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August 16, 1976, Vol 236, No. 7 >
ARTICLE | August 16, 1976

Prolactin in Clinical Practice FREE

Maire T. Buckman, MD; Glenn T. Peake, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Research Service, Albuquerque Veterans Administration Hospital, 2100 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 98108 (Dr Buckman).


JAMA. 1976;236(7):871-874. doi:10.1001/jama.1976.03270080051035
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References

ISOLATION of human prolactin and the development of highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays have allowed precise quantitation of serum prolactin concentrations in humans. Although changes in prolactin secretion have been described in a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions, our understanding of the physiologic effects of prolactin is scant. Only the obligatory role of prolactin in lactation has been established. Since random serum prolactin concentrations are only slightly lower in normal men than in normal women, prolactin may have physiologic effects unrelated to lactation. The kidney1 and the adrenal2 have been suggested as target organs for prolactin action. Further investigative efforts are required to explore the implications of these and other possible physiologic effects of prolactin in man.

Regulation of Prolactin Secretion 

Prolactin-Inhibitory Factor (PIF).—  Prolactin secretion is primarily under tonic hypothalamic inhibitory control (Figure). Although a specific PIF has yet to be isolated, the importance of this

REFERENCES

1 +
Buckman MT, Peake GT, Robertson G:  Hyperprolactinemia influences renal function in man . Metabolism 25:509-516, 1976;.
2 +
Winters AJ, Colston C, MacDonald PC, et al:  Fetal plasma prolactin levels . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:626-629, 1975;.
3 +
Kamberi IA, Mical RS, Poter JC:  Prolactininhibiting activity in hypophysial stalk blood and elevation by dopamine . Experientia 26:1150-1153, 1970;.
4 +
Bowers CY, Friesen HG, Hwang P, et al:  Prolactin and thyrotropin release in man by synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolinamide . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 45:1033-1041, 1971;.
5 +
Barberia JM, Abu-Fadil S, Kletsky OA, et al:  Serum prolactin patterns in early human gestation . Am J Obstet Gynecol 121:1107-1110, 1975;.
6 +
Buckman MT, Peake GT:  Osmolar control of prolactin secretion in man . Science 181:755-756, 1973;.
7 +
Adler RA, Noel GL, Wartofsky L, et al:  Failure of oral water loading and intravenous hypotonic saline to suppress plasma prolactin in man . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:383-389, 1975;.
8 +
Smithline F, Sherman L, Kolodny HD:  Prolactin and breast carcinoma . N Engl J Med 292:784-792, 1972;.
9 +
Forbes AP, Henneman PH, Griswold GC, et al:  Syndrome characterized by galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and low urinary FSH: Comparison with acromegaly and normal lactation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14: 265-271, 1954;.
10 +
Del Pozo E, Varga L, Wyss H, et al:  Clinical and hormonal response to bromocriptin (CB-154) in the galactorrhea syndromes . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:18-26, 1974;.
11 +
Turkington RW:  Serum prolactin levels in patients with gynecomastia . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:62-66, 1972;.
12 +
Tolis G, Goldstein M, Friesen H:  Functional evaluation of prolactin secretion in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders . J Clin Invest 52:783-788, 1973;.
13 +
Snyder PF, Jacobs LS, Rabello MM, et al:  Diagnostic value of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in pituitary and hypothalamic diseases . Ann Intern Med 81:751-757, 1974;.
14 +
Onishi T, Miyai K, Izumi K, et al:  Prolactin response to chlorpromazine and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in hyperthryoidism . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40:30-32, 1975;.
15 +
Friesen H, Tolis G, Shiu R, et al:  Studies on human prolactin: Chemistry, radioreceptor assay and clinical significance , in Pasteels JL, Robyn C (eds): Human Prolactin . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973;, pp 11-23.
16 +
Jacobs LS, Daughaday WH:  Pathophysiology and control of prolactin secretion in patients with pituitary and hypothalamic disease , in Pasteels JL, Robyn C (eds): Human Prolactin . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973;, pp 189-205.
17 +
Pearson OH, Brodkey JS, Kaufman B:  Endocrine evaluation and indications for surgery of functional pituitary adenomas . Clin Neurosurg 21:26-38, 1974;.
18 +
Zarate A, Canales ES, Villalobos H, et al:  Pituitary hormonal reserve in patients presenting hyperprolactinemia, intrasellar masses and amenorrhea without galactorrhea . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40:1034-1037, 1975;.
19 +
Tolis G, Somma M, van Campenhout J, et al:  Prolactin secretion in 65 patients with galactorrhea . Am J Obstet Gynecol 118:91-101, 1974;.
20 +
Ross F, Nusynowitz ML:  A syndrome of primary hypothyroidism, amenorrhea and galactorrhea . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:591-595, 1968;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Buckman MT, Peake GT, Robertson G:  Hyperprolactinemia influences renal function in man . Metabolism 25:509-516, 1976;.
2 +
Winters AJ, Colston C, MacDonald PC, et al:  Fetal plasma prolactin levels . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:626-629, 1975;.
3 +
Kamberi IA, Mical RS, Poter JC:  Prolactininhibiting activity in hypophysial stalk blood and elevation by dopamine . Experientia 26:1150-1153, 1970;.
4 +
Bowers CY, Friesen HG, Hwang P, et al:  Prolactin and thyrotropin release in man by synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolinamide . Biochem Biophys Res Commun 45:1033-1041, 1971;.
5 +
Barberia JM, Abu-Fadil S, Kletsky OA, et al:  Serum prolactin patterns in early human gestation . Am J Obstet Gynecol 121:1107-1110, 1975;.
6 +
Buckman MT, Peake GT:  Osmolar control of prolactin secretion in man . Science 181:755-756, 1973;.
7 +
Adler RA, Noel GL, Wartofsky L, et al:  Failure of oral water loading and intravenous hypotonic saline to suppress plasma prolactin in man . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:383-389, 1975;.
8 +
Smithline F, Sherman L, Kolodny HD:  Prolactin and breast carcinoma . N Engl J Med 292:784-792, 1972;.
9 +
Forbes AP, Henneman PH, Griswold GC, et al:  Syndrome characterized by galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and low urinary FSH: Comparison with acromegaly and normal lactation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14: 265-271, 1954;.
10 +
Del Pozo E, Varga L, Wyss H, et al:  Clinical and hormonal response to bromocriptin (CB-154) in the galactorrhea syndromes . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:18-26, 1974;.
11 +
Turkington RW:  Serum prolactin levels in patients with gynecomastia . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:62-66, 1972;.
12 +
Tolis G, Goldstein M, Friesen H:  Functional evaluation of prolactin secretion in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders . J Clin Invest 52:783-788, 1973;.
13 +
Snyder PF, Jacobs LS, Rabello MM, et al:  Diagnostic value of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in pituitary and hypothalamic diseases . Ann Intern Med 81:751-757, 1974;.
14 +
Onishi T, Miyai K, Izumi K, et al:  Prolactin response to chlorpromazine and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in hyperthryoidism . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40:30-32, 1975;.
15 +
Friesen H, Tolis G, Shiu R, et al:  Studies on human prolactin: Chemistry, radioreceptor assay and clinical significance , in Pasteels JL, Robyn C (eds): Human Prolactin . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973;, pp 11-23.
16 +
Jacobs LS, Daughaday WH:  Pathophysiology and control of prolactin secretion in patients with pituitary and hypothalamic disease , in Pasteels JL, Robyn C (eds): Human Prolactin . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973;, pp 189-205.
17 +
Pearson OH, Brodkey JS, Kaufman B:  Endocrine evaluation and indications for surgery of functional pituitary adenomas . Clin Neurosurg 21:26-38, 1974;.
18 +
Zarate A, Canales ES, Villalobos H, et al:  Pituitary hormonal reserve in patients presenting hyperprolactinemia, intrasellar masses and amenorrhea without galactorrhea . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40:1034-1037, 1975;.
19 +
Tolis G, Somma M, van Campenhout J, et al:  Prolactin secretion in 65 patients with galactorrhea . Am J Obstet Gynecol 118:91-101, 1974;.
20 +
Ross F, Nusynowitz ML:  A syndrome of primary hypothyroidism, amenorrhea and galactorrhea . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:591-595, 1968;.

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