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ARTICLE |

The Professional Identities of Women Physicians FREE

Carlotta M. Rinke, MD
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Reprint requests to Division of Scientific Publications, American Medical Association, 535 N Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60610 (Dr Rinke).


JAMA. 1981;245(23):2419-2421. doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03310480035023
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THE ADMISSION gates are ajar for women now applying to medical school. In 1979-1980, 28% of all first-year medical students were women, a record-breaking number. To the undiscerning eye it may seem that the major obstacles to women entering the medical profession are vanishing. Unknown to many, however, the graduating classes of Boston medical schools in 1893-1894 comprised 23.7% women. This resulted in a peak of 18% women physicians of the total Boston medical community at the turn of the century, 1900-1901. Few may know of women's participation in the medical profession during that era, but most are keenly aware of the small numbers that followed and endured. During the post-World War II period, the number of all women graduates lingered at 5%.1

History has a way of repeating itself, and the fact that medical schools have now accepted an unprecedented number of women students does not signify the

REFERENCES

Walsh MR: 'Doctor Wanted: No Women Need Apply': Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession 1835-1975 . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1977;.
Ortiz FI:  Women and medicine: The process of professional incorporation . J Am Med Wom Assoc 1975;;30:18-30.
White MS:  Psychological and social barriers to women in science . Science 1970;;170:413-416.
Batt R:  Creating a professional identity . Am J Psychoanal 1972;;32:156-162.
Hennig M, Jardin A: The Managerial Women . New York, Doubleday & Co Inc, 1977;.
Notman M, Nadelson CC:  Medicine: A career conflict for women . Am J Psychiatry 1973;;130:1123-1127.
Bourne PG, Wikler NJ:  Commitment and the cultural mandate: Women in medicine . Soc Probl 1978;;25:430-440.
Baruch GK, Barnett RC:  Implications and applications of recent research on feminine development . Psychiatry 1975;;38:318-326.
Hilberman E, Konanc J, Perez-Reyes M, et al:  Support groups for women in medical school: A first year program . J Med Educ 1975;;50:867-875
Roeske NA, Lake K:  Role models for women medical students . J Med Educ 1977;; 52:459-466.
Standley S, Soule B:  Women in professions: Historic antecedents and current life-styles , in Hardy RE, Cull JC (eds): Career Guidance for Young Women . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1974;, pp 3-16.
Heins M, Hendricks J, Martindale L, et al:  Attitudes of men and women physicians . Am J Public Health 1979;;69:1132-1139.

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Walsh MR: 'Doctor Wanted: No Women Need Apply': Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession 1835-1975 . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1977;.
Ortiz FI:  Women and medicine: The process of professional incorporation . J Am Med Wom Assoc 1975;;30:18-30.
White MS:  Psychological and social barriers to women in science . Science 1970;;170:413-416.
Batt R:  Creating a professional identity . Am J Psychoanal 1972;;32:156-162.
Hennig M, Jardin A: The Managerial Women . New York, Doubleday & Co Inc, 1977;.
Notman M, Nadelson CC:  Medicine: A career conflict for women . Am J Psychiatry 1973;;130:1123-1127.
Bourne PG, Wikler NJ:  Commitment and the cultural mandate: Women in medicine . Soc Probl 1978;;25:430-440.
Baruch GK, Barnett RC:  Implications and applications of recent research on feminine development . Psychiatry 1975;;38:318-326.
Hilberman E, Konanc J, Perez-Reyes M, et al:  Support groups for women in medical school: A first year program . J Med Educ 1975;;50:867-875
Roeske NA, Lake K:  Role models for women medical students . J Med Educ 1977;; 52:459-466.
Standley S, Soule B:  Women in professions: Historic antecedents and current life-styles , in Hardy RE, Cull JC (eds): Career Guidance for Young Women . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1974;, pp 3-16.
Heins M, Hendricks J, Martindale L, et al:  Attitudes of men and women physicians . Am J Public Health 1979;;69:1132-1139.
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