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Body Composition and Physiologic Function of Athletes FREE

Ladislav P. Novak, PhD; Robert E. Hyatt, MD; John F. Alexander, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn 55901 (Dr. Novak).


JAMA. 1968;205(11):764-770. doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03140370066015
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Investigations which would combine body composition and cardiopulmonary function into a unified evaluation of the problems of maximal performance are very few, and those few are limited in scope and in selection of subjects.

Kohlrausch1 measured anthropometrically a few Olympic athletes in Amsterdam in 1928. Cureton2 provided physiologic and anthropometric data of American track and field athletes in 1948. The study contributing most to understanding of the relationship of body build to performance of Olympic athletes was done by Tanner3 who anthropometrically measured and made x-ray films of more than 200 athletes in 1958; subsequently, in 1960, he studied an additional 137 athletes. Tanner's pioneering work added greatly to the knowledge of body build vis-à-vis body mechanics, but he did not determine physiologic parameters or perform detailed analyses of body composition.

The relationship of body composition to oxygen consumption in normal young men during submaximal work was

REFERENCES

Kohlrausch, W.;  Zusammenhänge von Körperform und Leistung: Ergebnisse der anthropometrischen Messunges an den Athleten der Amsterdamer Olympiade , Arbeitsphysiol 2:187-204, 1929;.
Cureton, T.K. et al: Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes , Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951;, p 458.
Tanner, J.M.: The Physique of the Olympic Athlete: A Study of 137 Track and Field Athletes at the 17th Olympic Games, Rome, 1960; and a Comparison With Weight-Lifters and Wrestlers , London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1964;, p 126.
Miller, A.T., Jr., and Blyth, C.S.:  Estimation of Lean Body Mass and Body Fat From Basal Oxygen Consumption and Creatinine Excretion , J Appl Physiol 5:73-78 ( (Aug) ) 1952;.
Buskirk, E., and Taylor, H.L.:  Maximal Oxygen Intake and Its Relation to Body Composition, With Special Reference to Chronic Physical Activity and Obesity , J Appl Physiol 11:72-78 ( (July) ) 1957;.
Von Döbeln, W.:  Human Standard and Maximal Metabolic Rate in Relation to Fatfree Body Mass , Acta Physiol Scand 37 ( (Suppl 126) ):3-79, 1956;.
Welch, B.E., et al: Relationship of Maximal Oxygen Consumption to Various Components of Body Composition , report 208, US Army Medical Nutrition Laboratory, (July 23) , 1957;, pp 1-9. Fitzsimons Army Hospital, Denver, Colo.
Luft, U.C., et al:  Physical Performance in Relation to Body Size and Composition , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:795-808 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Behnke, A.R., and Royce, J.:  Body Size, Shape, and Body Composition of Several Types of Athletes , J Sport Med 6:75-88 ( (June) ) 1966;.
Tauxe, W.N., and Orvis, A.L.:  The Mayo Clinic Whole-Body Counter , Mayo Clinic Proc 41:18-23 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Schloerb, P. R., et al:  Measurement of Total Body Water in Human Subject by Deuterium Oxide Dilution With Consideration of Dynamics of Deuterium Distribution , J Clin Invest 29:12961310 ( (Oct) ) 1950;.
Bonsnes, R.W., and Taussky, H.H.:  On the Colorimetric Determination of Creatinine by the Jaffe Reaction , J Biol Chem 158:581-591 ( (May) ) 1945;.
Leuallen, E.C., and Fowler, W.S.:  Maximal Midexpiratory Flow , Amer Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 72:783-800 ( (Dec) ) 1955;.
Hepper, N.G.G.; Foyler, W.S.; and Helmholz, H.F., Jr.:  Relationship of Height to Lung Volume in Healthy Men , Dis Chest 37:314-320 ( (March) ) 1960;.
Kory, R.C., et al:  The Veterans Administration-Army Cooperative Study of Pulmonary Function: I. Clinical Spirometry Normal Men , Amer J Med 30:243-258 ( (Feb) ) 1961;.
Boothby, W.M.; Berkson, J.; and Dunn, H.L.:  Studies of Energy Metabolism of Normal Individuals: A Standard for Basal Metabolism, With a Nomogram for Clinical Application , Amer J Physiol 116:468-484 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Weir, J.B.deV.:  New Methods for Calculating Metabolic Rate With Special Reference to Protein Metabolism , J Physiol 109L:1-9 ( (Aug 1) ) 1949;.
Taylor, H.L.; Buskirk, E.; and Henschel, A.:  Maximal Oxygen Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio-Respiratory Performance , J Appl Physiol 8:73-80 ( (July) ) 1955;.
Rathburn, E.N., and Pace, N.:  Studies on Body Composition: I. The Determination of Total Body Fat by Means of the Body Specific Gravity , J Biol Chem 158:667-676 ( (May) ) 1945;.
Moore, F.D., et al: The Body Cell Mass and Its Supporting Environment: Body Composition in Health and Disease , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1963;, pp 535.
Karpovich, P.V.: Physiology of Muscular Activity , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1955;.
Anderson, E.C.:  Three-Component Body Composition Analysis Based on Potassium and Water Determinations , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:189-210 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Pařízková, J.:  Impact of Age, Diet, and Exercise on Man's Body Composition , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:661-674 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Novak, L.P.:  Measurement of Physical Fitness Through Physique and Body Composition Variables and Indicies , Read before the National Conference of the American College Sports Medicine, Las Vegas, Nev, March 10, 1967 .
Brožek, J., et al:  Densitometric Analysis of Body Composition: Revision of Some Quantitative Assumptions , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:113-140 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Novak, L.P.:  Physical Activity and Body Composition of Adolescent Boys , JAMA 197:891-893 ( (Sept 12) ) 1966;.
Stuart, D. G., and Collings, W.D.:  Comparison of Vital Capacity and Maximum Breathing Capacity of Athletes and Nonathletes , J Appl Physiol 14:507-509 ( (July) ) 1959;.
Grimby, G., and Söderholm, B.:  Spirometric Studies in Normal Subjects: III. Static Lung Volumes and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Adults With a Note on Physical Fitness , Acta Med Scand 173:199-206 ( (Feb) ) 1963;.

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Kohlrausch, W.;  Zusammenhänge von Körperform und Leistung: Ergebnisse der anthropometrischen Messunges an den Athleten der Amsterdamer Olympiade , Arbeitsphysiol 2:187-204, 1929;.
Cureton, T.K. et al: Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes , Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951;, p 458.
Tanner, J.M.: The Physique of the Olympic Athlete: A Study of 137 Track and Field Athletes at the 17th Olympic Games, Rome, 1960; and a Comparison With Weight-Lifters and Wrestlers , London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1964;, p 126.
Miller, A.T., Jr., and Blyth, C.S.:  Estimation of Lean Body Mass and Body Fat From Basal Oxygen Consumption and Creatinine Excretion , J Appl Physiol 5:73-78 ( (Aug) ) 1952;.
Buskirk, E., and Taylor, H.L.:  Maximal Oxygen Intake and Its Relation to Body Composition, With Special Reference to Chronic Physical Activity and Obesity , J Appl Physiol 11:72-78 ( (July) ) 1957;.
Von Döbeln, W.:  Human Standard and Maximal Metabolic Rate in Relation to Fatfree Body Mass , Acta Physiol Scand 37 ( (Suppl 126) ):3-79, 1956;.
Welch, B.E., et al: Relationship of Maximal Oxygen Consumption to Various Components of Body Composition , report 208, US Army Medical Nutrition Laboratory, (July 23) , 1957;, pp 1-9. Fitzsimons Army Hospital, Denver, Colo.
Luft, U.C., et al:  Physical Performance in Relation to Body Size and Composition , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:795-808 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Behnke, A.R., and Royce, J.:  Body Size, Shape, and Body Composition of Several Types of Athletes , J Sport Med 6:75-88 ( (June) ) 1966;.
Tauxe, W.N., and Orvis, A.L.:  The Mayo Clinic Whole-Body Counter , Mayo Clinic Proc 41:18-23 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Schloerb, P. R., et al:  Measurement of Total Body Water in Human Subject by Deuterium Oxide Dilution With Consideration of Dynamics of Deuterium Distribution , J Clin Invest 29:12961310 ( (Oct) ) 1950;.
Bonsnes, R.W., and Taussky, H.H.:  On the Colorimetric Determination of Creatinine by the Jaffe Reaction , J Biol Chem 158:581-591 ( (May) ) 1945;.
Leuallen, E.C., and Fowler, W.S.:  Maximal Midexpiratory Flow , Amer Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 72:783-800 ( (Dec) ) 1955;.
Hepper, N.G.G.; Foyler, W.S.; and Helmholz, H.F., Jr.:  Relationship of Height to Lung Volume in Healthy Men , Dis Chest 37:314-320 ( (March) ) 1960;.
Kory, R.C., et al:  The Veterans Administration-Army Cooperative Study of Pulmonary Function: I. Clinical Spirometry Normal Men , Amer J Med 30:243-258 ( (Feb) ) 1961;.
Boothby, W.M.; Berkson, J.; and Dunn, H.L.:  Studies of Energy Metabolism of Normal Individuals: A Standard for Basal Metabolism, With a Nomogram for Clinical Application , Amer J Physiol 116:468-484 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Weir, J.B.deV.:  New Methods for Calculating Metabolic Rate With Special Reference to Protein Metabolism , J Physiol 109L:1-9 ( (Aug 1) ) 1949;.
Taylor, H.L.; Buskirk, E.; and Henschel, A.:  Maximal Oxygen Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio-Respiratory Performance , J Appl Physiol 8:73-80 ( (July) ) 1955;.
Rathburn, E.N., and Pace, N.:  Studies on Body Composition: I. The Determination of Total Body Fat by Means of the Body Specific Gravity , J Biol Chem 158:667-676 ( (May) ) 1945;.
Moore, F.D., et al: The Body Cell Mass and Its Supporting Environment: Body Composition in Health and Disease , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1963;, pp 535.
Karpovich, P.V.: Physiology of Muscular Activity , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1955;.
Anderson, E.C.:  Three-Component Body Composition Analysis Based on Potassium and Water Determinations , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:189-210 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Pařízková, J.:  Impact of Age, Diet, and Exercise on Man's Body Composition , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:661-674 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Novak, L.P.:  Measurement of Physical Fitness Through Physique and Body Composition Variables and Indicies , Read before the National Conference of the American College Sports Medicine, Las Vegas, Nev, March 10, 1967 .
Brožek, J., et al:  Densitometric Analysis of Body Composition: Revision of Some Quantitative Assumptions , Ann NY Acad Sci 110:113-140 ( (Sept 26) ) 1963;.
Novak, L.P.:  Physical Activity and Body Composition of Adolescent Boys , JAMA 197:891-893 ( (Sept 12) ) 1966;.
Stuart, D. G., and Collings, W.D.:  Comparison of Vital Capacity and Maximum Breathing Capacity of Athletes and Nonathletes , J Appl Physiol 14:507-509 ( (July) ) 1959;.
Grimby, G., and Söderholm, B.:  Spirometric Studies in Normal Subjects: III. Static Lung Volumes and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in Adults With a Note on Physical Fitness , Acta Med Scand 173:199-206 ( (Feb) ) 1963;.
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