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Comment: An Occupational Disease FREE

Philip Rubin, MD
JAMA. 1968;206(8):1775-1776. doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03150080055013
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Cancer is most often thought of as a spontaneous process in which no known inciting agent has been identified. This does not mean that known causes do not exist. There is an extensive literature dealing with carcinogenic agents, and Dr. McDonald has succinctly defined those related to chronic industrial exposures in bladder tumorigenesis. Despite the known relationship between certain chemical carcinogens and bladder cancer, the translation of scientific facts into effective legislation is slow and virtually nonexistent in the United States. It should be emphasized that despite the facts that cancer of the bladder has been produced in workers in chemical, rubber, cable, and a number of other industries, and that its incidence is on the increase, to date—with the exception of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania— no federal or state legislation exists in the United States for the regulation of the manufacture, use, or importation of these chemicals.

The lack

REFERENCES

Broders, A.C.:  Carcinoma: Grading and Practical Application , Arch Path 2: 376-381 ( (Sept) ) 1926;.
Marshall, V.F.:  Current Clinical Problems Regarding Bladder Tumors , Cancer 9:543-550 ( (May) -June) 1956;.
Paterson, R.: " The Bladder " in The Treatment of Malignant Disease by Radium and X Ray , London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1948;, pp 370-383.
Friedman, M.:  Supervoltage (2MVP) Rotation Irradiation of Cancer of the Bladder , Radiology 73:191-208 ( (Aug) ) 1959;.
Clinical Staging System for Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder , Chicago: American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting, (Feb) 1967;, pp 1-10.
Malignant Tumours of the Urinary Bladder: Clinical Stage Classification and Presentation of Results , Subcommittee on Clinical Stage Classification and Applied Statistics, Geneva: Union Internationale Contre le Cancrum. 1967;, pp 3-17.
Jewett, H.J., and Strong, G.H.:  Infiltrating Carcinoma of the Bladder: Relation of Depth of Penetration of the Bladder Wall to Incidence of Local Extension and Metastases , J Urol 55:366-372 ( (April) ) 1946;.
Whitmore, W.F., Jr., et al:  Preoperative Irradiation With Cystectomy in the Management of Bladder Cancer , Amer J Roentgen 102:570-576 ( (March) ) 1968;.
Baker, R.:  Correlation of Circumferential Lymphatic Spread of Vesical Cancer With Depth of Infiltration: Relation to Present Methods of Treatment , J Urol 73:681-690 ( (April) ) 1955;.
Jewett, H.J.: " Bladder Cancer: The Importance of Biopsy and Bimanual Examination in Clinical Management ," in Proceedings of the Second National Cancer Conference , Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1954;, vol 1. pp 375-382.
Mostofi, F.K.:  Standardization of Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Epithelial Tumors of the Urinary Bladder , Acta Un Int Cane 16:310-314 (No. (2) ) 1960;.
Mostofi. F.K.:  Potentialities of the Bladder Epithelium , J Urol 71:705-713 ( (June) ) 1954;.
Pugh, R.C.B.: " The Pathology of Bladder Tumors " in Wallace. D.M. (ed.): Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites: Tumours of the Bladder , Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd., 1959;, vol 2, pp 116-156.
Bergkvist, A.; Ljungqvist, A.; and Moberger, G.:  Classification of Bladder Tumors Based on the Cellular Pattern: Preliminary Reports of a Clinical-Pathological Study of 300 Cases With a Minimum Follow Up of Eight Years , Acta Chir Scand 130:371-378 ( (Oct) ) 1965;.
Dean, A.L., et al:  A Restudy of the First 1,400 Tumors in the Bladder Tumor Registry, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , J Urol 71:571-590 ( (May) ) 1954;.
Nichols, J.S., and Marshall, V.F.: " Treatment of Histologically Benign Papilloma of the Urinary Bladder by Local Excision and Fulguration " in Marshall. V.F. (ed.): Bladder Tumors: A Symposium , Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1956;, pp 24-25.
Begg, R.C.:  Colloid Tumors of the Urachus Invading the Bladder . Brit J Surg 23:769-772 ( (April) ) 1936;.
Mostofi, F.K.; Thomson. R.V.: and Dean. A.L.:  Mucous Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder . Cancer 8:741-758 ( (July) -Aug) 1955;.
Franksson. C.:  Tumors of the Urinary Bladder , Acta Chir Scand 100 ( (suppl 151) ): 1-203, 1950;.
Whitmore, W.F.. Jr.. and Marshall. V.F.: " Radical Surgery for Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder ." in Marshall. V.F. (ed.): Bladder Tumors: A Symposium . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1956;, pp 54-66.
Wallace. D.M.: " Clinicopathologic Behavior of Bladder Tumours " in Wallace, D.M. (ed.): Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites: Tumours of the Bladder . Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd.. 1959;. vol 2, pp 157-170.
Jewett, H.J.: " Tumors of the Bladder " in Campbell, M.F. (ed.): Urology , ed 2, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.. 1963;. vol 2, pp 1027-1100.
Baker, R., et al:  Subtotal Cystectomy and Total Bladder Regeneration in Treatment of Bladder Cancer , JAMA 168: 1178-1185 ( (Nov 1) ) 1958;.
Jewett, H.J.; King, L.R.; and Shelley, W.M.:  A Study of 365 Cases of Infiltrating Bladder Cancer: Relation of Certain Pathological Characteristics to Prognosis After Extirpation , J Urol 92:668-678 ( (Dec) ) 1964;.
Simon. W.; Cordonnier, J.J.; and Snodgrass, W.T.:  The Pathogenesis of Bladder Carcinoma , J Urol 88:797-802 ( (Dec) ) 1962;.
Austen, G., Jr., and Friedell, G.H.:  Observations on Local Growth Patterns of Bladder Cancer , J Urol 93:224-229 ( (Feb) ) 1965;.
Galleher, J., et al:  Supravoltage Irradiation Followed by Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer , J Urol 93:598-603 ( (May) ) 1965;.
Baker, R.: " Bladder Cancer " in Lewis, D.D. (ed.): Practice of Surgery , New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1967;. vol 9.
McDonald, J.R.. and Thompson, G.J.:  Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder: Pathological Study With Special Reference to Invasiveness and Vascular Invasion , J Urol 60:435-445 ( (Sept) ) 1948;.
Kerr. W.S., Jr., and Colby, F.H.:  Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Correlation of Pathology With Treatment and Prognosis , J Urol 65:841-844 ( (May) ) 1951;.
Marshall, V.F.: " Current Clinical Problems Regarding Bladder Tumors " in Marshall. V.F. (ed.): Bladder Tumors: A Symposium , Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1956;, pp 4-5.
Dean, A.L.:  Comparison of the Malignancy of Bladder Tumors as Shown by the Cystoscopic Biopsy and Subsequent Examination of the Entire Excised Organ . J Urol 59:193-194 ( (Feb) ) 1948;.
Rehn, L.:  Blassengeschwülste bei Fuchsin-Arbeitern . Arch Klin Chir 50: 588-600, 1895;.
Kleinfeld, M.: Rosso, A.J.; and Goldwater. L.J.:  Bladder Tumors in A Coal Tar Dye Plant . Industr Med Surg 35:570 ( (July) ) 1966;.
Melick, W.F., et al:  The First Reported Cases of Human Bladder Tumors Due to a New Carcinogen—Xenylamine , J Urol 74:760-766 ( (Dec) ) 1955;.
Goldblatt, M.W.: " Bladder Tumours and Industrial Chemistry ." in Wallace, D.M. (ed.): Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites: Tumours of the Bladder , Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd., 1959;, vol 2. p 44.
Boyland, E., and Weigert, F.:  The Metabolism of Carcinogenic Compounds . Brit Med Bull 4:354-359 (No. (5) -6) 1947;.
Allen, M.J., et al:  Cancer of the Urinary Bladder Induced in Mice With Metabolites of Aromatic Amines and Tryptophan . Brit J Cancer 11:212-228 ( (June) ) 1957;.
McDonald, D.F.. and Lund. R.R.:  The Role of the Urine in Vesical Neoplasm: I. Experimental Confirmation of the Urogenous Theory of Pathogenesis . J Urol 71:560-570 ( (May) ) 1954;.
Wilson, R.H.: DeEds. F.; and Cox, A.J., Jr.:  The Toxicity and Carcinogenic Activity of 2 Acetaminofluorene , Cancer Res 1:595-608 ( (Aug) ) 1941;.
Tomatis, L.; Dellaporta, G.; and Shubik, P.:  Urinary Bladder and Liver Cell Tumors Induced in Hamsters With O Amino Azotoluene . Cancer Res 21:1513-1517 ( (Dec) ) 1961;.
Videback, A.:  Chlornaphazin (ErysanR) May Induce Cancer of the Bladder, Acta Med Scand 176:45-50 ( (July) ) 1964;.
Chievitz, E., and Thiede, T.:  Complications and Causes of Death in Polycythaemia Vera , Acta Med Scand 172: 513-523 ( (Nov) ) 1962;.
Bryan, G.T.; Brown, R.R.; and Price, J.M.:  Incidence of Mouse Bladder Tumors Following Implantation of Paraffin Pellets Containing Certain Tryptophan Metabolites , Cancer Res 24:582-585 ( (May) ) 1964;.
Brown, R.R., et al:  The Metabolism of Tryptophan in Patients With Bladder Cancer , Acta Un Int Cancr 16:299-303 ( (July) ) 1960;.
Quagliariello, E.. et al:  Tryptophan Nicotinic Acid Metabolism in Patients With Tumours in the Bladder: Changes in the Excretory Products After Treatment With Nicotinamide and Vitamin B6 , Brit J Cancer 15:367-372 ( (June) ) 1961;.
Kerr, W.K.; Barkin, M.A.; and Menczyk. A.R.T.:  Cancer of the Bladder: Biochemical Factors in Its Etiology , Canad J Surg 7:414-419 ( (Oct) ) 1964;.
Boyland, E.: Biochemistry of Bladder Cancer , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher. 1963;, pp 1-95.
Roffo, A.H.:  El Tobaco en el Cancer de Vejiga . Bol Inst Med Exper Para Estud Trat Cáncer 8:277-324 ( (March) ) 1931;.
Holsti, L.. and Ermala, P.:  Papillary Carcinoma of the Bladder in Mice Obtained After Oral Administration of Tobacco Tar , Cancer 8:679-682 ( (July) -Aug) 1955;.
Hammond, E.C., and Horn, D.:  Smoking and Death Rates—Report on 44 Months of Follow-up of 187,783 Men: I. Total Mortality , JAMA 66:1159-1172 ( (March 8) ) 1958;.
Cobb, B.G., and Ansell, J.S.:  Cigarette Smoking and Cancer of the Bladder , JAMA 193:329-332 ( (Aug 2) ) 1965;.
Kerr, W.K.. et al:  The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Bladder Carcinogenesis in Man , Canad Med Assoc J 93:1-7 ( (July 3) ) 1965;.
Al Hussaini, M., and McDonald, D.F.:  Lack of Urothelial Tumorigenicity and Cotumorigenicity of Schistosome Ova in Mice . Cancer Res 27:228-229 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.
Mobley, T.L., et al:  The Role of Chronic Mechanical Irritation in Experimental Urothelial Tumorigenesis , Invest Urol 3:325-333 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Brobst, D.F.. and Olson C.:  Histopathology of Urinary Bladder Tumors Induced by Bovine Cutaneous Papilloma Agent , Cancer Res 25:12-19 ( (Jan) ) 1965;
Goeckerman. W.H., and Wilhelm. L.F.:  Arsenic as the Cause of Cancer of Mucous Membrane . Arch Derm Syph 42: 641-648 ( (Oct) ) 1940;.
Case. R.A.M.. and Hosker, M.E.:  Tumour of the Urinary Bladder as an Occupational Disease in the Rubber Industry in England and Wales . Brit J Prev Soc Med 8:39-50 ( (April) ) 1954;.
Goldblatt. M.W.. and Goldblatt, J.: " Industrial Carcinogenesis and Toxicology " in Merewether, E.R.A. (ed.): Industrial Medicine and Hygiene . London: Butterworth & Co., Ltd., 1956;, vol 3, pp 185-562.
Case, R.A.M.:  Tumours of the Urinary Tract as an Occupational Disease in Several Industries , Ann Roy Coll Surg Eng 39:213-235 ( (Oct) ) 1966;.
Crabbe, J.G.S., et al:  The Cytological Diagnosis of Bladder Tumours Amongst Dyestuff Workers , Brit J Industr Med 13:270-276 ( (Oct) ) 1956;.

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Broders, A.C.:  Carcinoma: Grading and Practical Application , Arch Path 2: 376-381 ( (Sept) ) 1926;.
Marshall, V.F.:  Current Clinical Problems Regarding Bladder Tumors , Cancer 9:543-550 ( (May) -June) 1956;.
Paterson, R.: " The Bladder " in The Treatment of Malignant Disease by Radium and X Ray , London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1948;, pp 370-383.
Friedman, M.:  Supervoltage (2MVP) Rotation Irradiation of Cancer of the Bladder , Radiology 73:191-208 ( (Aug) ) 1959;.
Clinical Staging System for Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder , Chicago: American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting, (Feb) 1967;, pp 1-10.
Malignant Tumours of the Urinary Bladder: Clinical Stage Classification and Presentation of Results , Subcommittee on Clinical Stage Classification and Applied Statistics, Geneva: Union Internationale Contre le Cancrum. 1967;, pp 3-17.
Jewett, H.J., and Strong, G.H.:  Infiltrating Carcinoma of the Bladder: Relation of Depth of Penetration of the Bladder Wall to Incidence of Local Extension and Metastases , J Urol 55:366-372 ( (April) ) 1946;.
Whitmore, W.F., Jr., et al:  Preoperative Irradiation With Cystectomy in the Management of Bladder Cancer , Amer J Roentgen 102:570-576 ( (March) ) 1968;.
Baker, R.:  Correlation of Circumferential Lymphatic Spread of Vesical Cancer With Depth of Infiltration: Relation to Present Methods of Treatment , J Urol 73:681-690 ( (April) ) 1955;.
Jewett, H.J.: " Bladder Cancer: The Importance of Biopsy and Bimanual Examination in Clinical Management ," in Proceedings of the Second National Cancer Conference , Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1954;, vol 1. pp 375-382.
Mostofi, F.K.:  Standardization of Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Epithelial Tumors of the Urinary Bladder , Acta Un Int Cane 16:310-314 (No. (2) ) 1960;.
Mostofi. F.K.:  Potentialities of the Bladder Epithelium , J Urol 71:705-713 ( (June) ) 1954;.
Pugh, R.C.B.: " The Pathology of Bladder Tumors " in Wallace. D.M. (ed.): Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites: Tumours of the Bladder , Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd., 1959;, vol 2, pp 116-156.
Bergkvist, A.; Ljungqvist, A.; and Moberger, G.:  Classification of Bladder Tumors Based on the Cellular Pattern: Preliminary Reports of a Clinical-Pathological Study of 300 Cases With a Minimum Follow Up of Eight Years , Acta Chir Scand 130:371-378 ( (Oct) ) 1965;.
Dean, A.L., et al:  A Restudy of the First 1,400 Tumors in the Bladder Tumor Registry, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , J Urol 71:571-590 ( (May) ) 1954;.
Nichols, J.S., and Marshall, V.F.: " Treatment of Histologically Benign Papilloma of the Urinary Bladder by Local Excision and Fulguration " in Marshall. V.F. (ed.): Bladder Tumors: A Symposium , Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1956;, pp 24-25.
Begg, R.C.:  Colloid Tumors of the Urachus Invading the Bladder . Brit J Surg 23:769-772 ( (April) ) 1936;.
Mostofi, F.K.; Thomson. R.V.: and Dean. A.L.:  Mucous Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder . Cancer 8:741-758 ( (July) -Aug) 1955;.
Franksson. C.:  Tumors of the Urinary Bladder , Acta Chir Scand 100 ( (suppl 151) ): 1-203, 1950;.
Whitmore, W.F.. Jr.. and Marshall. V.F.: " Radical Surgery for Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder ." in Marshall. V.F. (ed.): Bladder Tumors: A Symposium . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1956;, pp 54-66.
Wallace. D.M.: " Clinicopathologic Behavior of Bladder Tumours " in Wallace, D.M. (ed.): Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites: Tumours of the Bladder . Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd.. 1959;. vol 2, pp 157-170.
Jewett, H.J.: " Tumors of the Bladder " in Campbell, M.F. (ed.): Urology , ed 2, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.. 1963;. vol 2, pp 1027-1100.
Baker, R., et al:  Subtotal Cystectomy and Total Bladder Regeneration in Treatment of Bladder Cancer , JAMA 168: 1178-1185 ( (Nov 1) ) 1958;.
Jewett, H.J.; King, L.R.; and Shelley, W.M.:  A Study of 365 Cases of Infiltrating Bladder Cancer: Relation of Certain Pathological Characteristics to Prognosis After Extirpation , J Urol 92:668-678 ( (Dec) ) 1964;.
Simon. W.; Cordonnier, J.J.; and Snodgrass, W.T.:  The Pathogenesis of Bladder Carcinoma , J Urol 88:797-802 ( (Dec) ) 1962;.
Austen, G., Jr., and Friedell, G.H.:  Observations on Local Growth Patterns of Bladder Cancer , J Urol 93:224-229 ( (Feb) ) 1965;.
Galleher, J., et al:  Supravoltage Irradiation Followed by Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer , J Urol 93:598-603 ( (May) ) 1965;.
Baker, R.: " Bladder Cancer " in Lewis, D.D. (ed.): Practice of Surgery , New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1967;. vol 9.
McDonald, J.R.. and Thompson, G.J.:  Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder: Pathological Study With Special Reference to Invasiveness and Vascular Invasion , J Urol 60:435-445 ( (Sept) ) 1948;.
Kerr. W.S., Jr., and Colby, F.H.:  Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Correlation of Pathology With Treatment and Prognosis , J Urol 65:841-844 ( (May) ) 1951;.
Marshall, V.F.: " Current Clinical Problems Regarding Bladder Tumors " in Marshall. V.F. (ed.): Bladder Tumors: A Symposium , Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1956;, pp 4-5.
Dean, A.L.:  Comparison of the Malignancy of Bladder Tumors as Shown by the Cystoscopic Biopsy and Subsequent Examination of the Entire Excised Organ . J Urol 59:193-194 ( (Feb) ) 1948;.
Rehn, L.:  Blassengeschwülste bei Fuchsin-Arbeitern . Arch Klin Chir 50: 588-600, 1895;.
Kleinfeld, M.: Rosso, A.J.; and Goldwater. L.J.:  Bladder Tumors in A Coal Tar Dye Plant . Industr Med Surg 35:570 ( (July) ) 1966;.
Melick, W.F., et al:  The First Reported Cases of Human Bladder Tumors Due to a New Carcinogen—Xenylamine , J Urol 74:760-766 ( (Dec) ) 1955;.
Goldblatt, M.W.: " Bladder Tumours and Industrial Chemistry ." in Wallace, D.M. (ed.): Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites: Tumours of the Bladder , Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd., 1959;, vol 2. p 44.
Boyland, E., and Weigert, F.:  The Metabolism of Carcinogenic Compounds . Brit Med Bull 4:354-359 (No. (5) -6) 1947;.
Allen, M.J., et al:  Cancer of the Urinary Bladder Induced in Mice With Metabolites of Aromatic Amines and Tryptophan . Brit J Cancer 11:212-228 ( (June) ) 1957;.
McDonald, D.F.. and Lund. R.R.:  The Role of the Urine in Vesical Neoplasm: I. Experimental Confirmation of the Urogenous Theory of Pathogenesis . J Urol 71:560-570 ( (May) ) 1954;.
Wilson, R.H.: DeEds. F.; and Cox, A.J., Jr.:  The Toxicity and Carcinogenic Activity of 2 Acetaminofluorene , Cancer Res 1:595-608 ( (Aug) ) 1941;.
Tomatis, L.; Dellaporta, G.; and Shubik, P.:  Urinary Bladder and Liver Cell Tumors Induced in Hamsters With O Amino Azotoluene . Cancer Res 21:1513-1517 ( (Dec) ) 1961;.
Videback, A.:  Chlornaphazin (ErysanR) May Induce Cancer of the Bladder, Acta Med Scand 176:45-50 ( (July) ) 1964;.
Chievitz, E., and Thiede, T.:  Complications and Causes of Death in Polycythaemia Vera , Acta Med Scand 172: 513-523 ( (Nov) ) 1962;.
Bryan, G.T.; Brown, R.R.; and Price, J.M.:  Incidence of Mouse Bladder Tumors Following Implantation of Paraffin Pellets Containing Certain Tryptophan Metabolites , Cancer Res 24:582-585 ( (May) ) 1964;.
Brown, R.R., et al:  The Metabolism of Tryptophan in Patients With Bladder Cancer , Acta Un Int Cancr 16:299-303 ( (July) ) 1960;.
Quagliariello, E.. et al:  Tryptophan Nicotinic Acid Metabolism in Patients With Tumours in the Bladder: Changes in the Excretory Products After Treatment With Nicotinamide and Vitamin B6 , Brit J Cancer 15:367-372 ( (June) ) 1961;.
Kerr, W.K.; Barkin, M.A.; and Menczyk. A.R.T.:  Cancer of the Bladder: Biochemical Factors in Its Etiology , Canad J Surg 7:414-419 ( (Oct) ) 1964;.
Boyland, E.: Biochemistry of Bladder Cancer , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher. 1963;, pp 1-95.
Roffo, A.H.:  El Tobaco en el Cancer de Vejiga . Bol Inst Med Exper Para Estud Trat Cáncer 8:277-324 ( (March) ) 1931;.
Holsti, L.. and Ermala, P.:  Papillary Carcinoma of the Bladder in Mice Obtained After Oral Administration of Tobacco Tar , Cancer 8:679-682 ( (July) -Aug) 1955;.
Hammond, E.C., and Horn, D.:  Smoking and Death Rates—Report on 44 Months of Follow-up of 187,783 Men: I. Total Mortality , JAMA 66:1159-1172 ( (March 8) ) 1958;.
Cobb, B.G., and Ansell, J.S.:  Cigarette Smoking and Cancer of the Bladder , JAMA 193:329-332 ( (Aug 2) ) 1965;.
Kerr, W.K.. et al:  The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Bladder Carcinogenesis in Man , Canad Med Assoc J 93:1-7 ( (July 3) ) 1965;.
Al Hussaini, M., and McDonald, D.F.:  Lack of Urothelial Tumorigenicity and Cotumorigenicity of Schistosome Ova in Mice . Cancer Res 27:228-229 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.
Mobley, T.L., et al:  The Role of Chronic Mechanical Irritation in Experimental Urothelial Tumorigenesis , Invest Urol 3:325-333 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Brobst, D.F.. and Olson C.:  Histopathology of Urinary Bladder Tumors Induced by Bovine Cutaneous Papilloma Agent , Cancer Res 25:12-19 ( (Jan) ) 1965;
Goeckerman. W.H., and Wilhelm. L.F.:  Arsenic as the Cause of Cancer of Mucous Membrane . Arch Derm Syph 42: 641-648 ( (Oct) ) 1940;.
Case. R.A.M.. and Hosker, M.E.:  Tumour of the Urinary Bladder as an Occupational Disease in the Rubber Industry in England and Wales . Brit J Prev Soc Med 8:39-50 ( (April) ) 1954;.
Goldblatt. M.W.. and Goldblatt, J.: " Industrial Carcinogenesis and Toxicology " in Merewether, E.R.A. (ed.): Industrial Medicine and Hygiene . London: Butterworth & Co., Ltd., 1956;, vol 3, pp 185-562.
Case, R.A.M.:  Tumours of the Urinary Tract as an Occupational Disease in Several Industries , Ann Roy Coll Surg Eng 39:213-235 ( (Oct) ) 1966;.
Crabbe, J.G.S., et al:  The Cytological Diagnosis of Bladder Tumours Amongst Dyestuff Workers , Brit J Industr Med 13:270-276 ( (Oct) ) 1956;.
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