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LSD and Chromosomes: Title and subTitle BreakA Controlled Experiment FREE

Joe-Hin Tjio, PhD; Walter N. Pahnke, MD, PhD; Albert A. Kurland, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Read in part before the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Dec 20, 1968.

Reprint requests to Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Box 3235, Baltimore 21228 (Dr. Pahnke).


JAMA. 1969;210(5):849-856. doi:10.1001/jama.1969.03160310037007
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The chromosomes of lymphocytes were studied in 32 patients before and after they took lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as part of double-blind, controlled research of the effects of the drug in psychotherapy and in five black-market LSD users who volunteered to take pure LSD in a research setting. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the before- and after-LSD chromosomal aberration rates. In addition, a post-LSD study of eight normal subjects who had received LSD in previous research experiments was also performed with the same cytogenetic methods. The results of these experiments consistently supported the conclusion that at this time there is no definite evidence that pure LSD damages chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vivo as studied from 72-hour cultures.

REFERENCES

Cohen, M.; Marinello, M.; and Bach, N.:  Chromosomal Damage in Human Leukocytes Induced by Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Science 155:1417-1419, 1967;.
Irwin, S., and Egozcue, J.:  Chromosomal Abnormalities in Leukocytes From LSD-25 Users , Science 157:313-314, 1967;.
Egozcue, J.; Irwin. S.; and Maruffo, C.A.:  Chromosomal Damage in LSD Users , JAMA 204:214-218 ( (April 15) ) 1968;.
Cohen, M.; Hirschhorn, K.; and Frosch, W.:  In Vivo and in Vitro Chromosomal Damage Induced by LSD-25 , New Eng J Med 227:1043-1049, 1967;.
Zellweger, H.; McDonald, J.S.; and Abbo, G.:  Is Lysergic Acid Diethylamide a Teratogen? Lancet 2:1066-1068 ( (Nov 18) ) 1967;.
Zellweger, H.; McDonald, J.S.; and Abbo, G.:  Is Lysergide a Teratogen? Lancet 2:1306 ( (Dec 16) ) 1967;.
Nielsen, J.; Friedrich, U.; and Tsuboi, T.:  Chromosome Abnormalities and Psychotropic Drugs , Nature 218:488-489, 1968;.
Loughman, W.D.; Sargent, T.W.; and Israelstam, D.M.:  Leukocytes of Humans Exposed to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Lack of Chromosomal Damage , Science 158:508-510, 1967;.
Bender, L., and Sankar, D.V.S.:  Chromosomal Damage Not Found in Leukocytes of Children Treated With LSD-25 , Science 159:749, 1968;.
Sparkes, R.S.; Melnyk, J.; and Bozzetti, L.P.:  Chromosomal Effect in Vivo of Exposure to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Science 160:1343-1344, 1968;.
Hungerford, D.A., et al:  Cytogenetic Effects of LSD 25 Therapy in Man , JAMA 206:2287-2291 ( (Dec 2) ) 1968;.
Siegel, S.: Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1956;, pp 96-104.
Smith, D.E., and Rose, A.J.:  Observations in the Haight-Ashbury Medical Clinic of San Francisco: Health Problems in a "Hippie Subculture," Clin Pediat 7:313-316, 1968;.
Nichols, W.W.:  Studies on the Role of Viruses in Somatic Mutation , Hereditas 55:1-27 ( (March 24) ) 1966;.
Irwin, S., and Egozcue, T.:  Chromosomal Damage , Science 159:749, 1968;.
Skakkebaek, N.E.; Philip, J.; Rafaelsen, O.J.:  LSD in Mice: Abnormalities in Meiotic Chromosomes , Science 160:1246-1248, 1968;.
Cohen, M.M., and Mukherjee, A.B.:  Meiotic Chromosome Damage Induced by LSD-25 , Nature 219:1072-1074, 1968;.
Jagiello, G., and Polani, P.E.:  Mouse Germ Cells and LSD-25 , Cytogenetics 8:136-147, 1969;.
Auerbach, R., and Rudowski, J.A.:  Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Effect on Embryos , Science 157:1325-1326, 1967;.
Alexander, G.J., et al: LSD:  Injection Early in Pregnancy Produces Abnormalities in Offspring of Rats , Science 157:459-469, 1967;.
Geber, W.F.:  Congenital Malformations Induced by Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Bromlysergic Acid in the Hamster , Science 158:265-266, 1967;.
Warkany, J., and Takacs, E.:  Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): No Teratogenicity in Rats , Science 159:731-732, 1968;.
DiPaolo, J.A.; Givelber, H.M.; and Erwin, H.:  Evaluation of Teratogenicity of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Nature 220: 490-491, 1968;.
Fabro, S., and Sieber, S.M.:  Is Lysergide a Teratogen? Lancet 1:639 ( (March 23) ) 1968;)
Sato, H., and Pergament, E.:  Is Lysergide a Teratogen? Lancet 1:639-640 ( (March 23) ) 1968;.
Hecht, F., et al:  Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Cannabis as Possible Teratogens in Man , Lancet 2:1087 ( (Nov 16) ) 1968;.
Carakushansky, G.; Neu, R.L.; and Gardner, L.I.:  Lysergide and Cannabis as Possible Teratogens in Man , Lancet 1: 150-151 ( (Jan 28) ) 1969;.

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Cohen, M.; Marinello, M.; and Bach, N.:  Chromosomal Damage in Human Leukocytes Induced by Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Science 155:1417-1419, 1967;.
Irwin, S., and Egozcue, J.:  Chromosomal Abnormalities in Leukocytes From LSD-25 Users , Science 157:313-314, 1967;.
Egozcue, J.; Irwin. S.; and Maruffo, C.A.:  Chromosomal Damage in LSD Users , JAMA 204:214-218 ( (April 15) ) 1968;.
Cohen, M.; Hirschhorn, K.; and Frosch, W.:  In Vivo and in Vitro Chromosomal Damage Induced by LSD-25 , New Eng J Med 227:1043-1049, 1967;.
Zellweger, H.; McDonald, J.S.; and Abbo, G.:  Is Lysergic Acid Diethylamide a Teratogen? Lancet 2:1066-1068 ( (Nov 18) ) 1967;.
Zellweger, H.; McDonald, J.S.; and Abbo, G.:  Is Lysergide a Teratogen? Lancet 2:1306 ( (Dec 16) ) 1967;.
Nielsen, J.; Friedrich, U.; and Tsuboi, T.:  Chromosome Abnormalities and Psychotropic Drugs , Nature 218:488-489, 1968;.
Loughman, W.D.; Sargent, T.W.; and Israelstam, D.M.:  Leukocytes of Humans Exposed to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Lack of Chromosomal Damage , Science 158:508-510, 1967;.
Bender, L., and Sankar, D.V.S.:  Chromosomal Damage Not Found in Leukocytes of Children Treated With LSD-25 , Science 159:749, 1968;.
Sparkes, R.S.; Melnyk, J.; and Bozzetti, L.P.:  Chromosomal Effect in Vivo of Exposure to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Science 160:1343-1344, 1968;.
Hungerford, D.A., et al:  Cytogenetic Effects of LSD 25 Therapy in Man , JAMA 206:2287-2291 ( (Dec 2) ) 1968;.
Siegel, S.: Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1956;, pp 96-104.
Smith, D.E., and Rose, A.J.:  Observations in the Haight-Ashbury Medical Clinic of San Francisco: Health Problems in a "Hippie Subculture," Clin Pediat 7:313-316, 1968;.
Nichols, W.W.:  Studies on the Role of Viruses in Somatic Mutation , Hereditas 55:1-27 ( (March 24) ) 1966;.
Irwin, S., and Egozcue, T.:  Chromosomal Damage , Science 159:749, 1968;.
Skakkebaek, N.E.; Philip, J.; Rafaelsen, O.J.:  LSD in Mice: Abnormalities in Meiotic Chromosomes , Science 160:1246-1248, 1968;.
Cohen, M.M., and Mukherjee, A.B.:  Meiotic Chromosome Damage Induced by LSD-25 , Nature 219:1072-1074, 1968;.
Jagiello, G., and Polani, P.E.:  Mouse Germ Cells and LSD-25 , Cytogenetics 8:136-147, 1969;.
Auerbach, R., and Rudowski, J.A.:  Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Effect on Embryos , Science 157:1325-1326, 1967;.
Alexander, G.J., et al: LSD:  Injection Early in Pregnancy Produces Abnormalities in Offspring of Rats , Science 157:459-469, 1967;.
Geber, W.F.:  Congenital Malformations Induced by Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Bromlysergic Acid in the Hamster , Science 158:265-266, 1967;.
Warkany, J., and Takacs, E.:  Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): No Teratogenicity in Rats , Science 159:731-732, 1968;.
DiPaolo, J.A.; Givelber, H.M.; and Erwin, H.:  Evaluation of Teratogenicity of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Nature 220: 490-491, 1968;.
Fabro, S., and Sieber, S.M.:  Is Lysergide a Teratogen? Lancet 1:639 ( (March 23) ) 1968;)
Sato, H., and Pergament, E.:  Is Lysergide a Teratogen? Lancet 1:639-640 ( (March 23) ) 1968;.
Hecht, F., et al:  Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Cannabis as Possible Teratogens in Man , Lancet 2:1087 ( (Nov 16) ) 1968;.
Carakushansky, G.; Neu, R.L.; and Gardner, L.I.:  Lysergide and Cannabis as Possible Teratogens in Man , Lancet 1: 150-151 ( (Jan 28) ) 1969;.
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