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February 19, 1982, Vol 247, No. 7 >
ARTICLE | February 19, 1982

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, β-Lipotropin, and Endorphin-Related Peptides in Health and Disease FREE

Y. Peng Loh, PhD; L. Lynn Loriaux, MD, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 36, Room 2A21, Bethesda, MD 20205 (Dr Loh).


JAMA. 1982;247(7):1033-1034. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320320065038
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References

IT HAS been clear for some time that the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and β-lipotropin (β-LPH) appear to be linked, both being present in high concentrations in patients with disorders of hypersecretion (Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease) and low in patients with disorders of hyposecretion (secondary adrenal insufficiency). Other molecular species also appear to be associated with ACTH secretion; for example, molecules larger than ACTH but with ACTH immunoreactivity have been found in many cases of "ectopic" ACTH secretion. Recent studies into the biosynthesis of ACTH and β-LPH appear to explain these interrelationships and hold forth the promise of important advances in our understanding of the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and the adrenal gland in man.

Early chemical studies have recognized the existence of several peptides that are structurally related to ACTH in the pituitary gland of many species including man. These include β-LPH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and β-MSH.

REFERENCES

1 +
Lerner AB:  The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland: Introduction and background , in Evered D, Lawrenson G (eds): Peptides of the Pars Intermedia , Ciba symposium No. 81. London, Pitman Medical, 1981;, pp 3-9.
2 +
Lowry PG, Silman RE, Hope J, et al:  Structures and biosynthesis of peptides related to corticotropins and α-melanotropins . Ann NY Acad Sci 1977;;297:49-62.
3 +
Krieger DT, Liotta AS, Brownstein MJ, et al:  ACTH, β-lipotropin and related peptides in brain, pituitary and blood . Recent Prog Horm Res 1980;;36:277-344.
4 +
Eipper BA, Mains RE:  Structure and biosynthesis of pro-ACTH/endorphin and related peptides . Endocr Rev 1980;;1:1-27.
5 +
Loh YP, Gainer H:  The role of the carbohydrate in the stabilization, processing and packaging of the glycosylated adrenocorticotropinendorphin common precursor in toad pituitaries . Endocrinology 1979;;105:474-487.
6 +
Loh YP:  Immunological evidence for two common precursors to corticotropins, endorphins and melanotropin in the neurointermediate lobe of the toad pituitary . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;;76:796-800.
7 +
Crine P, Gossard F, Siedah NG, et al:  Concomitant synthesis of endorphin and melanotropin from two forms of proopiomelanocortin in the rat pars intermedia . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;;76:5085-5089.
8 +
Rosa PA, Policastro P, Budarf M, et al:  Differences in the synthesis and processing of ACTH/endorphin peptides in primary cultures of anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary , in Koch G, Richter D (eds): Biosynthesis, Modification and Processing of Cellular and Viral Polyproteins . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1980;, pp 127-138.
9 +
Nakanishi S, Inoue A, Kita T, et al:  Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-β-lipotropin precursor . Nature 1979;; 278:423-427.
10 +
Chang ACY, Cochet M, Cohen S:  Organization of human genomic DNA encoding proopiomelanocortin , in Koch G, Richter D (eds): Biosynthesis, Modification and Processing of Cellular and Viral Polyproteins . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1980;, pp 321-328.
11 +
Mains RE, Eipper BA:  Biosynthetic studies on ACTH, β-endorphin and α-melanotropin in the rat . Ann NY Acad Sci 1980;;343:94-108.
12 +
Loh YP, Gainer H:  In vitro evidence that glycosylation of pro-opiocortin and corticotropins influences their proteolysis by trypsin and blood . Mol Cell Endocrinol 1980;;20:35-44.
13 +
Loh YP, Gainer H:  Characterization of the pro-opiocortin converting activity in purified secretory granules from rat neurointermediate lobe . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;;79:108-112.
14 +
Rees LH, Gilkes JJH, Jeffcoate WJ:  Biosynthesis of ACTH and 'MSH' by endocrine and non-endocrine tumours . Front Harm Res 1977;; 4:215-223.
15 +
Ratter SJ, McLoughlin L, Gillies G, et al:  Pars intermedia peptides: Studies in adult humans , in Evered D, Lawrenson G (eds): Peptides of the Pars Intermedia , Ciba symposium No. 81. London, Pitman Medical, 1981;.
16 +
Smyth DG, Zakarian S, Deakin JFW, et al:  β-Endorphin-related peptides in the pituitary gland: Isolation, identification and distribution , in Evered D, Lawrenson G (eds): Peptides of the Pars Intermedia , Ciba symposium No. 81. London, Pitman Medical, 1981;.
17 +
Rapoport SI, Klee WA, Pettigrew KD, et al:  Entry of opioid peptides into the central nervous system . Science 1980;;207:84-86.
18 +
Guilleim R, Vargo T, Rossier J, et al:  β-Endorphin and adrenocorticotropins are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland . Science 1977;;197:1367-1369.

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1 +
Lerner AB:  The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland: Introduction and background , in Evered D, Lawrenson G (eds): Peptides of the Pars Intermedia , Ciba symposium No. 81. London, Pitman Medical, 1981;, pp 3-9.
2 +
Lowry PG, Silman RE, Hope J, et al:  Structures and biosynthesis of peptides related to corticotropins and α-melanotropins . Ann NY Acad Sci 1977;;297:49-62.
3 +
Krieger DT, Liotta AS, Brownstein MJ, et al:  ACTH, β-lipotropin and related peptides in brain, pituitary and blood . Recent Prog Horm Res 1980;;36:277-344.
4 +
Eipper BA, Mains RE:  Structure and biosynthesis of pro-ACTH/endorphin and related peptides . Endocr Rev 1980;;1:1-27.
5 +
Loh YP, Gainer H:  The role of the carbohydrate in the stabilization, processing and packaging of the glycosylated adrenocorticotropinendorphin common precursor in toad pituitaries . Endocrinology 1979;;105:474-487.
6 +
Loh YP:  Immunological evidence for two common precursors to corticotropins, endorphins and melanotropin in the neurointermediate lobe of the toad pituitary . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;;76:796-800.
7 +
Crine P, Gossard F, Siedah NG, et al:  Concomitant synthesis of endorphin and melanotropin from two forms of proopiomelanocortin in the rat pars intermedia . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;;76:5085-5089.
8 +
Rosa PA, Policastro P, Budarf M, et al:  Differences in the synthesis and processing of ACTH/endorphin peptides in primary cultures of anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary , in Koch G, Richter D (eds): Biosynthesis, Modification and Processing of Cellular and Viral Polyproteins . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1980;, pp 127-138.
9 +
Nakanishi S, Inoue A, Kita T, et al:  Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-β-lipotropin precursor . Nature 1979;; 278:423-427.
10 +
Chang ACY, Cochet M, Cohen S:  Organization of human genomic DNA encoding proopiomelanocortin , in Koch G, Richter D (eds): Biosynthesis, Modification and Processing of Cellular and Viral Polyproteins . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1980;, pp 321-328.
11 +
Mains RE, Eipper BA:  Biosynthetic studies on ACTH, β-endorphin and α-melanotropin in the rat . Ann NY Acad Sci 1980;;343:94-108.
12 +
Loh YP, Gainer H:  In vitro evidence that glycosylation of pro-opiocortin and corticotropins influences their proteolysis by trypsin and blood . Mol Cell Endocrinol 1980;;20:35-44.
13 +
Loh YP, Gainer H:  Characterization of the pro-opiocortin converting activity in purified secretory granules from rat neurointermediate lobe . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;;79:108-112.
14 +
Rees LH, Gilkes JJH, Jeffcoate WJ:  Biosynthesis of ACTH and 'MSH' by endocrine and non-endocrine tumours . Front Harm Res 1977;; 4:215-223.
15 +
Ratter SJ, McLoughlin L, Gillies G, et al:  Pars intermedia peptides: Studies in adult humans , in Evered D, Lawrenson G (eds): Peptides of the Pars Intermedia , Ciba symposium No. 81. London, Pitman Medical, 1981;.
16 +
Smyth DG, Zakarian S, Deakin JFW, et al:  β-Endorphin-related peptides in the pituitary gland: Isolation, identification and distribution , in Evered D, Lawrenson G (eds): Peptides of the Pars Intermedia , Ciba symposium No. 81. London, Pitman Medical, 1981;.
17 +
Rapoport SI, Klee WA, Pettigrew KD, et al:  Entry of opioid peptides into the central nervous system . Science 1980;;207:84-86.
18 +
Guilleim R, Vargo T, Rossier J, et al:  β-Endorphin and adrenocorticotropins are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland . Science 1977;;197:1367-1369.

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