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September 15, 1978, Vol 240, No. 12 >
ARTICLE | September 15, 1978

Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes: Title and subTitle BreakCurrent Advances FREE

Gio B. Gori, PhD; Cornelius J. Lynch, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute, Public Health Service.

Reprint requests to Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bldg 31, Room 11A03, Bethesda, MD 20014 (Dr Gori).


JAMA. 1978;240(12):1255-1259. doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03290120049025
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References

Critical levels of selected cigarette smoke constituents have been expressed in terms of maximum numbers of pre-1960 cigarettes that a smoker may consume daily without increasing his mortality risk substantially above that of a nonsmoker. This could still imply an important risk, although it may be difficult to detect. We relate these levels to the yields of 27 current low tar and nicotine commercial cigarettes, as measured at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In addition, the yields of these selected constituents concomitant with the yield of 1 mg of nicotine are provided as a guide for the smoker who titrates or adjusts his smoking pattern to accommodate a fixed daily intake of nicotine.

(JAMA 240:1255-1259, 1978)

REFERENCES

1 +
Smoking and Health Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Services , publication 1103. Public Health Service, 1974;.
2 +
Anderson EW, Andelman EJ, Strauch JM, et al:  Effect of low-level carbon monoxide exposure on onset and duration of angina pectoris: A study in ten patients with ischemic heart disease . Ann Intern Med 79:46-50, 1973;.
3 +
Auerbach 0, Stout AP, Hammond ED, et al:  Histologic changes in esophagus in relation to smoking habits . Arch Environ Health 11:4-15, 1965;.
4 +
Aronow WS:  Smoking, carbon monoxide, and coronary heart disease . Circulation 48:1169-1172, 1973;.
5 +
Aronow WS, Swanson AJ:  The effect of low-nicotine cigarettes on angina pectoris . Ann Intern Med 71:599-601, 1969;.
6 +
Doll R, Hill AB:  Mortality in relation to smoking: Ten years' observations of British doctors . Br Med J 1:1460-1467, 1964;.
7 +
Fraumeni JF Jr:  Cigarette smoking and cancers of the urinary tract: Geographic variation in the United States . J Natl Cancer Inst 41:1205-1211, 1968;.
8 +
Gross P, de Trexille RTP, Babyak MA, et al:  Experimental emphysema: Effects of chronic nitrogen dioxide exposure and papain in normal and pneumoconiotic lungs . Arch Environ Health 16:51-58, 1968;.
9 +
Hammond EC:  Smoking in relation to the death rates on 1 million men and women , in Haenszel W (ed): Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Cancer and Other Diseases , monograph 19. Bethesda, Md, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, 1966;, pp 127-204.
10 +
Kahn HA:  The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among US veterans: Report on 8 1/2 years of observation , in Haenszel W (ed): Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Cancer and Other Diseases , monograph 19. Bethesda, Md, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, 1966;.
11 +
Krain LS:  Crossing of the mortality curves for stomach and pancreatic carcinoma . Int Surg 57:307-310, 1972;.
12 +
Morrow RC, Suarex G:  Mucosal changes and cancer in intraoral smoking . Laryngoscope 81:1020-1028, 1971;.
13 +
Wynder EL, Mabuchi K, Maruchi N, et al:  Epidemiology of cancer of the pancreas . Natl Cancer Inst 50:645:667, 1973;.
14 +
Maxwell JC Jr:  The 1976 Maxwell report . Tobacco Rep 103:16-17, 1976;.
15 +
Gori GB:  Low risk cigarettes: A prescription . Science 194:1243-1246, 1976;.
16 +
Griest WH, Quincy RB, Guerin MW: Selected Constituents in the Smoke of Domestic Low Tar Cigarettes , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, technical memorandum No. 6144, part (1) . Oak Ridge, Tenn, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1977;.
17 +
Harris RW: How To Keep on Smoking and Live . Lincoln, Mass, Chestnut Publications, 1976;.
18 +
Russell MAH, Wilson C, Patel VA, et al:  Comparison of effect on tobacco consumption and carbon monoxide absorption of changing to high and low nicotine cigarettes . Br Med J 4:512, 1973;.
19 +
Weber KH:  Recent changes in tobacco products and their acceptance by the consumer . Proceedings of the 6th International Tobacco Conference, Coresta, Tokyo, 1976 , pp 47-63.
20 +
Gori GB: Smoking and Health Program: National Cancer Institute Status Report, December 1977 . Bethesda, Md, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, 1977;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Smoking and Health Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Services , publication 1103. Public Health Service, 1974;.
2 +
Anderson EW, Andelman EJ, Strauch JM, et al:  Effect of low-level carbon monoxide exposure on onset and duration of angina pectoris: A study in ten patients with ischemic heart disease . Ann Intern Med 79:46-50, 1973;.
3 +
Auerbach 0, Stout AP, Hammond ED, et al:  Histologic changes in esophagus in relation to smoking habits . Arch Environ Health 11:4-15, 1965;.
4 +
Aronow WS:  Smoking, carbon monoxide, and coronary heart disease . Circulation 48:1169-1172, 1973;.
5 +
Aronow WS, Swanson AJ:  The effect of low-nicotine cigarettes on angina pectoris . Ann Intern Med 71:599-601, 1969;.
6 +
Doll R, Hill AB:  Mortality in relation to smoking: Ten years' observations of British doctors . Br Med J 1:1460-1467, 1964;.
7 +
Fraumeni JF Jr:  Cigarette smoking and cancers of the urinary tract: Geographic variation in the United States . J Natl Cancer Inst 41:1205-1211, 1968;.
8 +
Gross P, de Trexille RTP, Babyak MA, et al:  Experimental emphysema: Effects of chronic nitrogen dioxide exposure and papain in normal and pneumoconiotic lungs . Arch Environ Health 16:51-58, 1968;.
9 +
Hammond EC:  Smoking in relation to the death rates on 1 million men and women , in Haenszel W (ed): Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Cancer and Other Diseases , monograph 19. Bethesda, Md, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, 1966;, pp 127-204.
10 +
Kahn HA:  The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among US veterans: Report on 8 1/2 years of observation , in Haenszel W (ed): Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Cancer and Other Diseases , monograph 19. Bethesda, Md, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, 1966;.
11 +
Krain LS:  Crossing of the mortality curves for stomach and pancreatic carcinoma . Int Surg 57:307-310, 1972;.
12 +
Morrow RC, Suarex G:  Mucosal changes and cancer in intraoral smoking . Laryngoscope 81:1020-1028, 1971;.
13 +
Wynder EL, Mabuchi K, Maruchi N, et al:  Epidemiology of cancer of the pancreas . Natl Cancer Inst 50:645:667, 1973;.
14 +
Maxwell JC Jr:  The 1976 Maxwell report . Tobacco Rep 103:16-17, 1976;.
15 +
Gori GB:  Low risk cigarettes: A prescription . Science 194:1243-1246, 1976;.
16 +
Griest WH, Quincy RB, Guerin MW: Selected Constituents in the Smoke of Domestic Low Tar Cigarettes , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, technical memorandum No. 6144, part (1) . Oak Ridge, Tenn, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1977;.
17 +
Harris RW: How To Keep on Smoking and Live . Lincoln, Mass, Chestnut Publications, 1976;.
18 +
Russell MAH, Wilson C, Patel VA, et al:  Comparison of effect on tobacco consumption and carbon monoxide absorption of changing to high and low nicotine cigarettes . Br Med J 4:512, 1973;.
19 +
Weber KH:  Recent changes in tobacco products and their acceptance by the consumer . Proceedings of the 6th International Tobacco Conference, Coresta, Tokyo, 1976 , pp 47-63.
20 +
Gori GB: Smoking and Health Program: National Cancer Institute Status Report, December 1977 . Bethesda, Md, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute, 1977;.

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