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ARTICLE |

Red Blood Cell Mass and Plasma Volume Changes in Manned Space Flight FREE

Craig L. Fischer, MD; Philip C. Johnson, MD; Charles A. Berry, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston 77058 (Dr. Fischer).


JAMA. 1967;200(7):579-583. doi:10.1001/jama.1967.03120200057007
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Plasma volume, red blood cell mass, and erythrocyte survival determinations were performed for the Gemini astronauts before and after Gemini orbital flights IV, V, and VII. Plasma volume decreases similar to those seen after bed rest and water immersion were found in Gemini IV and V. While each of these flights was affected by different stresses and the data accumulated are not as complete or extensive as desired, the results suggest that the plasma volume changes associated with the shorter flights may have been compensated for in the longer Gemini VII flight. These preliminary studies showed decreases in the survival of erythrocytes and red blood cell mass (both studied with sodium chromate Cr 51) in Gemini V and VII. No compensation for the RBC mass decrease was found even in the longer flight. Data obtained indicate decreased RBC mass is a result of mild hemolysis of unknown cause.

REFERENCES

Dietrick, J.C.; Whedon, G.D.; and Shorr, E.:  Effects of Immobilization Upon Various Metabolic and Physiological Functions of Normal Medicine , Amer J Med 4:3-36 ( (June) ) 1948;.
Miller, P.B.; Johnson, R.L.; and Lamb, L.E.:  Effects of Four Weeks of Absolute Bed Rest on Circulatory Functions in Man , Aerospace Med 35:1194-1200 ( (Dec) ) 1964;.
Vogt, F.B.:  Effect of Intermittent Leg Cuff Inflation and Intermittent Exercise on Tilt Table Response After Ten Days Bed Recumbency , Aerospace Med 37:943-947 ( (Sept) ) 1966;.
Vogt, F.B.:  Effect of Extremity Cuff-Tourniquets on Tilt Table Tolerance After Water Immersion , Aerospace Med 36:442-447 ( (May) ) 1965;.
Taylor, H.L., et al:  The Effect of Bed Rest on the Blood Volume of Normal Young Men , Amer J Physiol 144:227-232 ( (July) ) 1945;.
Vogt, F.B., and Johnson, P.C.:  Plasma Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Changes Associated With Ten Days Bed Recumbency , Aerospace Med 31:21-25 ( (Jan) ) 1967;.
Vogt, F.B., and Johnson, P.C.:  Study of Effect of Water Immersion on Healthy Adult Male Subjects: Plasma Volume and Fluid-Electrolyte Changes , Aerospace Med 36:447-451 ( (May) ) 1965;.
Berry, C.A., et al: " Aeromedical Analysis ," in Results of the Third United States Manned Orbital Space Flight, October 3, 1962 , NASA SP-12, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1962;, pp 23-36.
Link, M.M.: Space Medicine in Project Mercury , NASA SP-4003, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1965;, pp 165-166.
Dietlein, L.F., and Judy, W.V.: " Experiment M-1, Cardiovascular Conditioning ," in Gemini Midprogram Conference Including Equipment Results , NASA SP-121, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966;, pp 381-391.
Berry, C.A., et al: " Man's Response to Long-Duration Flight in the Gemini Spacecraft ," in Gemini Midprogram Conference Including Experiment Results , NASA SP-121, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966;, pp 235-261.
Serkes, K.D.; Lang, S.; and Pareira, M.D.:  Blood Volume: Methodology and Applications , Monogr Surg Sci 2:69-104, 1965;.
Smith, L.L., and Moore, F.D.:  Refractory Hypotension In Man—Is This Irreversible Shock? New Eng J Med 267:733-742 ( (Oct) ) 1962;.
Karlson, K.E., and Senn, L.Y.:  Simultaneous Determination of Red Cell Mass and Plasma Volume with Cr51 and I131 Using a Pulse Height Analyzer , Ann Surg 158:309-318 ( (Aug) ) 1963;.
Hollingsworth, J.W.:  Lifespan of Fetal Erythrocytes , J Lab Clin Med 45:469-473 ( (March) ) 1955;.
Turnbull, A.; Hope, A.; and Verel, D.:  The Effect of Changes in Red Cell and Plasma Volumes on the Estimation of Red Cell Survival , Clin Sci 16:389-399, 1957;.
Mack, P.B.; Vogt, F.B.; and LaChance, P.A.: " Experiment M-6, Bone Demineralization ," in Gemini Midprogram Conference Including Experiment Results , NASA SP-121, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966;, pp 407-415.
Webb, P.:  Weight Loss in Men in Space , Science 155:558-559 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.

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Dietrick, J.C.; Whedon, G.D.; and Shorr, E.:  Effects of Immobilization Upon Various Metabolic and Physiological Functions of Normal Medicine , Amer J Med 4:3-36 ( (June) ) 1948;.
Miller, P.B.; Johnson, R.L.; and Lamb, L.E.:  Effects of Four Weeks of Absolute Bed Rest on Circulatory Functions in Man , Aerospace Med 35:1194-1200 ( (Dec) ) 1964;.
Vogt, F.B.:  Effect of Intermittent Leg Cuff Inflation and Intermittent Exercise on Tilt Table Response After Ten Days Bed Recumbency , Aerospace Med 37:943-947 ( (Sept) ) 1966;.
Vogt, F.B.:  Effect of Extremity Cuff-Tourniquets on Tilt Table Tolerance After Water Immersion , Aerospace Med 36:442-447 ( (May) ) 1965;.
Taylor, H.L., et al:  The Effect of Bed Rest on the Blood Volume of Normal Young Men , Amer J Physiol 144:227-232 ( (July) ) 1945;.
Vogt, F.B., and Johnson, P.C.:  Plasma Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Changes Associated With Ten Days Bed Recumbency , Aerospace Med 31:21-25 ( (Jan) ) 1967;.
Vogt, F.B., and Johnson, P.C.:  Study of Effect of Water Immersion on Healthy Adult Male Subjects: Plasma Volume and Fluid-Electrolyte Changes , Aerospace Med 36:447-451 ( (May) ) 1965;.
Berry, C.A., et al: " Aeromedical Analysis ," in Results of the Third United States Manned Orbital Space Flight, October 3, 1962 , NASA SP-12, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1962;, pp 23-36.
Link, M.M.: Space Medicine in Project Mercury , NASA SP-4003, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1965;, pp 165-166.
Dietlein, L.F., and Judy, W.V.: " Experiment M-1, Cardiovascular Conditioning ," in Gemini Midprogram Conference Including Equipment Results , NASA SP-121, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966;, pp 381-391.
Berry, C.A., et al: " Man's Response to Long-Duration Flight in the Gemini Spacecraft ," in Gemini Midprogram Conference Including Experiment Results , NASA SP-121, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966;, pp 235-261.
Serkes, K.D.; Lang, S.; and Pareira, M.D.:  Blood Volume: Methodology and Applications , Monogr Surg Sci 2:69-104, 1965;.
Smith, L.L., and Moore, F.D.:  Refractory Hypotension In Man—Is This Irreversible Shock? New Eng J Med 267:733-742 ( (Oct) ) 1962;.
Karlson, K.E., and Senn, L.Y.:  Simultaneous Determination of Red Cell Mass and Plasma Volume with Cr51 and I131 Using a Pulse Height Analyzer , Ann Surg 158:309-318 ( (Aug) ) 1963;.
Hollingsworth, J.W.:  Lifespan of Fetal Erythrocytes , J Lab Clin Med 45:469-473 ( (March) ) 1955;.
Turnbull, A.; Hope, A.; and Verel, D.:  The Effect of Changes in Red Cell and Plasma Volumes on the Estimation of Red Cell Survival , Clin Sci 16:389-399, 1957;.
Mack, P.B.; Vogt, F.B.; and LaChance, P.A.: " Experiment M-6, Bone Demineralization ," in Gemini Midprogram Conference Including Experiment Results , NASA SP-121, Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966;, pp 407-415.
Webb, P.:  Weight Loss in Men in Space , Science 155:558-559 ( (Feb) ) 1967;.
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