0
August 28, 1972, Vol 221, No. 9 >
ARTICLE | August 28, 1972

Nutrition for Maximal Sports Performance FREE

Jonas Bergström, MD; Eric Hultman, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Health Education, American Medical Association, 535 N Dearborn St, Chicago 60610.


JAMA. 1972;221(9):999-1006. doi:10.1001/jama.1972.03200220033009
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

In considering the nutrition for maximal sports performance, only the carbohydrate stores are relevant to energy expenditure. During training periods adequate supply of protein is a prerequisite. In competition periods of less than 20 minutes' duration, normal glycogen stores in muscle tissue seem to be adequate, but liver glycogen deficiency can limit the performance via a hypoglycemic effect on the central nervous system. Thus, a carbohydrate-rich diet should be given during the days before and between competition events. With heavy exercise of longer duration it can be of value to increase the glycogen store in muscle groups performing the heaviest work. This is achieved by first depleting muscles of glycogen through exercise and thereafter taking a diet rich in carbohydrate. This regimen also increases the liver glycogen store.

REFERENCES

1 +
Bergström J, Hultman E:  Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: An enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man . Nature 210:309-310, 1966;.
2 +
Hultman E:  Studies on muscle metabolism of glycogen and active phosphate in man with special reference to exercise and diet . Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19( (suppl 94) ):1-63, 1967;.
3 +
Bergström J, Harris RC, Hultman E, et al:  Energy rich phosphagens in dynamic and static work . Advances Exp Med Biol 11:341-355, 1971;.
4 +
Hultman E, Bergström J:  Muscle glycogen synthesis in relation to diet studied in normal subjects . Acta Med Scand 182:109-117, 1967;.
5 +
Bergström J, Hultman E, Jorfeldt L, et al:  The effect of nicotinic acid on physical working capacity and metabolism of muscle glycogen in man . J Appl Physiol 26:170-176, 1969;.
6 +
Varnauskas E, Björntorp P, Fahlén M, et al:  Effect of physical training on exercise blood flow and enzymatic activity in skeletal muscle . Cardiovasc Res 4:418-422, 1970;.
7 +
Holloszy JO, Oscai LB, Mole PA, et al:  Biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise in skeletal muscle . Advances Exp Med Biol 11:51-61, 1971;.
8 +
Mole PA, Oscai LB, Holloszy JO:  Adaptation of muscle to exercise: Increase in levels of palmityl CoA synthetase, carnitine, palmityl transferase, palmityl CoA dehydrogenase, and in the capacity to oxidize fatty acids . J Clin Invest 50:2323-2330, 1971;.
9 +
Havel RJ, Naimark A, Borchgrevink CF:  Turnover rate and oxidation of free fatty acids of blood plasma in man during exercise: Studies during continuous infusion of palmitate-1-C14 . J Clin Invest 42:1054-1063, 1963;.
10 +
Christensen EH, Hansen O:  III. Arbeitsfähigkeit und Ernährung . Skand Arch Physiol 81:160-171, 1939;.
11 +
Bergström J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, et al:  Diet muscle glycogen and physical performance . Acta Physiol Scand 17:140-150, 1967;.
12 +
Bergström J, Guarnieri G, Hultman E:  Carbohydrate metabolism and electrolyte changes in human muscle tissue during heavy work . J Appl Physiol 30:122-125, 1971;.
13 +
Hultman E, Nilsson L:  Liver glycogen after different diets . Advances Exp Med Biol 11:143-151, 1971;.
14 +
Fordtran JS, Saltin B:  Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during prolonged severe exercise . J Appl Physiol 23:331-335, 1967;.
15 +
Kozlowski S, Saltin B:  Effect of sweat loss on body fluids . J Appl Physiol 19:1119-1124, 1964;.
16 +
Rose LI, Carroll DR, Lowe SJ, et al:  Serum electrolyte changes after Marathon running . J Appl Physiol 29:449-451, 1970;.
17 +
Bergström J, Beroniade V, Hultman E, et al:  Relation between glycogen and electrolyte metabolism in human muscle , in Krück F (ed): Symposium über Transport und Funktion intracellulärer Elektrolyte . München-Berlin-Wien: Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1967;, pp 108-117.
18 +
Clarkson EM, Curtis JR, Jewkes RJ, et al: Slow sodium:  An oral slowly released sodium chloride preparation . Brit Med J 3:604-607, 1971;.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Bergström J, Hultman E:  Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: An enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man . Nature 210:309-310, 1966;.
2 +
Hultman E:  Studies on muscle metabolism of glycogen and active phosphate in man with special reference to exercise and diet . Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19( (suppl 94) ):1-63, 1967;.
3 +
Bergström J, Harris RC, Hultman E, et al:  Energy rich phosphagens in dynamic and static work . Advances Exp Med Biol 11:341-355, 1971;.
4 +
Hultman E, Bergström J:  Muscle glycogen synthesis in relation to diet studied in normal subjects . Acta Med Scand 182:109-117, 1967;.
5 +
Bergström J, Hultman E, Jorfeldt L, et al:  The effect of nicotinic acid on physical working capacity and metabolism of muscle glycogen in man . J Appl Physiol 26:170-176, 1969;.
6 +
Varnauskas E, Björntorp P, Fahlén M, et al:  Effect of physical training on exercise blood flow and enzymatic activity in skeletal muscle . Cardiovasc Res 4:418-422, 1970;.
7 +
Holloszy JO, Oscai LB, Mole PA, et al:  Biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise in skeletal muscle . Advances Exp Med Biol 11:51-61, 1971;.
8 +
Mole PA, Oscai LB, Holloszy JO:  Adaptation of muscle to exercise: Increase in levels of palmityl CoA synthetase, carnitine, palmityl transferase, palmityl CoA dehydrogenase, and in the capacity to oxidize fatty acids . J Clin Invest 50:2323-2330, 1971;.
9 +
Havel RJ, Naimark A, Borchgrevink CF:  Turnover rate and oxidation of free fatty acids of blood plasma in man during exercise: Studies during continuous infusion of palmitate-1-C14 . J Clin Invest 42:1054-1063, 1963;.
10 +
Christensen EH, Hansen O:  III. Arbeitsfähigkeit und Ernährung . Skand Arch Physiol 81:160-171, 1939;.
11 +
Bergström J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, et al:  Diet muscle glycogen and physical performance . Acta Physiol Scand 17:140-150, 1967;.
12 +
Bergström J, Guarnieri G, Hultman E:  Carbohydrate metabolism and electrolyte changes in human muscle tissue during heavy work . J Appl Physiol 30:122-125, 1971;.
13 +
Hultman E, Nilsson L:  Liver glycogen after different diets . Advances Exp Med Biol 11:143-151, 1971;.
14 +
Fordtran JS, Saltin B:  Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during prolonged severe exercise . J Appl Physiol 23:331-335, 1967;.
15 +
Kozlowski S, Saltin B:  Effect of sweat loss on body fluids . J Appl Physiol 19:1119-1124, 1964;.
16 +
Rose LI, Carroll DR, Lowe SJ, et al:  Serum electrolyte changes after Marathon running . J Appl Physiol 29:449-451, 1970;.
17 +
Bergström J, Beroniade V, Hultman E, et al:  Relation between glycogen and electrolyte metabolism in human muscle , in Krück F (ed): Symposium über Transport und Funktion intracellulärer Elektrolyte . München-Berlin-Wien: Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1967;, pp 108-117.
18 +
Clarkson EM, Curtis JR, Jewkes RJ, et al: Slow sodium:  An oral slowly released sodium chloride preparation . Brit Med J 3:604-607, 1971;.

Letters

Submit a Letter
CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Response

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2012 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems