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January 15, 1982, Vol 247, No. 3 >
ARTICLE | January 15, 1982

Platelets and the Environment FREE

Dale E. Hammerschmidt, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Medicine, Box 480, Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (Dr Hammerschmidt).


JAMA. 1982;247(3):345-350. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320280061034
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Article
References

IN THE past two decades, a body of evidence has accumulated to suggest that the formed elements of the blood may play roles in a variety of disease states other than those usually considered to be hematologic diseases. Thus, a role for the platelet in atherogenesis has become accepted,1 and the concept has prompted large clinical trials of antiplatelet agents for secondary prophylaxis in myocardial infarction and stroke2-9; evidence for a similar role for granulocytes and monocytes is beginning to unfold.10-14 At the same time, another body of evidence has accumulated that links environmental effects to disease states, in many cases the same disease states for which a role of the formed elements of the blood has been shown. Thus, behavioral factors, lipid and sodium content of the diet, smoking, work load, pollutant exposure, and and personality type have all attracted attention for possible association with atherosclerosis.

REFERENCES

1 +
Haft JI:  Role of blood platelets in coronary artery disease . Am J Cardiol 1979;;43:1197-1206.
2 +
Elwood PC, Cochrane AL, Burr ML, et al:  A randomized controlled trial of acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction . Br Med J 1974;; 1:436-440.
3 +
 A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke, Canadian Cooperative Study Group . N Engl J Med 1978;; 299:53-59.
4 +
Elwood PC, Sweetnam PM:  Aspirin and secondary mortality after myocardial infarction . Lancet 1979;;2:1313-1315.
5 +
 A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in persons recovered from myocardial infarction, Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study Research Group . JAMA 1980;;243:661-669.
6 +
 Sulfinpyrazone and the prevention of sudden death after myocardial infarction, The Anturane Reinfarction Trial Research Group . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:250-256.
7 +
 Aspirin in coronary heart disease, Coronary Drug Project Research Group . J Chronic Dis 1976;;29:625-642.
8 +
 Regular aspirin intake and acute myocardial infarction, Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Group . Br Med J 1974;;1:440-443.
9 +
 Proceedings of the Workshop on PlateletActive Drugs in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events . Circulation 1980;;62:1-135.
10 +
Friedman GD, Klatsky AL, Sieglaub AB:  The leukocyte count as a predictor of myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1974;;290:1275-1278.
11 +
Zalokar JB, Richard JL, Claude JR:  Leukocyte count, smoking and myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1981;;304:465-468.
12 +
Shoenfeld Y, Pinkhas J:  Leukopenia and low incidence of myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1981;;304:1606.
13 +
Hammerschmidt DE, Greenberg CS, Craddock PR, et al:  Cholesterol and atheroma lipids activate complement and stimulate granulocytes: A possible mechanism for amplification of ischemic injury in atherosclerotic states . J Lab Clin Med 1981;;98:68-77.
14 +
Flynn PJ, Becker WK, Weisdorf DJ, et al:  A mechanism for reduction of experimental myocardial infarct size by ibuprofen . Circ Shock 1980;;7:187.
15 +
Wolinsky H:  Atherosclerosis , in Beeson P, McDermott W, Wyngaarden J, (eds): Cecil's Textbook of Medicine , ed 15. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1979;, p 1221.
16 +
Donné A:  De l'origine des globules du sang, de leur mode de formation et de leur fin . C R Acad Sci 1842;;14:366.
17 +
Bizzozero G:  Sur un nouvel élément morphologique du sang chez les mammiféres et sur son importance dans la thrombose et dans la coagulation . Arch Ital Biol 1882;;1:1.
18 +
Eberth JD, Schimmelbusch C:  Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Thrombose . Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1886;;103:39.
19 +
Born GVR:  Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal . Nature 1962;;194:927-929.
20 +
Salzman EW:  Measurement of platelet adhesiveness: A simple in vitro technique demonstrating an abnormality in von Willebrand's disease . J Lab Clin Med 1963;;62:724-735.
21 +
Hartmann RC:  Tests of platelet adhesiveness and their clinical significance . Semin Hematol 1968;;5:60-72.
22 +
Jorgensen L, Rowsell HC, Hovlg T, et al:  Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation and myocardial infarction in swine . Lab Invest 1967;;17:616-644.
23 +
Ross R, Glomset JA:  The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis . N Engl J Med 1976;;295:369-377.
24 +
Harker LA, Slichter SJ, Scott CR, et al:  Homocystinemia: Vascular injury and arterial thrombosis . N Engl J Med 1974;;291:537-543.
25 +
Mustard JF, Packham MA, Rowsell HC:  The role of thrombogenic factors in atherosclerosis . Ann NY Acad Sci 1968;;149:848-859.
26 +
Byorkervd S, Bondjers G:  Arterial repair and atherosclerosis after mechanical injury: II. Tissue response after induction of a total local necrosis (deep longitudinal injury) . Atherosclerosis 1971;;14:259-276.
27 +
Hardin NJ, Minick CR, Murphy GE:  Experimental induction of athero-arteriosclerosis by the synergy of allergic injury to arteries and lipid-rick diet . Am J Pathol 1973;;73:301-376.
28 +
Ross R, Vogel A:  The platelet-derived growth factor . Cell 1978;;14:203-210.
29 +
Clawson CC, White JG:  Platelet interaction with bacteria: II. Fate of the bacteria . Am J Pathol 1971;;65:381-395.
30 +
Clawson CC, White JG, Herzberg MC:  Platelet interaction with bacteria: VI. Contrasting the role of fibrinogen and fibronectin . Am J Hematol 1980;;9:43-53.
31 +
Cazenave JP, Packham MA, Guccione MA, et al:  Inhibition of platelet adherence to damaged surface of rabbit aorta . J Lab Clin Med 1975;;86:551-563.
32 +
Cazenave JP, Packham MA, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, et al:  Thrombosis: Animal and clinical models . Adv Exp Med Biol 1978;;102:31-47.
33 +
Groves HM, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Richardson M, et al:  Platelet interaction with damaged rabbit aorta . Lab Invest 1979;;40:194-200.
34 +
Holmsen H:  Prostaglandin endoperoxidethromboxane synthesis and dense granule secretion as positive feedback loops in the propagation of platelet responses during 'the basic platelet reaction.' Thromb Haemost 1977;;38:1030-1041.
35 +
Triplett DA:  The platelet: A review , in Triplett DA (ed): Platelet Function: Laboratory Evaluation and Clinical Application . Chicago, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 1978;, pp 1-33.
36 +
Hamberg M, Svensson J, Samuelsson B:  Thromboxanes: A new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;; 72:2994-2998.
37 +
Gorman RR:  Modulation of human platelet function by prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 . Fed Proc 1979;;38:83-88.
38 +
Joist JH, Dolezel G, Lloyd JV, et al:  Platelet factor-3 availability and the platelet release reaction . J Lab Clin Med 1974;;84:474-482.
39 +
Haslam RJ, Davidson MML, Davies T, et al:  Regulation of blood platelet function by cyclic nucleotides . Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1978;; 9:533-552.
40 +
Fuster V, Bowie EJ:  Von Willebrand's disease in pigs and atherosclerosis . Ric Clin Lab 1979;;9:319-326.
41 +
Packham MA, Mustard JF:  Pharmacology of platelet-affecting drugs . Circulation 1980;; 62( (suppl 5) ):26-41.
42 +
Packham MA, Mustard JF:  Clinical pharmacology of platelets . Blood 1977;;50:555-573.
43 +
Ardlie NG, Glew G, Schwartz CJ:  Influence of catecholamines on nucleotide-induced platelet aggregation . Nature 1966;;212:415-417.
44 +
Haft JI, Kranz PD, Albert FJ, et al:  Intravascular platelet aggregation in the heart induced by norepinephrine . Circulation 1972;; 46:698-708.
45 +
Haft JI, Gershengorn K, Kranz PD, et al:  Protection against epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis by drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation . Am J Cardiol 1972;;30:838-843.
46 +
Folts JD, Crowell EB, Rowe LL:  Platelet aggregation in partially obstructed vessels and its elimination with aspirin . Circulation 1976;; 54:365-370.
47 +
Folts JD, Rowe LL:  Platelet aggregation in stenosed coronaries: Mechanism of sudden death?  Abstracted. Am J Cardiol 1978;;41:425.
48 +
Moschos CB, Lahiri K, Lyons M, et al:  Relation of microcirculatory thrombosis to thrombus in the proximal coronary artery: Effect of aspirin, dipyridamole, and thrombolysis . Am Heart J 1973;;86:61-68.
49 +
Haerem JW:  Sudden, unexpected coronary death: The occurrence of platelet aggregates in the epicardial and myocardial vessels of man . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1978;;265( (suppl) ):1-47.
50 +
Chandler AB, Chapman I, Erhardt LR, et al:  Coronary thrombosis in myocardial infarction: Report of a workshop on the role of coronary thrombosis in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction . Am J Cardiol 1974;; 34:823-833.
51 +
Taylor B, Spillers C, Nishizawa E, et al:  Effect of exercise and epinephrine infusion on platelet count and in vitro platelet aggregation,  abstracted. Clin Res 1979;;27:641.
52 +
Ozge AH, Mustard JF:  The effect of repeated adrenaline injection on blood coagulation and platelet economy in rabbits . Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the International Society of Hematology, Mexico City, 1964 .
53 +
Haft JI, Arkel YS:  Effect of emotional stress on platelet aggregation in humans . Chest 1976;;70:501-505.
54 +
Arkel YS, Haft JI, Kreutner W, et al:  Alteration in second phase platelet aggregation associated with an emotionally stressful activity . Thromb Haemost 1977;;38:552-561.
55 +
Reches A, Eldor A, Salomon Y:  Heparin inhibits PGE1-sensitive adenylate cyclase and antagonizes PGE, antiaggregating effect in human platelets . J Lab Clin Med 1979;;93:638-644.
56 +
Swank RL:  The screen filtration pressure method in platelet research: Significance and interpretation . Ser Haematol 1968;;1:146-167.
57 +
Yamazaki H, Numano F, Shimamoto T:  Platelet aggregability, estrogen and thrombosis . Thromb Haemost 1974;;60( (suppl) ):231-237.
58 +
Moncada S, Gryglewski R, Bunting S, et al:  An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation . Nature 1976;;263:663-665.
59 +
Moncada S, Vane JR:  The role of prostacyclin in vascular tissue . Fed Proc 1979;;38:66-71
60 +
Cazenave J-P, Dejana E, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, et al:  Prostaglandins I, and E, reduce rabbit and human platelet adherence without inhibiting serotonin release from adherent platelets . Thromb Res 1979;;15:273-279.
61 +
Higgs EA, Moncada S, Vane JR, et al:  Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelet adhesion to rabbit arterial subendothelium . Prostaglandins 1978;;16:17-22.
62 +
Weiss HJ, Turitto VT:  Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI,) inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium . Blood 1979;;53:244-250.
63 +
Ehrman M, Jaffe EA, Weksler BB:  Prostacyclin (PGI,) inhibits the development in platelets of ADP and arachidonate-mediated shape change and procoagulant activity , abstracted. Clin Res 1979;;27:293.
64 +
Svensson J, Fredholm BB:  Vasoconstrictor effect of thromboxane A2 . Acta Physiol Scand 1977;;101:366-368.
65 +
Hammerschmidt DE:  Szechwan purpura . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:1191-1193.
66 +
Makheja AN, Bailey JM:  Identification of the antiplatelet substance in Chinese black tree fungus . N Engl J Med 1981;;304:175.
67 +
Schrecker E, Schrecker J, Chiang J-F: Mrs Chiang's Scechwan Cookbook . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1976;; pp 34-35, 220-224.
68 +
Bordia A:  Effect of garlic on human platelet aggregation in vitro . Atherosclerosis 1978;;30:355-360.
69 +
Makheja AN, Vanderhoek JY, Bailey JM:  Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis by onion and garlic . Lancet 1979;; 1:781.
70 +
Ariga T, Oshiba S, Tamada T:  Platelet aggregation inhibitor in garlic . Lancet 1981;; 1:150-151.
71 +
Dorso CR, Levin RI, Eldor A, et al:  Chinese food and platelets . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:756-757.
72 +
Nordøy A:  Lipids as triggering factors in thrombosis . Thromb Haemost 1976;;35:32-48.
73 +
Horlick L:  Platelet adhesiveness in normal persons and subjects with atherosclerosis: Effects of high fat meals and anticoagulants on the adhesive index . Am J Cardiol 1961;;8:459-470.
74 +
Nordoy A, Rodset JM:  Platelet function and platelet phospholipids in patients with hyperbeta lipoproteinemia . Acta Med Scand 1971;;189:385-389.
75 +
Carvalho ACA, Colman RW, Lees RS:  Platelet function in hyperlipoproteinemia . N Engl J Med 1974;;290:434-438.
76 +
Colman RW:  Platelet function in hyperbetalipoproteinemia . Thromb Haemost 1978;; 39:284-293.
77 +
Harker LA, Hazzard W:  Platelet kinetic studies in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia: Effects of clofibrate therapy . Circulation 1979;; 60:492-496.
78 +
Dyberg J, Bang HO:  Lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and haemostasis in Eskimos: The role of the prostaglandin-3 family . Haemostasis 1979;;8:227-233.
79 +
Siess W, Roth P, Scherer B, et al:  Plateletmembrane fatty acids, platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation during a mackerel diet . Lancet 1980;;1:441-444.
80 +
Levine PH:  An acute effect of cigarette smoking on platelet function . Circulation 1973;; 48:619-623.
81 +
Mustard JF, Murphy EA:  Effect of smoking on blood coagulation and platelet survival in man . Br Med J 1963;;1:846-849.
82 +
Rohrer TF, Pfister B, Weber C, et al:  Quantitative changes in platelet aggregation due to physiological and pathological factors and medication . Blut 1978;;36:21-26.
83 +
Mills DCB, Smith JB:  The influence on platelet aggregation of drugs that affect the accumulation of adenosine-3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate in platelets . Biochem J 1971;;121:185-196.
84 +
Moolton SE, Jennings PB, Solden A:  Dietary fat and platelet adhesiveness in arteriosclerosis and diabetes . Am J Cardiol 1963;;11:290-300.
85 +
Sagel J, Colwell JA, Crook L, et al:  Increased platelet aggregation in early diabetes mellitus . Ann Intern Med 1975;;82:733-738.
86 +
Kwaan HC, Colwell JA, Cruz S, et al:  Increased platelet aggregation in diabetes mellitus . J Lab Clin Med 1972;;80:236-246.
87 +
Steele PP, Welily HS, Davies H, et al:  Platelet function studies in coronary artery disease . Circulation 1973;;48:1194-1200.
88 +
Hampton JF, Gorlin R:  Platelet studies in patients with coronary disease and in their relatives . Br Heart J 1972;;34:465-471.
89 +
Salky N, Dugdale M:  Platelet abnormalities in ischemic heart disease . Am J Cardiol 1973;;32:612-617.
90 +
Wu KK, Hoak JC:  Increased platelet aggregates in patients with transient ischemic attacks . Stroke 1975;;6:521-524.
91 +
Bang NU, Trygstad CW, Schroeder JE, et al:  Enhanced platelet function in glomerular disease . J Lab Clin Med 1973;;81:651-660.
92 +
Harbury CB, Schrier SL:  The effect of a partial release reaction on subsequent platelet function . J Lab Clin Med 1974;;83:877-886.
93 +
O'Brien JR, Etherington M, Jamieson S:  Refractory state of platelet aggregation with major operations . Lancet 1971;;1:741-743.
94 +
Lackner H:  Hemostatic abnormalities associated with dysproteinemias . Semin Hematol 1973;;10:125-133.
95 +
Sherry S:  Mechanisms of fibrinolysis , in Williams W, Beutler E, Erslev A, et al (eds): Hematology , ed 2. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1977;, pp 1294-1305.
96 +
Semeraro N, Colucci M, Vermylen J:  Complement-dependent and complement-independent interactions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and mucopeptide with rabbit and human platelets . Thromb Haemost 1979;;41:392-406.
97 +
Sutor AH, Bowie EJW, Owen CA:  Effect of temperature on hemostasis . Blut 1970;;22:27-34.
98 +
Newhouse P, Clark C:  The variability of platelet aggregation , in Triplett DA (ed): Platelet Function: Laboratory Evaluation and Clinical Application . Chicago, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 1978;, pp 63-107.
99 +
Kuramoto A, Taketomi Y, Ihara A, et al:  Effect of radiation and inhibitors on platelet metabolism and function . Thromb Haemost 1974;; 60( (suppl) ):301-309.
100 +
Cowan DH, Graham RC, Shook P:  Hyperosmolality: A factor in ethanol-related platelet dysfunction . Semin Hematol 1976;;13:103-114.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Haft JI:  Role of blood platelets in coronary artery disease . Am J Cardiol 1979;;43:1197-1206.
2 +
Elwood PC, Cochrane AL, Burr ML, et al:  A randomized controlled trial of acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction . Br Med J 1974;; 1:436-440.
3 +
 A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke, Canadian Cooperative Study Group . N Engl J Med 1978;; 299:53-59.
4 +
Elwood PC, Sweetnam PM:  Aspirin and secondary mortality after myocardial infarction . Lancet 1979;;2:1313-1315.
5 +
 A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in persons recovered from myocardial infarction, Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study Research Group . JAMA 1980;;243:661-669.
6 +
 Sulfinpyrazone and the prevention of sudden death after myocardial infarction, The Anturane Reinfarction Trial Research Group . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:250-256.
7 +
 Aspirin in coronary heart disease, Coronary Drug Project Research Group . J Chronic Dis 1976;;29:625-642.
8 +
 Regular aspirin intake and acute myocardial infarction, Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Group . Br Med J 1974;;1:440-443.
9 +
 Proceedings of the Workshop on PlateletActive Drugs in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events . Circulation 1980;;62:1-135.
10 +
Friedman GD, Klatsky AL, Sieglaub AB:  The leukocyte count as a predictor of myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1974;;290:1275-1278.
11 +
Zalokar JB, Richard JL, Claude JR:  Leukocyte count, smoking and myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1981;;304:465-468.
12 +
Shoenfeld Y, Pinkhas J:  Leukopenia and low incidence of myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med 1981;;304:1606.
13 +
Hammerschmidt DE, Greenberg CS, Craddock PR, et al:  Cholesterol and atheroma lipids activate complement and stimulate granulocytes: A possible mechanism for amplification of ischemic injury in atherosclerotic states . J Lab Clin Med 1981;;98:68-77.
14 +
Flynn PJ, Becker WK, Weisdorf DJ, et al:  A mechanism for reduction of experimental myocardial infarct size by ibuprofen . Circ Shock 1980;;7:187.
15 +
Wolinsky H:  Atherosclerosis , in Beeson P, McDermott W, Wyngaarden J, (eds): Cecil's Textbook of Medicine , ed 15. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1979;, p 1221.
16 +
Donné A:  De l'origine des globules du sang, de leur mode de formation et de leur fin . C R Acad Sci 1842;;14:366.
17 +
Bizzozero G:  Sur un nouvel élément morphologique du sang chez les mammiféres et sur son importance dans la thrombose et dans la coagulation . Arch Ital Biol 1882;;1:1.
18 +
Eberth JD, Schimmelbusch C:  Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Thrombose . Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1886;;103:39.
19 +
Born GVR:  Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal . Nature 1962;;194:927-929.
20 +
Salzman EW:  Measurement of platelet adhesiveness: A simple in vitro technique demonstrating an abnormality in von Willebrand's disease . J Lab Clin Med 1963;;62:724-735.
21 +
Hartmann RC:  Tests of platelet adhesiveness and their clinical significance . Semin Hematol 1968;;5:60-72.
22 +
Jorgensen L, Rowsell HC, Hovlg T, et al:  Adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation and myocardial infarction in swine . Lab Invest 1967;;17:616-644.
23 +
Ross R, Glomset JA:  The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis . N Engl J Med 1976;;295:369-377.
24 +
Harker LA, Slichter SJ, Scott CR, et al:  Homocystinemia: Vascular injury and arterial thrombosis . N Engl J Med 1974;;291:537-543.
25 +
Mustard JF, Packham MA, Rowsell HC:  The role of thrombogenic factors in atherosclerosis . Ann NY Acad Sci 1968;;149:848-859.
26 +
Byorkervd S, Bondjers G:  Arterial repair and atherosclerosis after mechanical injury: II. Tissue response after induction of a total local necrosis (deep longitudinal injury) . Atherosclerosis 1971;;14:259-276.
27 +
Hardin NJ, Minick CR, Murphy GE:  Experimental induction of athero-arteriosclerosis by the synergy of allergic injury to arteries and lipid-rick diet . Am J Pathol 1973;;73:301-376.
28 +
Ross R, Vogel A:  The platelet-derived growth factor . Cell 1978;;14:203-210.
29 +
Clawson CC, White JG:  Platelet interaction with bacteria: II. Fate of the bacteria . Am J Pathol 1971;;65:381-395.
30 +
Clawson CC, White JG, Herzberg MC:  Platelet interaction with bacteria: VI. Contrasting the role of fibrinogen and fibronectin . Am J Hematol 1980;;9:43-53.
31 +
Cazenave JP, Packham MA, Guccione MA, et al:  Inhibition of platelet adherence to damaged surface of rabbit aorta . J Lab Clin Med 1975;;86:551-563.
32 +
Cazenave JP, Packham MA, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, et al:  Thrombosis: Animal and clinical models . Adv Exp Med Biol 1978;;102:31-47.
33 +
Groves HM, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Richardson M, et al:  Platelet interaction with damaged rabbit aorta . Lab Invest 1979;;40:194-200.
34 +
Holmsen H:  Prostaglandin endoperoxidethromboxane synthesis and dense granule secretion as positive feedback loops in the propagation of platelet responses during 'the basic platelet reaction.' Thromb Haemost 1977;;38:1030-1041.
35 +
Triplett DA:  The platelet: A review , in Triplett DA (ed): Platelet Function: Laboratory Evaluation and Clinical Application . Chicago, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 1978;, pp 1-33.
36 +
Hamberg M, Svensson J, Samuelsson B:  Thromboxanes: A new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;; 72:2994-2998.
37 +
Gorman RR:  Modulation of human platelet function by prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 . Fed Proc 1979;;38:83-88.
38 +
Joist JH, Dolezel G, Lloyd JV, et al:  Platelet factor-3 availability and the platelet release reaction . J Lab Clin Med 1974;;84:474-482.
39 +
Haslam RJ, Davidson MML, Davies T, et al:  Regulation of blood platelet function by cyclic nucleotides . Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1978;; 9:533-552.
40 +
Fuster V, Bowie EJ:  Von Willebrand's disease in pigs and atherosclerosis . Ric Clin Lab 1979;;9:319-326.
41 +
Packham MA, Mustard JF:  Pharmacology of platelet-affecting drugs . Circulation 1980;; 62( (suppl 5) ):26-41.
42 +
Packham MA, Mustard JF:  Clinical pharmacology of platelets . Blood 1977;;50:555-573.
43 +
Ardlie NG, Glew G, Schwartz CJ:  Influence of catecholamines on nucleotide-induced platelet aggregation . Nature 1966;;212:415-417.
44 +
Haft JI, Kranz PD, Albert FJ, et al:  Intravascular platelet aggregation in the heart induced by norepinephrine . Circulation 1972;; 46:698-708.
45 +
Haft JI, Gershengorn K, Kranz PD, et al:  Protection against epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis by drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation . Am J Cardiol 1972;;30:838-843.
46 +
Folts JD, Crowell EB, Rowe LL:  Platelet aggregation in partially obstructed vessels and its elimination with aspirin . Circulation 1976;; 54:365-370.
47 +
Folts JD, Rowe LL:  Platelet aggregation in stenosed coronaries: Mechanism of sudden death?  Abstracted. Am J Cardiol 1978;;41:425.
48 +
Moschos CB, Lahiri K, Lyons M, et al:  Relation of microcirculatory thrombosis to thrombus in the proximal coronary artery: Effect of aspirin, dipyridamole, and thrombolysis . Am Heart J 1973;;86:61-68.
49 +
Haerem JW:  Sudden, unexpected coronary death: The occurrence of platelet aggregates in the epicardial and myocardial vessels of man . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1978;;265( (suppl) ):1-47.
50 +
Chandler AB, Chapman I, Erhardt LR, et al:  Coronary thrombosis in myocardial infarction: Report of a workshop on the role of coronary thrombosis in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction . Am J Cardiol 1974;; 34:823-833.
51 +
Taylor B, Spillers C, Nishizawa E, et al:  Effect of exercise and epinephrine infusion on platelet count and in vitro platelet aggregation,  abstracted. Clin Res 1979;;27:641.
52 +
Ozge AH, Mustard JF:  The effect of repeated adrenaline injection on blood coagulation and platelet economy in rabbits . Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the International Society of Hematology, Mexico City, 1964 .
53 +
Haft JI, Arkel YS:  Effect of emotional stress on platelet aggregation in humans . Chest 1976;;70:501-505.
54 +
Arkel YS, Haft JI, Kreutner W, et al:  Alteration in second phase platelet aggregation associated with an emotionally stressful activity . Thromb Haemost 1977;;38:552-561.
55 +
Reches A, Eldor A, Salomon Y:  Heparin inhibits PGE1-sensitive adenylate cyclase and antagonizes PGE, antiaggregating effect in human platelets . J Lab Clin Med 1979;;93:638-644.
56 +
Swank RL:  The screen filtration pressure method in platelet research: Significance and interpretation . Ser Haematol 1968;;1:146-167.
57 +
Yamazaki H, Numano F, Shimamoto T:  Platelet aggregability, estrogen and thrombosis . Thromb Haemost 1974;;60( (suppl) ):231-237.
58 +
Moncada S, Gryglewski R, Bunting S, et al:  An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation . Nature 1976;;263:663-665.
59 +
Moncada S, Vane JR:  The role of prostacyclin in vascular tissue . Fed Proc 1979;;38:66-71
60 +
Cazenave J-P, Dejana E, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, et al:  Prostaglandins I, and E, reduce rabbit and human platelet adherence without inhibiting serotonin release from adherent platelets . Thromb Res 1979;;15:273-279.
61 +
Higgs EA, Moncada S, Vane JR, et al:  Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelet adhesion to rabbit arterial subendothelium . Prostaglandins 1978;;16:17-22.
62 +
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63 +
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65 +
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72 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
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BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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