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July 21, 1975, Vol 233, No. 3 >
ARTICLE | July 21, 1975

Cardiac Arrest Related to Anesthesia: Title and subTitle BreakContributing Factors in Infants and Children FREE

M. Ramez Salem, MD; Edward J. Bennett, MD; John F. Schweiss, MD; Anis Baraka, MD; Fazleali Y. Dalal, MD; Vincent J. Collins, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Anesthesiology, Cook County Hospital, 1825 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612 (Dr. Salem).


JAMA. 1975;233(3):238-241. doi:10.1001/jama.1975.03260030028015
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References

A collaborative retrospective study undertaken to investigate cardiac arrest related to pediatric anesthesia in seven institutions between 1960 and 1972 showed 73 instances in which anesthesia was thought to have been either directly responsible or had played an important contributing role. About two thirds of these patients were successfully resuscitated. Cases were found to fit into one of two major categories: cardiovascular and respiratory. Among cardiovascular factors, blood loss, preoperative anemia, inappropriate administration of succinylcholine, and accidental administration of potassium were important contributing causes. Respiratory factors included failure to maintain a patent airway and ventilatory problems. In retrospect, most of these accidents were preventable. Such information should indicate where research emphasis needs to be placed and that our current methods of teaching and training need to be reevaluated.

(JAMA 233:238-241, 1975)

REFERENCES

1 +
Snyder WH, Snyder MH, Chaffin L:  Cardiac arrest in infants and children: Report of 66 original cases . Arch Surg 66:714-729, 1953;.
2 +
Rackow H, Salanitre E, Green LT:  Frequency of cardiac arrest associated with anesthesia in infants and children . Pediatrics 28:697-704, 1961;.
3 +
Greenberg HB:  Cardiac arrest in 20 infants and children: Causes and results of resuscitation . Dis Chest 47:42-46, 1965;.
4 +
Graff TD, Phillips OC, Benson DW, et al:  Baltimore Anesthesia Study Committee: Factors in pediatric anesthesia mortality . Anesth Analg 43:407-414, 1964;.
5 +
Rackow H, Salanitre E:  Modern concepts in pediatric anesthesiology . Anesthesiology 30:208-234, 1969;.
6 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Bennett EJ, et al:  Deliberate hypotension in infants and children . Anesth Analg 53:975-981, 1974;.
7 +
Merritt KK, Davidson LT:  The blood during the first year of life . Am J Dis Child 46:990-1010, 1933;.
8 +
Eger EI:  Respiratory and circulatory factors in uptake and distribution of volatile anaesthetic agents . Br J Anaesth 36:115-171, 1964;.
9 +
Berlin RP, Karleen CI:  Cardiac arrest in the burned patient following succinyldicholine administration . Anesthesiology 27:516-518, 1966;.
10 +
Birch AA, Mitcheel GD, Playford GA, et al:  Changes in serum potassium response to succinylcholine following trauma . JAMA 210:490-493, 1969;.
11 +
Tobey RE:  Paraplegia, succinylcholine and cardiac arrest . Anesthesiology 32:359-364, 1970;.
12 +
Wylie WD, Churchill-Davidson, HC: A Practice of Anaesthesia , ed 3. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc, 1972;, p 853.
13 +
Bennett EJ, Salem MR:  Pediatric anesthesia , in Nyhus LM (ed): Surgery Annual: Nineteen Seventy-Four . New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1974;, pp 17-36.
14 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Collins VJ:  The pediatric patient with a full stomach . Anesthesiology 39:435-550, 1973;.
15 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Fizzoti GF:  Efficacy of cricoid pressure in preventing aspiration of gastric contents in paediatric patients . Br J Anaesth 44:401-404, 1972;.
16 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Lin YH, et al:  Prevention of gastric distension during anesthesia for newborns with tracheo-esophageal fistula . Anesthesiology 38:82-83, 1973;.
17 +
Baraka A:  Irreversible tubocurarine neuromuscular block in the human . Br J Anaesth 39:891-894, 1967;.
18 +
Bennett EJ, Augee HA, Jenkins MT:  Pyloric stenosis . Clin Anesth 3276-286, 1968;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Snyder WH, Snyder MH, Chaffin L:  Cardiac arrest in infants and children: Report of 66 original cases . Arch Surg 66:714-729, 1953;.
2 +
Rackow H, Salanitre E, Green LT:  Frequency of cardiac arrest associated with anesthesia in infants and children . Pediatrics 28:697-704, 1961;.
3 +
Greenberg HB:  Cardiac arrest in 20 infants and children: Causes and results of resuscitation . Dis Chest 47:42-46, 1965;.
4 +
Graff TD, Phillips OC, Benson DW, et al:  Baltimore Anesthesia Study Committee: Factors in pediatric anesthesia mortality . Anesth Analg 43:407-414, 1964;.
5 +
Rackow H, Salanitre E:  Modern concepts in pediatric anesthesiology . Anesthesiology 30:208-234, 1969;.
6 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Bennett EJ, et al:  Deliberate hypotension in infants and children . Anesth Analg 53:975-981, 1974;.
7 +
Merritt KK, Davidson LT:  The blood during the first year of life . Am J Dis Child 46:990-1010, 1933;.
8 +
Eger EI:  Respiratory and circulatory factors in uptake and distribution of volatile anaesthetic agents . Br J Anaesth 36:115-171, 1964;.
9 +
Berlin RP, Karleen CI:  Cardiac arrest in the burned patient following succinyldicholine administration . Anesthesiology 27:516-518, 1966;.
10 +
Birch AA, Mitcheel GD, Playford GA, et al:  Changes in serum potassium response to succinylcholine following trauma . JAMA 210:490-493, 1969;.
11 +
Tobey RE:  Paraplegia, succinylcholine and cardiac arrest . Anesthesiology 32:359-364, 1970;.
12 +
Wylie WD, Churchill-Davidson, HC: A Practice of Anaesthesia , ed 3. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc, 1972;, p 853.
13 +
Bennett EJ, Salem MR:  Pediatric anesthesia , in Nyhus LM (ed): Surgery Annual: Nineteen Seventy-Four . New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1974;, pp 17-36.
14 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Collins VJ:  The pediatric patient with a full stomach . Anesthesiology 39:435-550, 1973;.
15 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Fizzoti GF:  Efficacy of cricoid pressure in preventing aspiration of gastric contents in paediatric patients . Br J Anaesth 44:401-404, 1972;.
16 +
Salem MR, Wong AY, Lin YH, et al:  Prevention of gastric distension during anesthesia for newborns with tracheo-esophageal fistula . Anesthesiology 38:82-83, 1973;.
17 +
Baraka A:  Irreversible tubocurarine neuromuscular block in the human . Br J Anaesth 39:891-894, 1967;.
18 +
Bennett EJ, Augee HA, Jenkins MT:  Pyloric stenosis . Clin Anesth 3276-286, 1968;.

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