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Experimental Inclusion Conjunctivitis in Man: Title and subTitle BreakMeasurements of Infectivity and Resistance FREE

Ernest Jawetz, MD, PhD; Lawrence Rose, MD; Lavelle Hanna, MA; Phillips Thygeson, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Microbiology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center (Dr. Jawetz).


From the Department of Microbiology and Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center.


JAMA. 1965;194(6):620-632. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03090190042012
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Trachoma is a progressive, blinding eye disease endemic in many parts of the world. In 1907 Halberstaedter and Prowazek1 described the typical inclusion bodies and considered their component elementary bodies to be the etiologic agent of the disease. Soon thereafter, these same investigators2 and others3,4 demonstrated inclusion bodies of identical microscopic appearance in cases of a self-limited nongonorrheal conjunctivitis of the newborn. The source of infection for the newborn was promptly discovered in the adult genital tract by the finding of inclusions in the female cervix and the male urethra.

Initially, both the genital tract involvement and the newborn eye disease were called "genital trachoma," but subsequent observations indicated that adult eye infections with the genital tract agent (acquired in swimming pools or by experimental inoculation) invariably ran a short, self-limited course without scars or pannus formation. Thus, the concept arose that the agent of inclusion conjunctivitis,

REFERENCES

Halberstaedter, L., and von Prowazek, S.:  Ueber Zelleinschlusse parasitarer Natur bein Trachoma , Arb Gesundheitsamte 26:44-47, 1907;.
Halberstaedter, L., and von Prowazek, S.:  Ueber Chlamydozoenbefunde bei blennorrhoea neonatorium non gonorrhoica , Berlin Klin Wschr 46:1839-1840 ( (Oct) ) 1909;.
Schmeichler, L.:  Uber Chlamydozoenbefunde bei nichtgonorrhoischer Blennorrhoe der Neugeborenen , Berlin Klin Wschr 46: 2057-2058 ( (Nov) ) 1909;.
Lindner, K.:  Gonoblennorrhoe, Einschlussblennorrhoe und Trachoma , Arch fuer Ophthal 78:345-380 ( (Feb) ) 1911;.
Lindner, K.: " Trachoma ," in Berens, C. (ed.): The Eye and Its Diseases , ed 2, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1949;, pp 399-413.
Thygeson, P., and Stone, W., Jr.:  Epidemiology of Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Arch Ophthal 27:91-122 ( (Jan) ) 1942;.
Thygeson, P.:  Limbus and Cornea in Experimental and Natural Human Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:201-209 ( (March) ) 1962;.
T'ang, F.F., et al:  Studies on Etiology of Trachoma With Special Reference to Isolation of Virus in Chick Embryo , Chin Med J 75:429-447 ( (June) ) 1957;.
Jones, B.R.; Collier, L.H.; and Smith, C.H.:  Isolation of Virus From Inclusion Blennorrhea , Lancet 1:902-905 ( (May) ) 1959;.
Hanna, L., et al:  Virus Isolated Frcm Inclusion Conjunctivitis of Newborn (Inclusion Blennorrhea) , Science 132:1660-1661 ( (Dec) ) 1960;.
Jawetz, E.:  Agents of Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Ann Rev Microbiol 18:301-334, 1964;.
Dawson, C.R.; Mordhorst, C.H.; and Thygeson, P.:  Infection of Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys With Egg-Grown Viruses of Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:167-176 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Grayston, J.T.:  Biology of Virus , Invest Ophthal 2:460-470 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Jones, B., and Collier, L.H.:  Inoculation of Man With Inclusion Blennorrhea Virus , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:212-228 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Mitsui, Y., et al:  Experiments in Human Volunteers With Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Agent , Brit J Ophthal 46: 651-659 ( (Nov) ) 1962;.
Thygeson, P., et al:  Inoculation of Human Volunteer With Egg-Grown Inclusion Conjunctivitis Virus , Amer J Ophthal 53: 786-795 ( (May) ) 1962;.
Gear, J.H.S., et al:  Nomenclature of Isolates of Virus From Trachoma and Inclusion Blennorrhea , Ncture 197:26 ( (Jan) ) 1963;.
Jawetz, E., and Hanna, L.:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: II. Assay of Egg Infectivity and Stability , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105:207-210 ( (Nov) ) 1960;.
Reeve, P., and Taverne, J.:  Simple Method for Total Particle Counts of Trachoma and Inclusion Blennorrhea Viruses , Nature 195:923-924 ( (Sept) ) 1962;.
Reeve, P.:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: VII. Relative Toxicity of Different Strains for White Mice , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 116:373-375 ( (June) ) 1964;.
Nichols, R.L., and McComb, D.E.:  Immunofluorescent Studies With Trachoma and Related Antigens , J Immun 89:545-554 ( (Oct) ) 1962;.
Hanna, L., and Bernkopf, H.:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: VIII. Separation of TRIC Viruses From Related Agents by Immunofluorescence , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 116:827-831 ( (July) ) 1964;.
Spendlove, R.S., et al:  Development of Viral Antigen and Infectious Virus in HeLa Cells Infected With Reovirus , J Immun 90:548-553 ( (April) ) 1963;.
Jenkin, H.M.:  Preparation and Properties of Cell Walls of Agent of Meningopneumonitis , J Bact 80:639-647 ( (Nov) ) 1960;.
Hanna, L.:  Isolation of Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Viruses in United States , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:24-30 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Jawetz, E., et al:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: V. Growth Rates and Drug Inhibition Patterns in Embryonated Eggs , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109:205-208 ( (Jan) ) 1962;.
Collier, L.H.:  Experiments With Trachoma Vaccines , Lancet 1:795-800 ( (April) ) 1961;.
Grayston, J.T., et al:  Effect of Trachoma Virus Vaccine on Course of Experimental Trachoma Infection in Blind Human Volunteers , J Exp Med 115:1009-1022 ( (May) ) 1962;.
Bell, S.D., Jr., et al:  Studies on Trachoma: III. Comparison of Virus Infectivity for Man and Chick Embryos , Amer J Trop Med 12:902-908 ( (Nov) ) 1963;.
Collier, L.H.; Duke-Elder, S.; and Jones, B.R.:  Experimental Trachoma Produced by Cultured Virus: Part II , Brit J Ophthal 44:65-88 ( (Feb) ) 1960;.
Bernkopf, H., et al:  Trachoma Infection in Human Volunteer Produced by Egg-Cultured Virus , Arch Ophthal 62:33-34 ( (July) ) 1959;.
Mitsui, Y.:  Relation Between Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Orient A Ophth 1:140-144, 1963;.
Jones, B.R.:  Ocular Syndromes of TRIC Virus Infection and Their Possible Genital Significance , Brit J Vener Dis 40:3-15 ( (March) ) 1964;.
Bell, S.D., Jr.: Nichols, R.L.; and Haddad, N.A.:  Immunology of Trachoma Agent With Preliminary Report on Field Trials of Vaccine , Invest Ophthal 2:471-481 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Bell, S.D., Jr.; Snyder, J.C.; and Murray, E.S.:  Immunization of Mice Against Toxic Doses of Homologous Elementary Bodies of Trachoma , Science 130:626-627 ( (Sept) ) 1959;.

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Halberstaedter, L., and von Prowazek, S.:  Ueber Zelleinschlusse parasitarer Natur bein Trachoma , Arb Gesundheitsamte 26:44-47, 1907;.
Halberstaedter, L., and von Prowazek, S.:  Ueber Chlamydozoenbefunde bei blennorrhoea neonatorium non gonorrhoica , Berlin Klin Wschr 46:1839-1840 ( (Oct) ) 1909;.
Schmeichler, L.:  Uber Chlamydozoenbefunde bei nichtgonorrhoischer Blennorrhoe der Neugeborenen , Berlin Klin Wschr 46: 2057-2058 ( (Nov) ) 1909;.
Lindner, K.:  Gonoblennorrhoe, Einschlussblennorrhoe und Trachoma , Arch fuer Ophthal 78:345-380 ( (Feb) ) 1911;.
Lindner, K.: " Trachoma ," in Berens, C. (ed.): The Eye and Its Diseases , ed 2, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1949;, pp 399-413.
Thygeson, P., and Stone, W., Jr.:  Epidemiology of Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Arch Ophthal 27:91-122 ( (Jan) ) 1942;.
Thygeson, P.:  Limbus and Cornea in Experimental and Natural Human Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:201-209 ( (March) ) 1962;.
T'ang, F.F., et al:  Studies on Etiology of Trachoma With Special Reference to Isolation of Virus in Chick Embryo , Chin Med J 75:429-447 ( (June) ) 1957;.
Jones, B.R.; Collier, L.H.; and Smith, C.H.:  Isolation of Virus From Inclusion Blennorrhea , Lancet 1:902-905 ( (May) ) 1959;.
Hanna, L., et al:  Virus Isolated Frcm Inclusion Conjunctivitis of Newborn (Inclusion Blennorrhea) , Science 132:1660-1661 ( (Dec) ) 1960;.
Jawetz, E.:  Agents of Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Ann Rev Microbiol 18:301-334, 1964;.
Dawson, C.R.; Mordhorst, C.H.; and Thygeson, P.:  Infection of Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys With Egg-Grown Viruses of Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:167-176 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Grayston, J.T.:  Biology of Virus , Invest Ophthal 2:460-470 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Jones, B., and Collier, L.H.:  Inoculation of Man With Inclusion Blennorrhea Virus , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:212-228 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Mitsui, Y., et al:  Experiments in Human Volunteers With Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Agent , Brit J Ophthal 46: 651-659 ( (Nov) ) 1962;.
Thygeson, P., et al:  Inoculation of Human Volunteer With Egg-Grown Inclusion Conjunctivitis Virus , Amer J Ophthal 53: 786-795 ( (May) ) 1962;.
Gear, J.H.S., et al:  Nomenclature of Isolates of Virus From Trachoma and Inclusion Blennorrhea , Ncture 197:26 ( (Jan) ) 1963;.
Jawetz, E., and Hanna, L.:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: II. Assay of Egg Infectivity and Stability , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105:207-210 ( (Nov) ) 1960;.
Reeve, P., and Taverne, J.:  Simple Method for Total Particle Counts of Trachoma and Inclusion Blennorrhea Viruses , Nature 195:923-924 ( (Sept) ) 1962;.
Reeve, P.:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: VII. Relative Toxicity of Different Strains for White Mice , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 116:373-375 ( (June) ) 1964;.
Nichols, R.L., and McComb, D.E.:  Immunofluorescent Studies With Trachoma and Related Antigens , J Immun 89:545-554 ( (Oct) ) 1962;.
Hanna, L., and Bernkopf, H.:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: VIII. Separation of TRIC Viruses From Related Agents by Immunofluorescence , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 116:827-831 ( (July) ) 1964;.
Spendlove, R.S., et al:  Development of Viral Antigen and Infectious Virus in HeLa Cells Infected With Reovirus , J Immun 90:548-553 ( (April) ) 1963;.
Jenkin, H.M.:  Preparation and Properties of Cell Walls of Agent of Meningopneumonitis , J Bact 80:639-647 ( (Nov) ) 1960;.
Hanna, L.:  Isolation of Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Viruses in United States , Ann NY Acad Sci 98:24-30 ( (March) ) 1962;.
Jawetz, E., et al:  Trachoma Viruses Isolated in United States: V. Growth Rates and Drug Inhibition Patterns in Embryonated Eggs , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109:205-208 ( (Jan) ) 1962;.
Collier, L.H.:  Experiments With Trachoma Vaccines , Lancet 1:795-800 ( (April) ) 1961;.
Grayston, J.T., et al:  Effect of Trachoma Virus Vaccine on Course of Experimental Trachoma Infection in Blind Human Volunteers , J Exp Med 115:1009-1022 ( (May) ) 1962;.
Bell, S.D., Jr., et al:  Studies on Trachoma: III. Comparison of Virus Infectivity for Man and Chick Embryos , Amer J Trop Med 12:902-908 ( (Nov) ) 1963;.
Collier, L.H.; Duke-Elder, S.; and Jones, B.R.:  Experimental Trachoma Produced by Cultured Virus: Part II , Brit J Ophthal 44:65-88 ( (Feb) ) 1960;.
Bernkopf, H., et al:  Trachoma Infection in Human Volunteer Produced by Egg-Cultured Virus , Arch Ophthal 62:33-34 ( (July) ) 1959;.
Mitsui, Y.:  Relation Between Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Orient A Ophth 1:140-144, 1963;.
Jones, B.R.:  Ocular Syndromes of TRIC Virus Infection and Their Possible Genital Significance , Brit J Vener Dis 40:3-15 ( (March) ) 1964;.
Bell, S.D., Jr.: Nichols, R.L.; and Haddad, N.A.:  Immunology of Trachoma Agent With Preliminary Report on Field Trials of Vaccine , Invest Ophthal 2:471-481 ( (Oct) ) 1963;.
Bell, S.D., Jr.; Snyder, J.C.; and Murray, E.S.:  Immunization of Mice Against Toxic Doses of Homologous Elementary Bodies of Trachoma , Science 130:626-627 ( (Sept) ) 1959;.
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