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Immunization Against Influenza: Title and subTitle BreakPrevention of Illness in Man by Aerosolized Inactivated Vaccine FREE

Robert H. Waldman, MD; John J. Mann, MD; Parker A. Small, Jr., MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Read in part before the Infectious Disease Section of the American Federation for Clinical Research, Atlantic City, NJ, May 5, 1968.

Reprint requests to Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla 32601 (Dr. Waldman).


JAMA. 1969;207(3):520-524. doi:10.1001/jama.1969.03150160032007
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During the A2 influenza epidemic of the winter of 1967 to 1968, commercially available inactivated influenza virus vaccine, bivalent, was administered by aerosol to 386 volunteers to test its efficacy in protecting against influenza illness. The illness rate in volunteers receiving the aerosolized vaccine was compared to that of 269 persons receiving the same vaccine subcutaneously and to that of 1,490 persons who received either sodium chloride solution or no inoculation. The group receiving aerosolized influenza vaccine had 79% fewer illnesses while subcutaneously immunized volunteers had 27% fewer illnesses, when compared to the control groups receiving no immunization. In addition to its superiority in ability to protect against naturally occurring influenza illness, the aerosolized vaccine led to a significantly lower incidence of side effects and to a significantly shorter duration of illness in those few who became ill.

REFERENCES

Alford, R.H., et al:  Neutralizing and Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Activity of Nasal Secretions Following Experimental Human Infection With A2 Influenza Virus , J Immun 98:724-731 ( (April) ) 1967;.
Waldman, R.H.; Mann, J.J.; and Kasel, J.A.:  Influenza Virus Neutralizing Antibody in Human Respiratory Secretions , J Immun 100:80-85 ( (Jan) ) 1968;.
Waldman, R.H.; Mann, J.J.; and Kasel, J.A.  Immunoglobulin Classes of Serum Neutralizing Antibody Formed in Response to Immunization With Dead Influenza Virus Vaccine , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 126:888-891 ( (Dec) ) 1967;.
Mann, J.J., et al:  Antibody Response in Respiratory Secretions of Volunteers Given Live and Dead Influenza Virus , J Immun 100:726-735 ( (April) ) 1968;.
Waldman, R.H., et al:  Induction of Antibody to Influenza Virus in Humans by Immunization via the Respiratory Tract , Clin Res 16:49 ( (April) ) 1968;.
Waldman, R.H., et al:  Influenza Antibody in Human Respiratory Secretions Following Subcutaneous or Respiratory Immunization With Inactivated Virus , Nature 218:594-595 ( (May) ) 1968;.
Blumenfeld, H.L., et al:  Studies in Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958: I. An Epidemiologic Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy , J Clin Invest 38:199-212 ( (Jan) ) 1959;.
Chanock. R.M., et al:  Newly Recognized Myxoviruses From Children With Respiratory Disease , New Eng J Med 258:207-213 ( (Jan) ) 1958;.
Knight, V., et al:  New Research on Influenza: Studies With Normal Volunteers , Ann Intern Med 62:1307-1325 ( (June) ) 1965;.
Quilligan, J.J., Jr., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Serological Response to Intranasal Administration of Inactive Influenza Virus in Children , J Clin Invest 26:1079-1087 ( (Nov) ) 1947;.
Fazekas de St. Groth, S., and Donnelley, M.:  Studies in Experimental Immunology of Influenza: IV. The Protective Value of Active Immunization . Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 28:61-75 ( (Jan) ) 1950;.
Andrews, B.E., et al:  Further Trials of Live Influenza Vaccine , Brit Med J 1:637-640 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Ivanov, N., et al:  Epidemiological Verification of the Efficacy of Live Influenza Vaccine , Vop Virus 8:291-295 (May- (June) ) 1963;.
Stuart-Harris, C.H.:  Prevention of Influenza , Proc Roy Soc Med 60:659-664 ( (July) ) 1967;.
Beare, A.S., et al:  Reactions and Antibody Response to Live Influenza Vaccine Prepared from the Iksha (A2) Strain , J Hyg 65:245-254 ( (June) ) 1967;.
Isaacs, A., and Roden, A.T.:  Administration of Live Influenza Virus to Volunteers . Lancet 2:697-699 ( (Oct) ) 1956;.
Cohn, M.L.; Davis, C.L.; and Middlebrook, J.:  Air-Borne Immunization Against Tuberculosis , Science 128:1282-1283 ( (Nov) ) 1958;.
Hornick, R.B., and Eigelsbach, H.T.:  Aerogenic Immunization of Man With Live Tularemia Vaccine , Bact Rev 30:532-537 ( (Sept) ) 1966;.
Gorham, J.R.; Leader, R.W.; and Gutierrez, J.C.:  Distemper Immunization of Mink by Air-Borne Infection With Egg-Adapted Virus , J Amer Vet Med Assoc 125:134-136 ( (Aug) ) 1954;.
Hitchner, S.B., and Reising, G.:  Flock Vaccination for Newcastle Disease by Atomization of the B, Strain of Virus , J Amer Vet Med Assoc 89:258-264 ( (Sept) ) 1952;.
Burke, D.C., and Isaacs, A.:  Some Factors Affecting the Production of Interferon , Brit J Exp Path 39:452 ( (Oct) ) 1958;.
Cate, T.R., et al:  The Role of Nasal Secretion and Serum Antibody in the Rhinovirus Common Cold , Amer J Epidem 84: 352-363 ( (March) ) 1966;.
Smith, C.G., et al:  Protective Effect of Antibody to Parainfluenza Type 1 Virus , New Eng J Med 275:1145-1152 ( (Nov) ) 1966;.
Tremont, L.P.; Lin, J.L.; and Jackson, G.G.:  Neutralizing Activity in Nasal Secretions and Serum in Resistance of Volunteers to Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 , J Immun 101:572 ( (Sept) ) 1968;.

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Alford, R.H., et al:  Neutralizing and Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Activity of Nasal Secretions Following Experimental Human Infection With A2 Influenza Virus , J Immun 98:724-731 ( (April) ) 1967;.
Waldman, R.H.; Mann, J.J.; and Kasel, J.A.:  Influenza Virus Neutralizing Antibody in Human Respiratory Secretions , J Immun 100:80-85 ( (Jan) ) 1968;.
Waldman, R.H.; Mann, J.J.; and Kasel, J.A.  Immunoglobulin Classes of Serum Neutralizing Antibody Formed in Response to Immunization With Dead Influenza Virus Vaccine , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 126:888-891 ( (Dec) ) 1967;.
Mann, J.J., et al:  Antibody Response in Respiratory Secretions of Volunteers Given Live and Dead Influenza Virus , J Immun 100:726-735 ( (April) ) 1968;.
Waldman, R.H., et al:  Induction of Antibody to Influenza Virus in Humans by Immunization via the Respiratory Tract , Clin Res 16:49 ( (April) ) 1968;.
Waldman, R.H., et al:  Influenza Antibody in Human Respiratory Secretions Following Subcutaneous or Respiratory Immunization With Inactivated Virus , Nature 218:594-595 ( (May) ) 1968;.
Blumenfeld, H.L., et al:  Studies in Influenza in the Pandemic of 1957-1958: I. An Epidemiologic Clinical and Serologic Investigation of an Intrahospital Epidemic With a Note on Vaccination Efficacy , J Clin Invest 38:199-212 ( (Jan) ) 1959;.
Chanock. R.M., et al:  Newly Recognized Myxoviruses From Children With Respiratory Disease , New Eng J Med 258:207-213 ( (Jan) ) 1958;.
Knight, V., et al:  New Research on Influenza: Studies With Normal Volunteers , Ann Intern Med 62:1307-1325 ( (June) ) 1965;.
Quilligan, J.J., Jr., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Serological Response to Intranasal Administration of Inactive Influenza Virus in Children , J Clin Invest 26:1079-1087 ( (Nov) ) 1947;.
Fazekas de St. Groth, S., and Donnelley, M.:  Studies in Experimental Immunology of Influenza: IV. The Protective Value of Active Immunization . Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 28:61-75 ( (Jan) ) 1950;.
Andrews, B.E., et al:  Further Trials of Live Influenza Vaccine , Brit Med J 1:637-640 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Ivanov, N., et al:  Epidemiological Verification of the Efficacy of Live Influenza Vaccine , Vop Virus 8:291-295 (May- (June) ) 1963;.
Stuart-Harris, C.H.:  Prevention of Influenza , Proc Roy Soc Med 60:659-664 ( (July) ) 1967;.
Beare, A.S., et al:  Reactions and Antibody Response to Live Influenza Vaccine Prepared from the Iksha (A2) Strain , J Hyg 65:245-254 ( (June) ) 1967;.
Isaacs, A., and Roden, A.T.:  Administration of Live Influenza Virus to Volunteers . Lancet 2:697-699 ( (Oct) ) 1956;.
Cohn, M.L.; Davis, C.L.; and Middlebrook, J.:  Air-Borne Immunization Against Tuberculosis , Science 128:1282-1283 ( (Nov) ) 1958;.
Hornick, R.B., and Eigelsbach, H.T.:  Aerogenic Immunization of Man With Live Tularemia Vaccine , Bact Rev 30:532-537 ( (Sept) ) 1966;.
Gorham, J.R.; Leader, R.W.; and Gutierrez, J.C.:  Distemper Immunization of Mink by Air-Borne Infection With Egg-Adapted Virus , J Amer Vet Med Assoc 125:134-136 ( (Aug) ) 1954;.
Hitchner, S.B., and Reising, G.:  Flock Vaccination for Newcastle Disease by Atomization of the B, Strain of Virus , J Amer Vet Med Assoc 89:258-264 ( (Sept) ) 1952;.
Burke, D.C., and Isaacs, A.:  Some Factors Affecting the Production of Interferon , Brit J Exp Path 39:452 ( (Oct) ) 1958;.
Cate, T.R., et al:  The Role of Nasal Secretion and Serum Antibody in the Rhinovirus Common Cold , Amer J Epidem 84: 352-363 ( (March) ) 1966;.
Smith, C.G., et al:  Protective Effect of Antibody to Parainfluenza Type 1 Virus , New Eng J Med 275:1145-1152 ( (Nov) ) 1966;.
Tremont, L.P.; Lin, J.L.; and Jackson, G.G.:  Neutralizing Activity in Nasal Secretions and Serum in Resistance of Volunteers to Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 , J Immun 101:572 ( (Sept) ) 1968;.
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