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Development and Evaluation of the Moraten Measles Virus Vaccine FREE

Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc; Eugene B. Buynak, PhD; Robert E. Weibel, MD; Joseph Stokes, Jr., MD, DSc; James E. Whitman, Jr., PhD; M. Bernice Leagus, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, Pa 19486 (Dr. Hilleman).


JAMA. 1968;206(3):587-590. doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03150030043009
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Clinical reaction rates and antibody responses were compared in children given three vaccines: Enders' live, attenuated Edmonston B measles vaccine; a newly described line of Enders' vaccine—live, attenuated Moraten measles virus vaccine; or the live, attenuated Schwarz line of Enders' measles virus vaccine. Groups of 248 to 273 susceptible children in health centers, schools, and outpatient clinics were elected at random to receive the three vaccines. Oral temperature of 101 F (38.3 C) or greater was encountered in 45.9% of those given the Edmonston vaccine, 14.4% of recipients of the Moraten line, and 21.4% of recipients of Schwarz vaccine. The lesser reaction of the Moraten line compared with Schwarz vaccine was statistically significant as was the difference between Moraten and Edmonston vaccine. All children responded serologically to all vaccines. The geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer following Edmonston vaccine administration was 1:25 compared with 1:16.3 and 1:16.1 for the Moraten and Schwarz vaccines.

REFERENCES

Katz, S.L., and Enders, J.F.:  Immunization of Children With a Live Attenuated Measles Virus , Amer J Dis Child 98:605 ( (Nov) ) 1959;.
Stokes, J., Jr., et al:  Enders' Live Measles-Virus Vaccine With Human Immune Globulin: I. Clinical Reactions , Amer J Dis Child 103:366-372 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Hilleman, M.R., et al:  Enders' Live Measles-Virus Vaccine With Human Immune Globulin: II. Evaluation of Efficacy , J Dis Child 103:373-379 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Katz, S.L.; Enders, J.F.; and Holloway, A.:  The Development and Evaluation of an Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine , Amer J Public Health 52:5-10 ( (Feb) ) 1962;.
Cockburn, W.C.; Pecenka, J.; and Sundaresan, T.:  WHO-Supported Comparative Studies of Attenuated Live Measles Virus Vaccines , Bull WHO 34:223-231, 1966;.
Ristori, C., et al: " Mass Measles Immunization in South America ," in First International Conference on Vaccines Against Viral and Rickettsial Diseases of Man , Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publication No. 147, (May) 1967;, pp 318-324.
Lee, H.F.:  Reactions to Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine in Everyday Practice , GP 29:132-133 ( (April) ) 1964;.
Kalabus, F., et al:  Standardization and Mass Application of Combined Live Measles-Smallpox Vaccine in Upper Volta , Amer J Epidem 86:93-111 ( (July) ) 1967;.
World Health Organization: "Report of a WHO Scientific Group: Measles Vaccines," WHO Technical Report Series, No. 263, 1963.
Schwarz, A.J.F.:  Immunization Against Measles: Development and Evaluation of a Highly Attenuated Live Measles Vaccine , Ann Paediat 202:241-252 ( (April) ) 1964;.
 Cooperative Study: Extensive Clinical Evaluations of a Highly Attenuated Live Measles Vaccine , JAMA 199:26-30 ( (Jan 2) ) 1967;.
Rosen, L.:  Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination-Inhibition With Measles Virus , Virology 13:139-141 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Stokes, J., Jr., et al:  Use of Living Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine in Early Infancy , New Eng J Med 263:230-233 ( (Aug 4) ) 1960;.
Lwoff, A.:  Factors Influencing the Evolution of Viral Diseases at the Cellular Level and in the Organism , Bact Rev 23:109-124 ( (Sept) ) 1959;.
Sabin, A.B.: " Reproductive Capacity of Polioviruses of Diverse Origins at Various Temperatures ," in Pollard, M. (ed.): Perspectives in Virology , vol 2, Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Co., 1961;, pp 90-108.
Enders, J.F., and Shaffer, M.F.:  Studies on Natural Immunity to Pneumococcus Type III: I. The Capacity of Strains of Pneumococcus Type III to Grow at 41° C. and Their Virulence for Rabbits , J Exp Med 64:7-18 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Dubes, G.R., and Wenner, H.A.:  Virulence of Polioviruses in Relation to Variant Characteristics Distinguishable on Cells in vitro , Virology 4:275-296 ( (Oct) ) 1957;.
Goffe, A.P., and Laurence, G.D.:  Vaccination Against Measles: I. Preparation and Testing of Vaccines Consisting of Living Attenuated Virus , Brit Med J 2:1244-1246 ( (Nov 11) ) 1961;.
Hendrickse, R.G., et al:  Studies on Measles Vaccination in Nigerian Children , Brit Med J 1:470-474 ( (Feb 22) ) 1964;.

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Katz, S.L., and Enders, J.F.:  Immunization of Children With a Live Attenuated Measles Virus , Amer J Dis Child 98:605 ( (Nov) ) 1959;.
Stokes, J., Jr., et al:  Enders' Live Measles-Virus Vaccine With Human Immune Globulin: I. Clinical Reactions , Amer J Dis Child 103:366-372 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Hilleman, M.R., et al:  Enders' Live Measles-Virus Vaccine With Human Immune Globulin: II. Evaluation of Efficacy , J Dis Child 103:373-379 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Katz, S.L.; Enders, J.F.; and Holloway, A.:  The Development and Evaluation of an Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine , Amer J Public Health 52:5-10 ( (Feb) ) 1962;.
Cockburn, W.C.; Pecenka, J.; and Sundaresan, T.:  WHO-Supported Comparative Studies of Attenuated Live Measles Virus Vaccines , Bull WHO 34:223-231, 1966;.
Ristori, C., et al: " Mass Measles Immunization in South America ," in First International Conference on Vaccines Against Viral and Rickettsial Diseases of Man , Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publication No. 147, (May) 1967;, pp 318-324.
Lee, H.F.:  Reactions to Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine in Everyday Practice , GP 29:132-133 ( (April) ) 1964;.
Kalabus, F., et al:  Standardization and Mass Application of Combined Live Measles-Smallpox Vaccine in Upper Volta , Amer J Epidem 86:93-111 ( (July) ) 1967;.
World Health Organization: "Report of a WHO Scientific Group: Measles Vaccines," WHO Technical Report Series, No. 263, 1963.
Schwarz, A.J.F.:  Immunization Against Measles: Development and Evaluation of a Highly Attenuated Live Measles Vaccine , Ann Paediat 202:241-252 ( (April) ) 1964;.
 Cooperative Study: Extensive Clinical Evaluations of a Highly Attenuated Live Measles Vaccine , JAMA 199:26-30 ( (Jan 2) ) 1967;.
Rosen, L.:  Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination-Inhibition With Measles Virus , Virology 13:139-141 ( (Jan) ) 1961;.
Stokes, J., Jr., et al:  Use of Living Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine in Early Infancy , New Eng J Med 263:230-233 ( (Aug 4) ) 1960;.
Lwoff, A.:  Factors Influencing the Evolution of Viral Diseases at the Cellular Level and in the Organism , Bact Rev 23:109-124 ( (Sept) ) 1959;.
Sabin, A.B.: " Reproductive Capacity of Polioviruses of Diverse Origins at Various Temperatures ," in Pollard, M. (ed.): Perspectives in Virology , vol 2, Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Co., 1961;, pp 90-108.
Enders, J.F., and Shaffer, M.F.:  Studies on Natural Immunity to Pneumococcus Type III: I. The Capacity of Strains of Pneumococcus Type III to Grow at 41° C. and Their Virulence for Rabbits , J Exp Med 64:7-18 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Dubes, G.R., and Wenner, H.A.:  Virulence of Polioviruses in Relation to Variant Characteristics Distinguishable on Cells in vitro , Virology 4:275-296 ( (Oct) ) 1957;.
Goffe, A.P., and Laurence, G.D.:  Vaccination Against Measles: I. Preparation and Testing of Vaccines Consisting of Living Attenuated Virus , Brit Med J 2:1244-1246 ( (Nov 11) ) 1961;.
Hendrickse, R.G., et al:  Studies on Measles Vaccination in Nigerian Children , Brit Med J 1:470-474 ( (Feb 22) ) 1964;.
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