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June 15, 1970, Vol 212, No. 11 >
ARTICLE | June 15, 1970

The Experimental Use of Psychedelic (LSD) Psychotherapy FREE

Walter N. Pahnke, MD, PhD; Albert A. Kurland, MD; Sanford Unger, PhD; Charles Savage, MD; Stanislav Grof, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Read before the Symposium on Psychedelic Drugs at the 118th annual convention of the American Medical Association, New York, July 17, 1969. Based partially on a presentation by Albert Kurland, MD, at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Dec 20, 1968.

Reprint requests to Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Box 3235, Baltimore 21228 (Dr. Pahnke).


JAMA. 1970;212(11):1856-1863. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170240060010
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References

The history of research with psychedelic drugs has produced a variety of methods for their use and conflicting claims about results. First came the wave of excitement among experimentalists in the 1950s when it was claimed that lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) could produce a model psychosis which might be useful in understanding schizophrenia. While this promise was fading, enthusiastic reports about the possibility of LSD as an aid to psychotherapy in the treatment of alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders appeared. All these approaches were represented in 1959 at the first international conference devoted entirely to LSD.1 Since then, there have been at least five more published proceedings of such conferences on various aspects of psychedelic drugs.2-6 The most recent conference on various means of producing states of consciousness was sponsored by the Menninger Foundation and the American Association of Humanistic Psychology on April 7 to 11, 1969, in

REFERENCES

1 +
Abramson HA (ed): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy . New York, Josiah Macy, Jr, Foundation Publications, 1960;.
2 +
Crockett R, Sandison RA, Welk A (eds): Hallucinogenic Drugs and Their Psychotherapeutic Use . London, HK Lewis & Co Ltd, 1963;.
3 +
Abramson HA (ed): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism. New York , Bobbs-Merrill & Co, 1967;.
4 +
Leaf R, Debold R (eds): LSD, Man and Society . Middletown, Conn, Wesleyan University Press, 1967;.
5 +
Cavanna R, Ulmann M (eds): Proceedings of an International Conference on Hypnosis, Drugs, Dreams, and Psi, 1967 . New York, Garrett Press, 1968;.
6 +
Hicks RE, Fink PJ (eds): Psychedelic Drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1969;.
7 +
Pahnke W, Richards W:  Implications of LSD and experimental mysticism . J Religion Health 5:175-208, 1966;.
8 +
Pahnke WN:  LSD and religious experience , in Leaf R, Debold R (eds): LSD, Man and Society . Middletown, Conn, Wesleyan University Press, 1967;.
9 +
Kurland AA, Unger S, Shaffer JW, et al:  Psychedelic therapy utilizing LSD in the treatment of the alcoholic patient: A preliminary report . Amer J Psychiat 123: 1202-1209, 1967;.
10 +
Kurland AA, Unger S, Shaffer JW, et al:  Psychedelic psychotherapy (LSD) in the treatment of alcoholism: An approach to a controlled study , in Abramson HA (ed): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism . New York, BobbsMerrill & Co, 1967;, pp 496-503.
11 +
Kurland AA, Savage C, Shaffer JW, et al:  Therapeutic potential of LSD in medicine , in Leaf R, Debold R (eds): LSD, Man and Society . Middletown, Conn, Wesleyan University Press, 1967;, pp 20-35.
12 +
Unger S, Kurland AA, Shaffer JW, et al:  LSD-type drugs and psychedelic therapy , in Shlien J, Hunt H, Mataruzzo J, et al (eds): Research in Psychotherapy . Washington, DC, American Psychological Assoc Inc, 1968;, vol 3, pp 521-535.
13 +
Unger S:  The psychedelic use of LSD: Reflections and observations , in Hicks RE, Fink PJ (eds): Psychedelic Drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969;, pp 199-209.
14 +
Savage C:  Psychedelic therapy , in Shlien J, Hunt H, Mataruzzo J, et al (eds): Research in Psychotherapy . Washington, DC, American Psychological Assoc Inc, 1968; vol 3, pp 512-520.
15 +
Savage C, McCabe OL, Olsson JE, et al:  Research with psychedelic drugs , in Hicks RE, Fink PJ (eds): Psychedelic drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969;, pp 15-22.
16 +
Kurland AA, Pahnke WN, Unger S, et al:  Psychedelic psychotherapy (LSD) in the treatment of a patient with a malignancy , in Cerletti A, Dove FL (eds): The Present Status of Psychotropic Drugs: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of the Collegium International Neuropsychopharmacologicum , publication 180. International Congress series, Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1969;, pp 432-434.
17 +
Pahnke WN,  The psychedelic mystical experience in the human encounter with death . Harvard Theological Review 62:1-32, 1969;.
18 +
Pahnke W, Kurland AA, Goodman LE, et al:  LSD-assisted psychotherapy with terminal cancer patients , in Hicks RE, Fink PF (eds): Psychedelic Drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969; pp 33-42.
19 +
Cohen M, Marinello M, Bach N:  Chromosomal damage in human leucocytes induced by lysergic acid diethylamide . Science 155:1417-1419, 1967;.
20 +
Cohen, M, Hirschhorn K, Frosch W:  In vivo and in vitro chromosomal damage induced by LSD-25 . New Eng J Med 227: 1043-1049, 1967;.
21 +
Egozcue J, Irwin S, Maruffo CA:  Chromosomal damage in LSD users . JAMA 204:214-218, 1968;.
22 +
Nielsen J, Friedrich U, Tsuboi T:  Chromosome abnormalities and psychotropic drugs . Nature 218:488-489, 1968;.
23 +
Loughman WD, Sargent TW, Israelstam DM:  Leukocytes of humans exposed to lysergic acid diethylamide: Lack of chromosomal damage . Science 158:508-510, 1967;.
24 +
Bender L, Sankar DVS:  Chromosomal damage not found in leucocytes of children treated with LSD-25 . Science 159: 749, 1968;.
25 +
Sparkes RS, Melnyk J, Bozzetti LP:  Chromosomal effect in vivo of exposure to lysergic acid diethylamide . Science 160: 1343-1344, 1968;.
26 +
Tjio JH, Pahnke WN, Kurland AA:  Pre- and post-chromosomal aberrations: A comparative study , in Costa E, Greengard P (eds): Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology . New York, Raven Press, 1969;, vol 1, pp 191-204.
27 +
Tjio JH, Pahnke WN, Kurland AA:  LSD and chromosomes: A controlled study . JAMA 210:849-856, 1969;.
28 +
Smart RG, Storn T, Baker EF, et al: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in the Treatment of Alcoholism , publication 6. Bookside monograph of the Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1967;.
29 +
Johnson FG:  LSD in the treatment of alcoholism . Amer J Psychiat 126:481-487, 1969;.
30 +
Ludwig A, Levine J, Spark L, et al:  The clinical study of LSD treatment in alcoholism . Amer J Psychiat 126:59-69, 1969;.
31 +
Hollister LE, Shelton J, Krieger G:  A controlled comparison of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and dextroamphetamine in alcoholics . Amer J Psychiat 125: 58-63, 1969;.
32 +
Szara S, Faillace LA, Speck LB:  Metabolic and physiological correlates of the psychological reaction to three shortacting tryptamine derivatives , in Brill H, Cole J, Deniker P, et al (eds): Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum , publication 129. International Congress series, Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1967;, p 115.

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1 +
Abramson HA (ed): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy . New York, Josiah Macy, Jr, Foundation Publications, 1960;.
2 +
Crockett R, Sandison RA, Welk A (eds): Hallucinogenic Drugs and Their Psychotherapeutic Use . London, HK Lewis & Co Ltd, 1963;.
3 +
Abramson HA (ed): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism. New York , Bobbs-Merrill & Co, 1967;.
4 +
Leaf R, Debold R (eds): LSD, Man and Society . Middletown, Conn, Wesleyan University Press, 1967;.
5 +
Cavanna R, Ulmann M (eds): Proceedings of an International Conference on Hypnosis, Drugs, Dreams, and Psi, 1967 . New York, Garrett Press, 1968;.
6 +
Hicks RE, Fink PJ (eds): Psychedelic Drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1969;.
7 +
Pahnke W, Richards W:  Implications of LSD and experimental mysticism . J Religion Health 5:175-208, 1966;.
8 +
Pahnke WN:  LSD and religious experience , in Leaf R, Debold R (eds): LSD, Man and Society . Middletown, Conn, Wesleyan University Press, 1967;.
9 +
Kurland AA, Unger S, Shaffer JW, et al:  Psychedelic therapy utilizing LSD in the treatment of the alcoholic patient: A preliminary report . Amer J Psychiat 123: 1202-1209, 1967;.
10 +
Kurland AA, Unger S, Shaffer JW, et al:  Psychedelic psychotherapy (LSD) in the treatment of alcoholism: An approach to a controlled study , in Abramson HA (ed): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism . New York, BobbsMerrill & Co, 1967;, pp 496-503.
11 +
Kurland AA, Savage C, Shaffer JW, et al:  Therapeutic potential of LSD in medicine , in Leaf R, Debold R (eds): LSD, Man and Society . Middletown, Conn, Wesleyan University Press, 1967;, pp 20-35.
12 +
Unger S, Kurland AA, Shaffer JW, et al:  LSD-type drugs and psychedelic therapy , in Shlien J, Hunt H, Mataruzzo J, et al (eds): Research in Psychotherapy . Washington, DC, American Psychological Assoc Inc, 1968;, vol 3, pp 521-535.
13 +
Unger S:  The psychedelic use of LSD: Reflections and observations , in Hicks RE, Fink PJ (eds): Psychedelic Drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969;, pp 199-209.
14 +
Savage C:  Psychedelic therapy , in Shlien J, Hunt H, Mataruzzo J, et al (eds): Research in Psychotherapy . Washington, DC, American Psychological Assoc Inc, 1968; vol 3, pp 512-520.
15 +
Savage C, McCabe OL, Olsson JE, et al:  Research with psychedelic drugs , in Hicks RE, Fink PJ (eds): Psychedelic drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969;, pp 15-22.
16 +
Kurland AA, Pahnke WN, Unger S, et al:  Psychedelic psychotherapy (LSD) in the treatment of a patient with a malignancy , in Cerletti A, Dove FL (eds): The Present Status of Psychotropic Drugs: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of the Collegium International Neuropsychopharmacologicum , publication 180. International Congress series, Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1969;, pp 432-434.
17 +
Pahnke WN,  The psychedelic mystical experience in the human encounter with death . Harvard Theological Review 62:1-32, 1969;.
18 +
Pahnke W, Kurland AA, Goodman LE, et al:  LSD-assisted psychotherapy with terminal cancer patients , in Hicks RE, Fink PF (eds): Psychedelic Drugs . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1969; pp 33-42.
19 +
Cohen M, Marinello M, Bach N:  Chromosomal damage in human leucocytes induced by lysergic acid diethylamide . Science 155:1417-1419, 1967;.
20 +
Cohen, M, Hirschhorn K, Frosch W:  In vivo and in vitro chromosomal damage induced by LSD-25 . New Eng J Med 227: 1043-1049, 1967;.
21 +
Egozcue J, Irwin S, Maruffo CA:  Chromosomal damage in LSD users . JAMA 204:214-218, 1968;.
22 +
Nielsen J, Friedrich U, Tsuboi T:  Chromosome abnormalities and psychotropic drugs . Nature 218:488-489, 1968;.
23 +
Loughman WD, Sargent TW, Israelstam DM:  Leukocytes of humans exposed to lysergic acid diethylamide: Lack of chromosomal damage . Science 158:508-510, 1967;.
24 +
Bender L, Sankar DVS:  Chromosomal damage not found in leucocytes of children treated with LSD-25 . Science 159: 749, 1968;.
25 +
Sparkes RS, Melnyk J, Bozzetti LP:  Chromosomal effect in vivo of exposure to lysergic acid diethylamide . Science 160: 1343-1344, 1968;.
26 +
Tjio JH, Pahnke WN, Kurland AA:  Pre- and post-chromosomal aberrations: A comparative study , in Costa E, Greengard P (eds): Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology . New York, Raven Press, 1969;, vol 1, pp 191-204.
27 +
Tjio JH, Pahnke WN, Kurland AA:  LSD and chromosomes: A controlled study . JAMA 210:849-856, 1969;.
28 +
Smart RG, Storn T, Baker EF, et al: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in the Treatment of Alcoholism , publication 6. Bookside monograph of the Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1967;.
29 +
Johnson FG:  LSD in the treatment of alcoholism . Amer J Psychiat 126:481-487, 1969;.
30 +
Ludwig A, Levine J, Spark L, et al:  The clinical study of LSD treatment in alcoholism . Amer J Psychiat 126:59-69, 1969;.
31 +
Hollister LE, Shelton J, Krieger G:  A controlled comparison of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and dextroamphetamine in alcoholics . Amer J Psychiat 125: 58-63, 1969;.
32 +
Szara S, Faillace LA, Speck LB:  Metabolic and physiological correlates of the psychological reaction to three shortacting tryptamine derivatives , in Brill H, Cole J, Deniker P, et al (eds): Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum , publication 129. International Congress series, Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1967;, p 115.

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