RJ, Lund DD:  Degeneration of different types of skeletal muscle fibers . J Anat 1973;;116:395-407.
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Baranski S, Kwarecki K, Szmigielski S, et al:  Histochemistry of skeletal muscle fibers in rats undergoing long-term experimental hypokinesia . Exp Histochem Cytochem 1971;;9:381-386.
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Sidney KH, Shephard RJ, Harrison JE:  Endurance training and body composition of the elderly . Am J Clin Nutr 1977;;30:326-333.
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Kavanaugh T, Shephard RJ:  The effects of continued training on the aging process . Ann NY Acad Sci 1977;;301:656-670.
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Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Astrand I:  Aerobic work capacity in men and women with special reference to age . Acta Physiol Scand 1960;;49( (suppl 169) ):1-92.
2 +
Shephard RJ:  World standards of cardiorespiratory performance . Arch Environ Health 1966;;13:664-672.
3 +
DeVries H:  Physiological effects of an exercise training regimen upon men aged 52-88 . J Gerontol 1970;;25:325-336.
4 +
Dehn M, Bruce R:  Longitudinal variations in maximal oxygen intake with age and activity . J Appl Physiol 1972;;33:805-807.
5 +
Hodgson J: Age and Aerobic Capacity of Urban Midwestern Males, thesis. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1971.
6 +
Bortz W:  Effects of exercise on aging— effect of aging on exercise . J Am Geriatr Soc 1980;;28:49-51.
7 +
Saltin B, Blomquist G, Mitchell J, et al:  Response to exercise after bedrest and after training: A longitudinal study of adaptive changes in oxygen transport and composition . Circulation 1968;;33( (suppl 7) ):1-78.
8 +
Birkhead NC, Haupt GJ, Issekutz B, et al:  Circulatory and metabolic effects of different types of prolonged inactivity . Am J Med Sci 1964;;247:243.
9 +
Robinson S:  Experimental studies of physical fitness in relation to age . Arbeitsphysiologie 1938;;4:251-323.
10 +
Shock N:  Physiologic aspects of aging in man . Ann Rev Physiol 1961;;23:97-122.
11 +
Brandfonbrener M, Landone M, Shock N:  Changes in cardiac output with age . Circulation 1955;;12:557-566.
12 +
Lakatta E:  Alterations in the cardiovascular system that occur in advanced age . Fed Proc 1979;;38:163-167.
13 +
Taylor H, Henschel A, Brozek J, et al:  Effects of bedrest on cardiovascular function and work performance . J Appl Physiol 1949;; 2:223-239.
14 +
Vetter W, Sullivan R, Hyatt K:  Deterioration of LV function: A consequence of simulated weightlessness . Aerospace Med Assoc Preprints , 1971;, pp 56-78.
15 +
Pace N:  Weightlessness: A matter of gravity . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:32-37.
16 +
Hyatt K, Kamenetsky L, Smith W:  Extravascular dehydration as an etiologic factor in postrecumbency orthostatism . Aerospace Med 1969;;40:644-650.
17 +
Barry A, Daly J, Pruett E, et al:  The effects of physical conditioning on older individuals: I. Work capacity, circulatory-respiratory function, and work electrocardiogram . J Gerontol 1966;;21:182-191.
18 +
Crampton C:  Blood ptosis: A test of vasomotor efficiency . NY Med J 1913;;98:916-918.
19 +
Pestov ID, Tishchenko MI, Korolev BA, et al:  An investigation of orthostatic stability after prolonged hypodynamia . Prob Kosm Biol 1969;; 13:231-250.
20 +
Goldman RJ:  Speculations on vascular changes with age . J Am Geriatr Soc 1970;; 18:765-779.
21 +
Girgor Y, Bezumova YY, Biyukov YN:  Peculiarities of water-mineral metabolism during 120 day hypokinesis . Kosm Biol Med 1973;; 7:56-63.
22 +
Taylor HL, Erickson L, Henschel A, et al:  The effect of bedrest on the blood volume of normal young men . Am J Physiol 1945;;144:227-232.
23 +
Stevens PM, Lynch TN, Johnson RL, et al:  Effects of 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone and venous occlusive cuffs on orthostatic deconditioning of prolonged bedrest . Aerospace Med 1966;; 37:1049-1056.
24 +
Birkhead NC, Haupt DJ, Blizzard JJ, et al:  Effects of supine and sitting exercise on circulatory metabolic alterations in prolonged bedrest . Physiologist 1963;;6:140-155.
25 +
Woodford-Williams E, Webster D, Dixon MP, et al:  Red cell longevity in old age . Gerontol Clin 1962;;4:183-193.
26 +
Lamb LE, Stevens PM, Johnson RL:  Hypokinesia secondary to chair rest from four to ten days . Aerospace Med 1965;;36:763-775.
27 +
Durnova GN, Kaplansky AS, Portugalov VV:  Effect of a 22-day space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats . Aviat Space Environ Med 1976;;47:588-591.
28 +
Khudiakova MA, Shulzhenko YB:  Blood clotting function during 12 day immersion in water and the preventive role of revolving in a centrifuge . Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 1977;;3:79-81.
29 +
McDonald JK, Reilly TJ, Zeitman B, et al:  Effect of prolonged bedrest and G, centrifugation on blood fibrinolytic activity in males and females and its possible use as a measure of vascular deconditioning . Aerospace Med Assoc Preprints , 1974;, pp 167-168.
30 +
Williams RS, Logue EE, Lewis JG, et al:  Physical conditioning segments of fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:987-991.
31 +
Saltin B, Grimby G:  Physiological analysis of middle-aged and old former athletes: Comparison with still active athletes of the same ages . Circulation 1968;;38:1104-1115.
32 +
Parin VV, Krupina TN, Mikhaylovsky GP, et al:  Principal changes in the healthy human body after a 120 day bed confinement . Kosm Biol Med 1970;;4:59-64.
33 +
Altman DF, Baker SD, McCally FM, et al:  Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a man during prolonged bed rest . Clin Res 1969;;17:543.
34 +
Wood P, Haskell W, Klein H:  The distribution of plasma lipids in middle aged male runners . Metabolism 1976;;25:1249-1257.
35 +
Novak L:  Aging, total body potassium, fat-free mass, and cell mass in males and females between 18 and 85 years . J Gerontol 1972;;27:438-443.
36 +
Shock NW:  Systems physiology and aging . Fed Proc 1971;;38:161-162.
37 +
Mack PB, Montgomery KB:  Study of nitrogen balance and creatine and creatinine excretion during recumbency and ambulation of five young adult males . Aerospace Med 1973;;44:739-746.
38 +
Fuller JH, Bernauer EM, Adams WC:  Renal function, water and electrolyte exchange during bedrest with daily exercise . Aerospace Med 1970;;41:60-72.
39 +
Seregin MS, Popov IG, Lebedeva AN, et al:  Nutrition and metabolism during prolonged hypodynamic problems . Kosm Biol 1964;;13:79-93.
40 +
Tomanek RJ, Lund DD:  Degeneration of different types of skeletal muscle fibers . J Anat 1973;;116:395-407.
41 +
Baranski S, Kwarecki K, Szmigielski S, et al:  Histochemistry of skeletal muscle fibers in rats undergoing long-term experimental hypokinesia . Exp Histochem Cytochem 1971;;9:381-386.
42 +
Sidney KH, Shephard RJ, Harrison JE:  Endurance training and body composition of the elderly . Am J Clin Nutr 1977;;30:326-333.
43 +
Kavanaugh T, Shephard RJ:  The effects of continued training on the aging process . Ann NY Acad Sci 1977;;301:656-670.
44 +
Shock NW, Norris AH:  Neuromuscular coordination as a factor in age changes in muscular exercise , in Brunner D, Jokl E (eds): Physical Activity and Aging . Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970;, pp 92-100.
45 +
Deitrick JE, Whedon GD, Shorr E, et al:  Effects of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiologic functions of normal men . Am J Med 1948;;4:3-36.
46 +
Garn SM:  Bone loss and aging , in Goldman R, Rodstein M (eds): The Physiology and Pathology of Aging . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1975;.
47 +
Donaldson CL, Hulley SB, Vogel SM, et al:  Effect of prolonged bedrest on bone mineral . Metabolism 1970;;19:1071-1084.
48 +
Minaire P, Neunier P, Edouard C, et al:  Quantitative histological data on disuse osteoporosis . Calcif Dis Res 1974;;17:57-73.
49 +
Cann CE, Genant HK, Young DR:  Comparison of vertebral and peripheral mineral losses in disuse osteoporosis in monkeys . Radiology 1980;;134:525-529.
50 +
Rambaut PC, Leach CS, Whedon GD:  A study of metabolic balance in crew members of Skylab IV . Acta Astronaut 1979;;6:1313-1321.
51 +
Whedon GD, Lutwak L, Rambaut PC:  Mineral and nitrogen balance study observations: The second manned Skylab mission . Aviat Space Environ Med 1976;;47:391-396.
52 +
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53 +
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Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
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