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July 12, 1976, Vol 236, No. 2 >
ARTICLE | July 12, 1976

Physical Fitness Levels vs Selected Coronary Risk Factors: Title and subTitle BreakA Cross-Sectional Study FREE

Kenneth H. Cooper, MD; Michael L. Pollock, PhD; Randolph P. Martin, MD; Steve R. White; Ardell C. Linnerud, PhD; Andrew Jackson, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Institute for Aerobics Research, 11811 Preston Rd, Dallas, TX 75230 (Dr Cooper).


JAMA. 1976;236(2):166-169. doi:10.1001/jama.1976.03270020036021
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References

Several studies show significant correlations of blood variables, weight, abnormal electrocardiograms, and blood pressure with the incidence of coronary heart disease, but the quantification of fitness and its correlation with coronary heart disease is more difficult. In this study, approximately 3,000 men, average age of 44.6 years, were examined for blood and lipid profile, pulmonary function, percent body fat determination, and Balke maximal performance treadmill stress testing with multilead ECG monitoring. Five age-adjusted cardiorespiratory fitness categories were determined from treadmill times. A consistent inverse relationship among physical fitness categories and resting heart rate, body weight, percent body fat, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose, and systolic blood pressure, was observed. Forced vital capacity was directly related to levels of fitness. These results, although cross-sectional, imply that physical fitness is related to lower coronary risk factors.

(JAMA 236:116-169, 1976)

REFERENCES

1 +
Heart Facts . New York, American Heart Association, 1972;.
2 +
Heyden S:  Epidemiology , in Schettle FG, Boyd GS (eds): Atherosclerosis . Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Co, 1969;, pp 169-329.
3 +
Dawber TR:  Risk factors in young adults: The lessons from epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease: Framingham, Tecumseh, and Evans County . J Am Coll Health Assoc 22:84-95, 1973;.
4 +
Kannel W: The Framingham Heart Study: Habits and Coronary Heart Disease, Public Health Service Publication No. 1515. US Government Printing Office, 1966.
5 +
Hames CG, McDonough J, Stubb SC, et al:  Physical activity and ischemic heart disease among negroes and whites in Evans County, Georgia , in Raab W (ed): Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966;, pp 244-253.
6 +
Fox S, Skinner J:  Physical activity and cardiovascular health . Am J Cardiol 14:731-746, 1964;.
7 +
Fox SM, Naughton JP, Haskell WL:  Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease . Ann Clin Res 3:404-432, 1971;.
8 +
Morris JN, Chave SPN, Adam C, et al:  Vigorous exercise in leisure-time and the incidence of coronary heart disease . Lancet 1:333-339, 1973;.
9 +
Paffenbarger RS, Hale WE:  Work activity and coronary heart mortality . N Engl J Med 292:545-550, 1975;.
10 +
Huang TC, Chen CP, Wefler V, et al:  A stable reagent for the Liebermann-Burchard reaction: Application to rapid serum cholesterol determination . Anal Chem 33:1405-1407, 1961;.
11 +
Bittner DL, McCleary ML:  Cupric phenantaroline chelate in the determination of monosaccharides in whole blood . Am J Clin Pathol 40:423-424, 1963;.
12 +
Musser AW, Ortigoza C:  Automated determination of uric acid by the hydroxylamine method . Tech Bull Regist Med Technol 36:21-25, 1966;.
13 +
Kessler G, Lederer H:  Fluorometric measurement of triglycerides , in Skeggs LT (ed): Automation in Analytical Chemistry, Technicon Symposia, 1965 . New York, Mediad Inc, 1966;, p 341.
14 +
Allen TH:  Measurement of human body fat: A quantitative method suited for use by aviation medical officers . Aerosp Med 34:907-909, 1963;.
15 +
Brožek J, Grande F, Anderson J, et al:  Densitometric analysis of body composition: Revision of some quantitative assumptions . Ann NY Acad Sci 110:113-140, 1963;.
16 +
Kory R, Callahan R, Boren H:  The Veteran's Administration-Army cooperative study of pulmonary function . Am J Med 30:243-258, 1961;.
17 +
Clinical Spirometry: Instructions for Use of the Collins Respirometer and for Calculation and Interpretation of Data in Pulmonary Function and Basal Metabolism Testing . Braintree, Mass, WE Collins Inc, 1967;.
18 +
Goldman HI, Becklace MR:  Respiratory function tests: Normal values at medium altitudes and the prediction of normal results . Am Rev Tuber Resp Dis 79:457-467, 1959;.
19 +
Wilmore J:  The use of actual, predicted and constant residual volumes in the assessment of body composition by underwater weighing . Med Sci Sports 1:87-90, 1969;.
20 +
Cooper KH:  Guidelines in the management of the exercising patient . JAMA 211:1663-1667, 1970;.
21 +
Balke B, Ware R:  An experimental study of physical fitness of air force personnel . US Armed Forces Med J 10:675-688, 1959;.
22 +
Exercise Testing and Training of Apparently Healthy Individuals: A Handbook for Physicians . New York, American Heart Association, 1972;.
23 +
Robinson S:  Experimental studies of physical fitness in relation to age . Arbeitsphysiol 10:251-323, 1938;.
24 +
Taylor HL, Haskell W, Fox SM III, et al:  Exercise tests: A summary of procedures and concepts of stress testing for cardiovascular diagnosis and function evaluation , in Blackburn H (ed): Measurement in Exercise Electrocardiography . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1969;, pp 259-305.
25 +
Pollock ML, Cooper KH, Bohannon RL, et al:  A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing . Am Heart J , to be published.
26 +
Service J:  A User's Guide to the Statistical Analysis System. Raleigh , North Carolina State University Press , 1972;.
27 +
Montoye HJ: Physical Activity and Health: An Epidemiologic Study of an Entire Community . Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1975;.
28 +
Froelicher VF, Oberman A:  Analysis of epidemiologic studies of physical inactivity as risk factor for coronary artery disease . Progr Cardiovasc Dis 15:41-65, 1972;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Heart Facts . New York, American Heart Association, 1972;.
2 +
Heyden S:  Epidemiology , in Schettle FG, Boyd GS (eds): Atherosclerosis . Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Co, 1969;, pp 169-329.
3 +
Dawber TR:  Risk factors in young adults: The lessons from epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease: Framingham, Tecumseh, and Evans County . J Am Coll Health Assoc 22:84-95, 1973;.
4 +
Kannel W: The Framingham Heart Study: Habits and Coronary Heart Disease, Public Health Service Publication No. 1515. US Government Printing Office, 1966.
5 +
Hames CG, McDonough J, Stubb SC, et al:  Physical activity and ischemic heart disease among negroes and whites in Evans County, Georgia , in Raab W (ed): Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966;, pp 244-253.
6 +
Fox S, Skinner J:  Physical activity and cardiovascular health . Am J Cardiol 14:731-746, 1964;.
7 +
Fox SM, Naughton JP, Haskell WL:  Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease . Ann Clin Res 3:404-432, 1971;.
8 +
Morris JN, Chave SPN, Adam C, et al:  Vigorous exercise in leisure-time and the incidence of coronary heart disease . Lancet 1:333-339, 1973;.
9 +
Paffenbarger RS, Hale WE:  Work activity and coronary heart mortality . N Engl J Med 292:545-550, 1975;.
10 +
Huang TC, Chen CP, Wefler V, et al:  A stable reagent for the Liebermann-Burchard reaction: Application to rapid serum cholesterol determination . Anal Chem 33:1405-1407, 1961;.
11 +
Bittner DL, McCleary ML:  Cupric phenantaroline chelate in the determination of monosaccharides in whole blood . Am J Clin Pathol 40:423-424, 1963;.
12 +
Musser AW, Ortigoza C:  Automated determination of uric acid by the hydroxylamine method . Tech Bull Regist Med Technol 36:21-25, 1966;.
13 +
Kessler G, Lederer H:  Fluorometric measurement of triglycerides , in Skeggs LT (ed): Automation in Analytical Chemistry, Technicon Symposia, 1965 . New York, Mediad Inc, 1966;, p 341.
14 +
Allen TH:  Measurement of human body fat: A quantitative method suited for use by aviation medical officers . Aerosp Med 34:907-909, 1963;.
15 +
Brožek J, Grande F, Anderson J, et al:  Densitometric analysis of body composition: Revision of some quantitative assumptions . Ann NY Acad Sci 110:113-140, 1963;.
16 +
Kory R, Callahan R, Boren H:  The Veteran's Administration-Army cooperative study of pulmonary function . Am J Med 30:243-258, 1961;.
17 +
Clinical Spirometry: Instructions for Use of the Collins Respirometer and for Calculation and Interpretation of Data in Pulmonary Function and Basal Metabolism Testing . Braintree, Mass, WE Collins Inc, 1967;.
18 +
Goldman HI, Becklace MR:  Respiratory function tests: Normal values at medium altitudes and the prediction of normal results . Am Rev Tuber Resp Dis 79:457-467, 1959;.
19 +
Wilmore J:  The use of actual, predicted and constant residual volumes in the assessment of body composition by underwater weighing . Med Sci Sports 1:87-90, 1969;.
20 +
Cooper KH:  Guidelines in the management of the exercising patient . JAMA 211:1663-1667, 1970;.
21 +
Balke B, Ware R:  An experimental study of physical fitness of air force personnel . US Armed Forces Med J 10:675-688, 1959;.
22 +
Exercise Testing and Training of Apparently Healthy Individuals: A Handbook for Physicians . New York, American Heart Association, 1972;.
23 +
Robinson S:  Experimental studies of physical fitness in relation to age . Arbeitsphysiol 10:251-323, 1938;.
24 +
Taylor HL, Haskell W, Fox SM III, et al:  Exercise tests: A summary of procedures and concepts of stress testing for cardiovascular diagnosis and function evaluation , in Blackburn H (ed): Measurement in Exercise Electrocardiography . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1969;, pp 259-305.
25 +
Pollock ML, Cooper KH, Bohannon RL, et al:  A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing . Am Heart J , to be published.
26 +
Service J:  A User's Guide to the Statistical Analysis System. Raleigh , North Carolina State University Press , 1972;.
27 +
Montoye HJ: Physical Activity and Health: An Epidemiologic Study of an Entire Community . Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1975;.
28 +
Froelicher VF, Oberman A:  Analysis of epidemiologic studies of physical inactivity as risk factor for coronary artery disease . Progr Cardiovasc Dis 15:41-65, 1972;.

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