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October 29, 1973, Vol 226, No. 5 >
ARTICLE | October 29, 1973

Diphtheria as a Model: Title and subTitle BreakIntroduction of Serums and Vaccines for Scarlet Fever and Pneumococcal Pneumonia FREE

Harry F. Dowling, MD
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JAMA. 1973;226(5):550-553. doi:10.1001/jama.1973.03230050028008
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References

Although the investigations of Pasteur and Koch opened a new world to the scientists of their day, in the beginning they contributed nothing to the therapy of disease. The first clear-cut demonstration that the science of bacteriology could lead to the cure of disease came when Behring announced, in 1890, that the serum of animals immunized with diphtheria toxin protected other animals against infection with the diphtheria bacillus.1 A year later clinicians began to use this antiserum to check the course of diphtheria in patients.2(p261) Research on diphtheria took a second practical step forward when Behring showed in 1913 that the toxin could be used to immunize humans against the disease.3

Thus, the pattern was laid down for others to follow: Find a toxin for each bacterium being investigated, use it to immunize animals and humans against the disease, and obtain an antiserum from animals that will

REFERENCES

1 +
Von Behring E:  Untersuchungen über das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität bei Thieren . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 16:1145-1148, 1890;.
2 +
Bulloch W: The History of Bacteriology , ed 1. London, Oxford University Press Inc, 1960;, pp 150, 261.
3 +
Von Behring E:  Ueber ein neues Diphtherieschutzmittel . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 39:873-876, 1913;.
4 +
Bloomfield AL: A Bibliography of Internal Medicine: Communicable Diseases . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958;.
5 +
Baginsky A:  The treatment of diphtheria, with special reference to the efficacy of antitoxin . Med Record 46:417-418, 1894;.
6 +
Ehrlich P, Kossel H, Wasserman A:  Ueber Gewinnung und Verwendung des Diphtherieheilserums . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 20:353-355, 1894;.
7 +
Cole R:  Toxic substances produced by pneumococcus . J Exp Med 16:644-664, 1912;.
8 +
Klemperer G, Klemperer F:  Versuche über Immunisierung und Heilung bei der Pneumokokkeninfection . Klin Wochenschr 28:833-835, 1891;.
9 +
Benzançon F, Griffon V:  Pouvoir agglutinatif du serum dans les infections expérimentales et humaines à pneumocoques . C R Soc Biol 49:551-553; 579-581, 1897;.
10 +
Neufeld F, Haendel L:  Weitere Untersuchungen über Pneumokokken Heilsera: III Mitteilung: Ueber Vorkommen und Bedeutung atypischer Varietäten des Pneumokokkus . Arb Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 34:293-304, 1910;.
11 +
Dochez AR, Gillespie LJ:  A biological classification of pneumococci by means of immunity reactions . JAMA 61:727-730, 1913;.
12 +
Cole R:  The treatment of pneumonia by means of specific serums . JAMA : 61:663-668, 1913;.
13 +
Grünbaum AS:  Some experiments on enterica, scarlet fever, and measles in the chimpanzee . Br Med J 1:817-819, 1904;.
14 +
Marmorek A:  Le streptocoque et le serum antistreptococcique . Ann Inst Pasteur 9:593-620, 1895;.
15 +
Park WH: Bacteriology in Medicine and Surgery . New York, Lea Brothers & Co, 1899;, p 487.
16 +
Park WH, Williams AW, Krumwiede C Jr: Pathogenic Microorganisms , ed 8. New York, Lea Brothers & Co, 1924;, p 487.
17 +
Dick GF, Dick GH:  A skin test for susceptibility to scarlet fever . JAMA 82:265-266, 1924;.
18 +
Hunt LW:  The treatment of scarlet fever with antitoxin . JAMA 101:1444-1447, 1933;.
19 +
Veldee MV, Stevenson FE, Mitchell AG:  Scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin in the treatment of scarlet fever . Public Health Rep 46:3023-3050, 1931;.
20 +
Blake FG, Trask JD Jr:  Studies in scarlet fever: II. The relation of the specific toxemia of scarlet fever to the course of the disease . J Clin Invest 3:397-409, 1926;.
21 +
Griffith F:  The serological classification of Streptococcus pyogenes . J Hyg 34:542-584, 1934;.
22 +
Lancefield RC:  A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci . J Exp Med 57:571-595, 1933;.
23 +
 The antitoxin of diphtheria at New York City: Cost of plant , editorial. JAMA 23:993, 1894;.
24 +
Banta PM: Federal Regulation of Biologicals Applicable to the Diseases of Man . Washington, US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Biologics Standards, 1958;.
25 +
Gibson RB:  The concentration of antitoxin for therapeutic use . J Biol Chem 1:161-170, 1905;-1906.
26 +
Marquardt M: Paul Ehrlich . New York, Henry Schuman, 1951;, pp 29-40.
27 +
Dick GF, Dick GH:  Scarlet fever preparations . JAMA 85:996, 1925;.
28 +
 Ethics and patents , editorial. Am J Pub Health 16:919-920, 1926;.
29 +
Sexton AM: A Chronicle of the Division of Laboratories and Research New York State Department of Health: The First Fifty Years: 1914-1964 . Lunenburg, Vt, Stinehour Press, 1967;, pp 104-109.
30 +
Adams SS:  Comparative results of the treatment of diphtheria with and without its antitoxin, in the District of Columbia . Arch Pediatr 13:506-513, 1896;.
31 +
Dowling HF:  The rise and fall of pneumonia control programs . J Infect Dis 127:201-206, 1973;.
32 +
Parish HJ: A History of Immunization . Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone Ltd, 1965;, p 144.
33 +
Dick GF, Dick GH:  Scarlet fever toxin in preventive immunization . JAMA 82:544-545, 1924;.
34 +
Armstrong DB, Walker WF:  Current immunization practice in diphtheria, scarlet fever and measles . Am J Public Health 16:1099-1102, 1926;.
35 +
Platou ES:  Present status of scarlet fever prevention and serum treatment . Minn Med 15:697-702, 1932;.
36 +
White B: The Biology of Pneumococcus . New York, Commonwealth Fund, 1938;, p 338.
37 +
Heidelberger M, Avery OT:  The soluble specific substance of the pneumococcus . J Exp Med 38:73-85, 1923;.
38 +
Avery OT, Morgan HJ:  Immunological reactions of the isolated carbohydrate and protein of the pneumococcus . J Exp Med 42:347-353, 1925;.
39 +
Schiemann O:  Weitere Untersuchungen mit dem Kohlehydrat aus Typ-II Pneumokokken . Z Hyg Infektionskrankheiten 110:567-580, 1929;.
40 +
Francis T, Tillett WS:  Cutaneous reactions in pneumonia: The development of antibodies following the intradermal injection of type-specific polysaccharide . J Exp Med 52:573-585, 1930;.
41 +
Austria R, Gold J:  Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia . Ann Intern Med 60:759-776, 1964;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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1 +
Von Behring E:  Untersuchungen über das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität bei Thieren . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 16:1145-1148, 1890;.
2 +
Bulloch W: The History of Bacteriology , ed 1. London, Oxford University Press Inc, 1960;, pp 150, 261.
3 +
Von Behring E:  Ueber ein neues Diphtherieschutzmittel . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 39:873-876, 1913;.
4 +
Bloomfield AL: A Bibliography of Internal Medicine: Communicable Diseases . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958;.
5 +
Baginsky A:  The treatment of diphtheria, with special reference to the efficacy of antitoxin . Med Record 46:417-418, 1894;.
6 +
Ehrlich P, Kossel H, Wasserman A:  Ueber Gewinnung und Verwendung des Diphtherieheilserums . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 20:353-355, 1894;.
7 +
Cole R:  Toxic substances produced by pneumococcus . J Exp Med 16:644-664, 1912;.
8 +
Klemperer G, Klemperer F:  Versuche über Immunisierung und Heilung bei der Pneumokokkeninfection . Klin Wochenschr 28:833-835, 1891;.
9 +
Benzançon F, Griffon V:  Pouvoir agglutinatif du serum dans les infections expérimentales et humaines à pneumocoques . C R Soc Biol 49:551-553; 579-581, 1897;.
10 +
Neufeld F, Haendel L:  Weitere Untersuchungen über Pneumokokken Heilsera: III Mitteilung: Ueber Vorkommen und Bedeutung atypischer Varietäten des Pneumokokkus . Arb Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 34:293-304, 1910;.
11 +
Dochez AR, Gillespie LJ:  A biological classification of pneumococci by means of immunity reactions . JAMA 61:727-730, 1913;.
12 +
Cole R:  The treatment of pneumonia by means of specific serums . JAMA : 61:663-668, 1913;.
13 +
Grünbaum AS:  Some experiments on enterica, scarlet fever, and measles in the chimpanzee . Br Med J 1:817-819, 1904;.
14 +
Marmorek A:  Le streptocoque et le serum antistreptococcique . Ann Inst Pasteur 9:593-620, 1895;.
15 +
Park WH: Bacteriology in Medicine and Surgery . New York, Lea Brothers & Co, 1899;, p 487.
16 +
Park WH, Williams AW, Krumwiede C Jr: Pathogenic Microorganisms , ed 8. New York, Lea Brothers & Co, 1924;, p 487.
17 +
Dick GF, Dick GH:  A skin test for susceptibility to scarlet fever . JAMA 82:265-266, 1924;.
18 +
Hunt LW:  The treatment of scarlet fever with antitoxin . JAMA 101:1444-1447, 1933;.
19 +
Veldee MV, Stevenson FE, Mitchell AG:  Scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin in the treatment of scarlet fever . Public Health Rep 46:3023-3050, 1931;.
20 +
Blake FG, Trask JD Jr:  Studies in scarlet fever: II. The relation of the specific toxemia of scarlet fever to the course of the disease . J Clin Invest 3:397-409, 1926;.
21 +
Griffith F:  The serological classification of Streptococcus pyogenes . J Hyg 34:542-584, 1934;.
22 +
Lancefield RC:  A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci . J Exp Med 57:571-595, 1933;.
23 +
 The antitoxin of diphtheria at New York City: Cost of plant , editorial. JAMA 23:993, 1894;.
24 +
Banta PM: Federal Regulation of Biologicals Applicable to the Diseases of Man . Washington, US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Biologics Standards, 1958;.
25 +
Gibson RB:  The concentration of antitoxin for therapeutic use . J Biol Chem 1:161-170, 1905;-1906.
26 +
Marquardt M: Paul Ehrlich . New York, Henry Schuman, 1951;, pp 29-40.
27 +
Dick GF, Dick GH:  Scarlet fever preparations . JAMA 85:996, 1925;.
28 +
 Ethics and patents , editorial. Am J Pub Health 16:919-920, 1926;.
29 +
Sexton AM: A Chronicle of the Division of Laboratories and Research New York State Department of Health: The First Fifty Years: 1914-1964 . Lunenburg, Vt, Stinehour Press, 1967;, pp 104-109.
30 +
Adams SS:  Comparative results of the treatment of diphtheria with and without its antitoxin, in the District of Columbia . Arch Pediatr 13:506-513, 1896;.
31 +
Dowling HF:  The rise and fall of pneumonia control programs . J Infect Dis 127:201-206, 1973;.
32 +
Parish HJ: A History of Immunization . Edinburgh, E & S Livingstone Ltd, 1965;, p 144.
33 +
Dick GF, Dick GH:  Scarlet fever toxin in preventive immunization . JAMA 82:544-545, 1924;.
34 +
Armstrong DB, Walker WF:  Current immunization practice in diphtheria, scarlet fever and measles . Am J Public Health 16:1099-1102, 1926;.
35 +
Platou ES:  Present status of scarlet fever prevention and serum treatment . Minn Med 15:697-702, 1932;.
36 +
White B: The Biology of Pneumococcus . New York, Commonwealth Fund, 1938;, p 338.
37 +
Heidelberger M, Avery OT:  The soluble specific substance of the pneumococcus . J Exp Med 38:73-85, 1923;.
38 +
Avery OT, Morgan HJ:  Immunological reactions of the isolated carbohydrate and protein of the pneumococcus . J Exp Med 42:347-353, 1925;.
39 +
Schiemann O:  Weitere Untersuchungen mit dem Kohlehydrat aus Typ-II Pneumokokken . Z Hyg Infektionskrankheiten 110:567-580, 1929;.
40 +
Francis T, Tillett WS:  Cutaneous reactions in pneumonia: The development of antibodies following the intradermal injection of type-specific polysaccharide . J Exp Med 52:573-585, 1930;.
41 +
Austria R, Gold J:  Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia . Ann Intern Med 60:759-776, 1964;.

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