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Epidemiological Problems Associated With Studies of the Safety of Oral Contraceptives FREE

Daniel Seigel, SD; Philip Corfman, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to National Institutes of Health, Bldg 31, Room 4A47, Bethesda, Md 20014 (Dr. Corfman).


JAMA. 1968;203(11):950-954. doi:10.1001/jama.1968.03140110042009
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Most segments of American society agree that excessive and disproportionate population growth is a social, economic, and health threat, and there is a consensus, reflected in the stated policy of the federal government1 that every family should have easy access to family planning information and services so that each may make an intelligent and uninhibited choice concerning the number of children desired. This consensus has increased the need for family planning services and efforts to develop improved techniques of contraception. New methods have been developed because the old ones are not suitable for all populations. It is difficult for a single method to satisfy all the criteria of the ideal contraceptive: efficacy, safety, reversibility, low cost, simplicity, and acceptability.

Advances in reproductive biology supported and conducted by private foundations, industry, and the government have resulted in several unique and effective techniques in the last decade, the most noteworthy being oral

REFERENCES

Johnson, L.B.: " State of the Union Address ," in New York Times 1:16 ( (Jan 5) ) 1965;.
Martinez-Mananton, J., and Rudel, H.W.: Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Fertility and Sterility , New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1967;.
Westoff, C.F., and Ryder, N.B.: " United States: Methods of Fertility Control 1955, 1960, 1965 ," in Studies in Family Planning , Population Council of New York, 1967;.
Ryder, N.B., and Westoff, C.F.:  Use of Oral Contraception in the United States, 1965 . Science 153:1199-1205 ( (Sept 9) ) 1966;.
Hertz, R., and Bailar. J.C., III:  Estrogen-Progestogen Combinations for Contraception , JAMA 198:1000-1006 ( (Nov 28) ) 1966;.
Report on the Oral Contraceptive by the Advisory Committee on Obstetrics and Gynecology , Food and Drug Administration, (Aug 1) , 1966;.
Platt, L., et al:  Risk of Thromboembolic Disease in Women Taking Oral Contraceptives , Brit Med J 2:355 ( (May 6) ) 1967;.
Richart, R.M., and Barron, B.A.:  The Intrauterine Device and Cervical Neoplasia: A Prospective Study of Patients With Cervical Dysplasia , JAMA 199:817-819 ( (March 13) ) 1967;.
Wied, G.L., et al:  Statistical Evaluation of The Effect of Hormonal Contraceptives on the Cytologic Smear Patterns , Obstet Gynec 27:327-334 ( (March) ) 1966;.
Gregg, N.M.:  Rubella During Pregnancy of the Mother With Its Sequelae of Congenital Defects in the Child , Med J Aust 1:313-315 ( (March 31) ) 1945;.
Dawber, T.R.; Meadors, G.F.; and Moore, F.E.:  Epidemiological Approaches to Heart Disease: The Framingham Study , Amer J Public Health 41:279-286 ( (March) ) 1951;.
Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service , Public Health Service Publication 1103, 1964;.
Schuman, L.M.:  The Epidemiology of Thromboembolic Disorders: A Review , J Chron Dis 18:815-845 ( (Aug) ) 1965;.
Newill, V.A.:  Present Concepts of Incidence and Prevalence , Diabetes 12:554-559 ( (Nov) -Dec) 1963;.
Diabetes Source Book , Public Health Service Publication 1168, 1964;.
Sheps, M.C.:  On the Person Years Concept in Epidemiology and Demography , Milbank Mem Fund Quart 44:69-91 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Medical Surveys and Clinical Trials: Some Methods and Applications of Group Research in Medicine , L.J. Witts (ed): London: Oxford University Press, 1959;.
Dorn, H.F.:  Some Problems in Prospective and Retrospective Studies of the Etiology of Disease , New Eng J Med 261:571-579 ( (Sept 17) ) 1959;.
White, C., and Bailar, J.C., III:  Retrospective and Prospective Methods of Studying Association in Medicine , Amer J Pub Health 46:35-44 ( (Jan) ) 1956;.
Cornfield, J.:  A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates From Clinical Data: Applications to Cancer of the Lung, Breast, and Cervix , J Nat Cancer Inst 11:1269-1275 ( (June) ) 1951;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

Johnson, L.B.: " State of the Union Address ," in New York Times 1:16 ( (Jan 5) ) 1965;.
Martinez-Mananton, J., and Rudel, H.W.: Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Fertility and Sterility , New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1967;.
Westoff, C.F., and Ryder, N.B.: " United States: Methods of Fertility Control 1955, 1960, 1965 ," in Studies in Family Planning , Population Council of New York, 1967;.
Ryder, N.B., and Westoff, C.F.:  Use of Oral Contraception in the United States, 1965 . Science 153:1199-1205 ( (Sept 9) ) 1966;.
Hertz, R., and Bailar. J.C., III:  Estrogen-Progestogen Combinations for Contraception , JAMA 198:1000-1006 ( (Nov 28) ) 1966;.
Report on the Oral Contraceptive by the Advisory Committee on Obstetrics and Gynecology , Food and Drug Administration, (Aug 1) , 1966;.
Platt, L., et al:  Risk of Thromboembolic Disease in Women Taking Oral Contraceptives , Brit Med J 2:355 ( (May 6) ) 1967;.
Richart, R.M., and Barron, B.A.:  The Intrauterine Device and Cervical Neoplasia: A Prospective Study of Patients With Cervical Dysplasia , JAMA 199:817-819 ( (March 13) ) 1967;.
Wied, G.L., et al:  Statistical Evaluation of The Effect of Hormonal Contraceptives on the Cytologic Smear Patterns , Obstet Gynec 27:327-334 ( (March) ) 1966;.
Gregg, N.M.:  Rubella During Pregnancy of the Mother With Its Sequelae of Congenital Defects in the Child , Med J Aust 1:313-315 ( (March 31) ) 1945;.
Dawber, T.R.; Meadors, G.F.; and Moore, F.E.:  Epidemiological Approaches to Heart Disease: The Framingham Study , Amer J Public Health 41:279-286 ( (March) ) 1951;.
Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service , Public Health Service Publication 1103, 1964;.
Schuman, L.M.:  The Epidemiology of Thromboembolic Disorders: A Review , J Chron Dis 18:815-845 ( (Aug) ) 1965;.
Newill, V.A.:  Present Concepts of Incidence and Prevalence , Diabetes 12:554-559 ( (Nov) -Dec) 1963;.
Diabetes Source Book , Public Health Service Publication 1168, 1964;.
Sheps, M.C.:  On the Person Years Concept in Epidemiology and Demography , Milbank Mem Fund Quart 44:69-91 ( (Jan) ) 1966;.
Medical Surveys and Clinical Trials: Some Methods and Applications of Group Research in Medicine , L.J. Witts (ed): London: Oxford University Press, 1959;.
Dorn, H.F.:  Some Problems in Prospective and Retrospective Studies of the Etiology of Disease , New Eng J Med 261:571-579 ( (Sept 17) ) 1959;.
White, C., and Bailar, J.C., III:  Retrospective and Prospective Methods of Studying Association in Medicine , Amer J Pub Health 46:35-44 ( (Jan) ) 1956;.
Cornfield, J.:  A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates From Clinical Data: Applications to Cancer of the Lung, Breast, and Cervix , J Nat Cancer Inst 11:1269-1275 ( (June) ) 1951;.
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