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Psychopharmacological Elements of Drug Dependence FREE

Maurice H. Seevers, PhD, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Read before the 14th Annual Conference of Mental Health Representatives of State Medical Societies, sponsored by the AMA Council on Mental Health, Chicago, March 16, 1968.

Reprint requests to Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104 (Dr. Seevers).


JAMA. 1968;206(6):1263-1266. doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03150060037007
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The complexities of drug dependence as a scientific, medical, and social problem are so great that the pharmacological and psychological principles, common to all forms of drug dependence, are easily obscured in the mass of detail and in the semantic arguments about definitions.1

It may appear to be fatuous to say that the individual having had no experience with psychoactive drugs will never become dependent. In effect, however, this is the only means by which drug dependence could be eliminated in the human society. Having once experienced such drug effects, a large majority of the world population will inevitably become drug dependent (Figure). Some drugs are so weak that little harm results. But many are such powerful reinforcers that if all the population were to be given a drug trial with every major psychoactive drug by intravenous administration and then permitted free access to the drug of their choice,

REFERENCES

Seevers, M.H.: " Drug Addictions ," in Drill, V.A. (ed.): Pharmacology in Medicine , ed 2, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1958;, p 237.
Yanagita, T.; Deneau, G.; and Seevers, M.H.: " A Technic for Chronic Intravenous Programmed or Self Administration of Drugs to Monkeys ," in Proceedings International Union of Physiological Society, Tokyo, September 1-9, 1965, International Congress, Session 87, Experpta Medica Foundation , The Hague, Netherlands: Manton and Co., 1965;.
Seevers, M.H., and Woods, L.A.:  The Phenomena of Tolerance , Amer J Med 14:546-557 ( (May) ) 1953;.
Seevers, M.H.:  Adaptation to Narcotics , Fed Proc 13:672-684 ( (June) ) 1954;.
Isbell, H., and Fraser, H.F.:  Addiction to Analgesics and Barbiturates , Pharmacol Rev 2:355-397, 1950;.
Seevers, M.H., and Deneau, G.A.: " Physiological Aspects of Tolerance and Physical Dependence " in Root, W.S., and Hofmann, F.G. (eds.): Physiological Pharmacology , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1963;, vol 1, pp 565-640.
Tatum, A.L.; and Seevers, M.H.:  Theories of Drug Addiction , Physiol Rev 11:107-121 ( (April) ) 1931;.
Seevers, M.H.:  Medical Perspectives on Habituation and Addiction , JAMA 181:92-98 ( (July 14) ) 1962;.
Eddy, N.B., et al:  Drug Dependence: Its Significance and Characteristics . Bull WHO 32:721-733 (No. (5) ) 1965;.

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Seevers, M.H.: " Drug Addictions ," in Drill, V.A. (ed.): Pharmacology in Medicine , ed 2, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1958;, p 237.
Yanagita, T.; Deneau, G.; and Seevers, M.H.: " A Technic for Chronic Intravenous Programmed or Self Administration of Drugs to Monkeys ," in Proceedings International Union of Physiological Society, Tokyo, September 1-9, 1965, International Congress, Session 87, Experpta Medica Foundation , The Hague, Netherlands: Manton and Co., 1965;.
Seevers, M.H., and Woods, L.A.:  The Phenomena of Tolerance , Amer J Med 14:546-557 ( (May) ) 1953;.
Seevers, M.H.:  Adaptation to Narcotics , Fed Proc 13:672-684 ( (June) ) 1954;.
Isbell, H., and Fraser, H.F.:  Addiction to Analgesics and Barbiturates , Pharmacol Rev 2:355-397, 1950;.
Seevers, M.H., and Deneau, G.A.: " Physiological Aspects of Tolerance and Physical Dependence " in Root, W.S., and Hofmann, F.G. (eds.): Physiological Pharmacology , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1963;, vol 1, pp 565-640.
Tatum, A.L.; and Seevers, M.H.:  Theories of Drug Addiction , Physiol Rev 11:107-121 ( (April) ) 1931;.
Seevers, M.H.:  Medical Perspectives on Habituation and Addiction , JAMA 181:92-98 ( (July 14) ) 1962;.
Eddy, N.B., et al:  Drug Dependence: Its Significance and Characteristics . Bull WHO 32:721-733 (No. (5) ) 1965;.
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