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May 7, 1982, Vol 247, No. 17 >
ARTICLE | May 7, 1982

Food Peptides: Title and subTitle BreakA New Class of Hormones? FREE

John E. Morley, MB, BCh
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 (Dr Morley).


JAMA. 1982;247(17):2379-2380. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320420029026
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References

THE CONCEPT of chemical messengers or "hormones" was first recognized with the pioneering studies of Bayliss and Starling1 in 1902 when they showed that perfusion of the intestine with acid resulted in pancreatic secretion, and that injections of crude extracts of duodenal mucosa produced a similar stimulation of the pancreas. Classically, a hormone has been defined as "any substance normally produced in the cells of some part of the body and carried by the blood to distant parts, which it affects for the good of the organism as a whole."1 With the increasing recognition that many hormones act locally as well as at distant sites, hormones have been operationally defined as "chemical messengers which are dissolved in extracellular fluid and carry information between cells."2 Recent studies have suggested that we may have to modify further our concept of what a hormone is and how it reaches its

REFERENCES

1 +
Bayliss WM, Starling EH:  Croonian lecture: The chemical regulation of the secretory process . Proc R Soc Lond 1904;;73:310-324.
2 +
Brugi H:  General aspects of endocrinology , in Labhart A (ed): Clinical Endocrinology: Theory and Practice . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974;, pp 1-26.
3 +
Dohan FC, Grasberger JC:  Relapsed schizophrenics: Earlier discharge from hospital after cereal-free milk-free diet . Am J Psychiatry 1973;; 130:685-688.
4 +
Singh MM, Kay SR:  Wheat gluten as a pathogenic factor in schizophrenia . Science 1976;;191:401-402.
5 +
Zioudrou C, Streaty RA, Klee WA:  Opioid peptides derived from food proteins: The exorphins . J Biol Chem 1979;;254:2446-2449.
6 +
Brantl V, Teschemacher H:  A material with opioid activity in bovine milk and milk products . Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1979;; 306:301-304.
7 +
Brantl V, Teschemacher H, Henschen A, et al:  Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (β-casomorphin) . Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1979;;360:1211-1216.
8 +
Hemmings WA:  The entry into the brain of large molecules derived from dietary protein . Proc R Soc Lond 1978;;200:175-192.
9 +
Hemmings C, Hemmings WA, Patey AI, et al:  The ingestion of dietary protein as large molecular mass degradation products in adult rats . Proc R Soc Lond 1977;;198:439-453.
10 +
Brantl V, Teschemacher H, Blasig J, et al:  Opioid activities of β-casomorphins . Life Sci 1981;;28:1903-1909.
11 +
Chang K-J, Killian A, Hazum E, et al:  Morphiceptin (NH4-tyrpro-phe-pro-CONH2): A potent and specific agonist for morphine (μ) receptors . Science 1981;;212:75-76.
12 +
Schusdziarra V, Henrichs I, Holland A, et al:  Evidence for an effect of exorphins on plasma insulin and glucagon levels in dogs . Diabetes 1981;;30:362-364.
13 +
Morley JE:  The endocrinology of the opiates and opioid peptides . Metabolism 1981;;30:195-209.
14 +
Jackson IMD:  Abundance of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like material in the alfalfa plant . Endocrinology 1981;;108:344-346.
15 +
Morley JE, Mayer N, Pekary AE, et al:  Immunocharacteristics similar to thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) is present in rat pituitary tumors (GH3 and W5), testicular tissue, and a plant material, alfalfa . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980;;96:47-53.
16 +
Masson MA, Moreau O, Debuire B, et al:  Evidence for the resistance of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and pseudo-hormone, pyroglutamyl histidyl-amphetamine, to degradation by enzymes of the digestive tract in vitro . Biochemie 1979;;61:847-852.
17 +
Staub JJ, Girard J, Mueller-Brand J, et al:  Blunting of TSH response after repeated oral administration of TRH in normal and hypothyroid subjects . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;;46:260-263.
18 +
Morley JE, Garvin TJ, Pekary AE, et al:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the gastrointestinal tract . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977;;79:314-318.
19 +
Dolva O, Hanssen KF, Berstad A:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone inhibits the pentagastrin stimulated secretion in man: A dose response study . Clin Endocrinol 1979;;10:281-286.
20 +
Morley JE, Steinbach JH, Feldman EJ, et al:  The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the gastrointestinal tract . Life Sci 1979;;24:1059-1066.
21 +
Hutton SW, Morley JE, Parent MK, et al:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone suppresses gastric acid output in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and systemic mastocytosis . Am J Med 1981;;71:957-960.
22 +
Gullo L, Labo G:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion in humans . Gastroenterology 1981;;80:735-739.
23 +
Morley JE:  Extrahypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)—its distribution and its functions . Life Sci 1979;;25:1539-1550.
24 +
Fukushima M, Watanabe S, Kushima K:  Extraction and purification of a substance with luteinizing hormone-releasing activity from leaves of Avena sativa . Tohoku J Exp Med 1976;;119:115-119.
25 +
Shinsky CA, Martin JL, Wolfe MM, et al:  Do gut peptides work solely through an endocrine mechanism? Alteration of intestinal motility after luminal infusion of cholecystokinin , abstracted. Clin Res 1981;;29:312.

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1 +
Bayliss WM, Starling EH:  Croonian lecture: The chemical regulation of the secretory process . Proc R Soc Lond 1904;;73:310-324.
2 +
Brugi H:  General aspects of endocrinology , in Labhart A (ed): Clinical Endocrinology: Theory and Practice . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974;, pp 1-26.
3 +
Dohan FC, Grasberger JC:  Relapsed schizophrenics: Earlier discharge from hospital after cereal-free milk-free diet . Am J Psychiatry 1973;; 130:685-688.
4 +
Singh MM, Kay SR:  Wheat gluten as a pathogenic factor in schizophrenia . Science 1976;;191:401-402.
5 +
Zioudrou C, Streaty RA, Klee WA:  Opioid peptides derived from food proteins: The exorphins . J Biol Chem 1979;;254:2446-2449.
6 +
Brantl V, Teschemacher H:  A material with opioid activity in bovine milk and milk products . Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1979;; 306:301-304.
7 +
Brantl V, Teschemacher H, Henschen A, et al:  Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (β-casomorphin) . Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1979;;360:1211-1216.
8 +
Hemmings WA:  The entry into the brain of large molecules derived from dietary protein . Proc R Soc Lond 1978;;200:175-192.
9 +
Hemmings C, Hemmings WA, Patey AI, et al:  The ingestion of dietary protein as large molecular mass degradation products in adult rats . Proc R Soc Lond 1977;;198:439-453.
10 +
Brantl V, Teschemacher H, Blasig J, et al:  Opioid activities of β-casomorphins . Life Sci 1981;;28:1903-1909.
11 +
Chang K-J, Killian A, Hazum E, et al:  Morphiceptin (NH4-tyrpro-phe-pro-CONH2): A potent and specific agonist for morphine (μ) receptors . Science 1981;;212:75-76.
12 +
Schusdziarra V, Henrichs I, Holland A, et al:  Evidence for an effect of exorphins on plasma insulin and glucagon levels in dogs . Diabetes 1981;;30:362-364.
13 +
Morley JE:  The endocrinology of the opiates and opioid peptides . Metabolism 1981;;30:195-209.
14 +
Jackson IMD:  Abundance of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like material in the alfalfa plant . Endocrinology 1981;;108:344-346.
15 +
Morley JE, Mayer N, Pekary AE, et al:  Immunocharacteristics similar to thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) is present in rat pituitary tumors (GH3 and W5), testicular tissue, and a plant material, alfalfa . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980;;96:47-53.
16 +
Masson MA, Moreau O, Debuire B, et al:  Evidence for the resistance of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and pseudo-hormone, pyroglutamyl histidyl-amphetamine, to degradation by enzymes of the digestive tract in vitro . Biochemie 1979;;61:847-852.
17 +
Staub JJ, Girard J, Mueller-Brand J, et al:  Blunting of TSH response after repeated oral administration of TRH in normal and hypothyroid subjects . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;;46:260-263.
18 +
Morley JE, Garvin TJ, Pekary AE, et al:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the gastrointestinal tract . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977;;79:314-318.
19 +
Dolva O, Hanssen KF, Berstad A:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone inhibits the pentagastrin stimulated secretion in man: A dose response study . Clin Endocrinol 1979;;10:281-286.
20 +
Morley JE, Steinbach JH, Feldman EJ, et al:  The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the gastrointestinal tract . Life Sci 1979;;24:1059-1066.
21 +
Hutton SW, Morley JE, Parent MK, et al:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone suppresses gastric acid output in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and systemic mastocytosis . Am J Med 1981;;71:957-960.
22 +
Gullo L, Labo G:  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion in humans . Gastroenterology 1981;;80:735-739.
23 +
Morley JE:  Extrahypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)—its distribution and its functions . Life Sci 1979;;25:1539-1550.
24 +
Fukushima M, Watanabe S, Kushima K:  Extraction and purification of a substance with luteinizing hormone-releasing activity from leaves of Avena sativa . Tohoku J Exp Med 1976;;119:115-119.
25 +
Shinsky CA, Martin JL, Wolfe MM, et al:  Do gut peptides work solely through an endocrine mechanism? Alteration of intestinal motility after luminal infusion of cholecystokinin , abstracted. Clin Res 1981;;29:312.

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