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October 4, 1965, Vol 194, No. 1 >
ARTICLE | October 4, 1965

Antibodies and Immunoglobulins: Title and subTitle BreakI. Structure and Function FREE

John L. Fahey, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20014.


From the Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.


JAMA. 1965;194(1):71-74. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03090140079020
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References

Antibody activity is characteristic of the family of structurally related molecules known as the immunoglobulins. These proteins are also known as γ-globulins because of their relative electrophoretic mobility. Many antibodies, however, migrate more rapidly than the electrophoretic γ-globulins (Fig 1). Also, molecules unrelated to antibodies may migrate with the electrophoretic mobility of γ-globulins. For these reasons, the term "immunoglobulin" and the symbol "Ig" or "γ" have been suggested to designate the family of molecules with antibody activity.1

The immunoglobulins include the normal serum components known as IgG (γG, 7S γ2-globulins), IgA (γA, γ1A or β2A-globulins), IgM (γM, 18S γ1-macroglobulins), and IgD (γD) (Fig 1). The immunoglobulins also include myeloma proteins, Bence-Jones protein, and normal urinary components which have no antibody activity but which are structurally related to the antibodies.

Investigation of antibodies and of immunoglobulins has advanced rapidly in recent years with (1) separation of major structural subunits of

REFERENCES

1 +
 Committee on Nomenclature of Human Immunoglobulins , Bull WHO 30:447-450, 1964;.
2 +
Fahey, J.L.:  Antibodies and Immunoglobulins: II. Normal Development and Changes in Disease , JAMA , to be published.
3 +
Kunkel, H.G.: " Macroglobulins and High Molecular Weight Antibodies ," in F.W. Putnam (ed.), Plasma Proteins , New York: Academic Press, 1960;, vol. 1, pp 279-307.
4 +
Porter, R.R., and Press, E.M.:  Immunochemistry , Ann Rev Biochem 31:625-652, 1962;.
5 +
Fahey, J.L.:  Heterogeneity of Gamma-Globulins , Advances Immun 2:41-109, 1962;.
6 +
Franklin, E.C.:  Immune Globulins: Their Structure and Function and Some Techniques for Their Isolation , Progr Allerg 8:58-148, 1964;.
7 +
Nisonoff, A., and Thorbecke, G.J.:  Immunochemistry , Ann Rev Biochem 33:355-402, 1964;.
8 +
Cohen, S., and Porter, R.R.:  Structure and Biological Activity of Immunoglobulins , Advances Immun 4:287-349, 1964;.
9 +
Rowe, D.S., and Fahey, J.L.:  New Class of Human Immunoglobulin: II. Normal Serum IgD , J Exp Med 121:185-199, 1965;.
10 +
Dray. S.:  Three γ-Globulins in Normal Human Serum Revealed by Monkey Precipitins , Science 132:1313-1314, 1960;.
11 +
Terry, W.L., and Fahey, J.L.  Subclasses of Human γ2Globulin Based on Differences in Heavy Polypeptide Chains , Science 146:400-401 ( (Oct 16) ) 1964;.
12 +
Grey, H.M., and Kunkel, H.G.:  H Chain Subgroups of Myeloma Proteins and Normal 7S γ-Globulin , J Exp Med 120:253-266, 1964;.
13 +
Kunkel, H.G., et al:  Relationship Between H Chain Groups of 7S γ-Globulin and Gm System , Nature 203:413-414, 1964;.
14 +
Terry, W.D.:  Subclasses of Human IgG Molecules Differing in Heterologous Skin Sensitizing Properties , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 117:901, 904, 1964;.
15 +
Yagi, Y., et al:  Multiplicity of Insulin Binding Antibodies in Human Sera: Presence of Antibody Activity in γ-, B2A- and B2MGlobulins , J Immun 90:760-769, 1963;.
16 +
Goodman, H.C.; Exum, E.D.; and Robbins, J.:  Radioimmunoelectrophoresis of Thyroid Antigens and Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in Clinical and Experimental Thyroiditis , J Immun 92:843-853, 1964;.
17 +
Tomasi, T.B., Jr., et al:  Characteristics of Immune System Common to Certain External Secretions , J Exp Med 121:101-124, 1965;.
18 +
Rowe, D.S., and Fahey, J.L.:  New Class of Human Immunoglobulins: I. Unique Myeloma Protein , J Exp Med 121:171-184, 1965;.
19 +
Edelman, G.M., and Gaily, J.A.:  Model for 7S Antibody Molecule , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 51:846-853 ( (May) ) 1964;.
20 +
Noelken, M.E., et al:  Gross Conformation of Rabbit 7S γImmunoglobulin and Its Papain-Cleaned Fragments , J Biol Chem 240:218-224, 1965;.
21 +
Edelman, G.M., and Poulik, M.D.:  Studies on Structural Units of 7-Globulins , J Exp Med 113:861-884, 1961;.
22 +
Edelman, G.M., and Benacerraf, B.:  On Structural and Functional Relations Between Antibodies and Proteins of Gamma-System , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 48:1035-1042, 1962;.
23 +
Porter, R.R.: " Structure of Gamma-Globulin and Antibodies ," in Gellhorn, A., and Hirschberg, E. (eds.): Basic Problems in Neoplastic Disease , New York: Columbia University Press, 1962;, pp 177-194.
24 +
Fleischman, J.B.; Porter, R.R.; and Press, E.M.:  Arrangement of Peptide Chains in γ-Globulin , Biochem J 88:220, 1963;.
25 +
Cohen, S.:  Properties of Peptide Chains of Normal and Pathological Human γ-Globulins , Biochem J 89:334-341, 1964;.
26 +
Franek, F., and Nezlin, R.S.:  Recovery of Antibody Combining Activity by Interaction of Different Peptide Chains Isolated From Purified Horse Antitoxins , Folia Microbiol 8:128-130, 1963;.
27 +
Edelman, G.M., et al:  Reconstitution of Immunologic Activity by Interaction of Polypeptide Chains of Antibodies , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 50:753-761, 1963;.
28 +
Roholt, O.; Onoue, K.; and Pressman, D.:  Specific Combination of H and L Chains of Rabbit γ-Globulins , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 51:173-178, 1964;.
29 +
Palmer, J.L.; Nisonoff, A.; and Von Holde, K.E.:  Dissociation of Rabbit Gamma-Globulin into Subunits by Reduction and Acidification , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 50:314-321, 1963;.
30 +
Brambell, F.W.R., et al:  Relative Transmission of Fractions of Papain Hydrolized Homologous γ-Globulin From Uterine Cavity to Foetal Circulation in Rabbit , Proc Roy Soc [Biol] 151:478-482, 1960;.
31 +
Gitlin, D., et al:  Selectivity of Human Placenta in Transfer of Plasma Proteins From Mother to Fetus , J Clin Invest 43:1938-1951, 1964;.
32 +
Franklin, E.C.: " Interaction of Rheumatoid Factors and Gamma-Globulins ," in Commenti al X Congresso Della Lega Internazionale Controllare il Reumatismo, Roma 1961 , vol 2, Turin: Minerva Medica, 1961;, vol 2, p 804.
33 +
Franklin, E.C., et al:  Structural Basis for Genetic Variations of Normal Human γ-Globulins , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 48:914-922, 1962;.
34 +
Harboe, M.; Osterland, C.K.; and Kunkel, H.G.:  Localization of Two Genetic Factors to Different Areas of γ-Globulin Molecules , Science 136:979-980, 1962;.
35 +
Fahey, J.L., and Robinson, A.G.:  Factors Controlling Serum Gamma-Globulin Concentration , J Exp Med 118:845-868, 1963;.
36 +
Mannik, M., and Kunkel, H.G.:  Two Major Types of 7S γ-Globulin , J Exp Med 117:213-230, 1963;.
37 +
Fahey, J.L.:  Structural Basis of Differences Between Type I and Type II Human Gamma-Globulin Molecules , J Immun 91:448-459, 1963;.
38 +
Mannik, M., and Kunkel, H.G.:  Localization of Antibodies in Group I and Group II γ-Globulins , J Exp Med 118:817-826, 1963;.
39 +
Fahey, J.L., and Goodman, H.:  Antibody Activity in Six Classes of Human Immunoglobulins , Science 143:588-596, 1963;.
40 +
Deutsch, H.F., and Morton, J.V.:  Human Serum Macroglobulins and Dissociation Units: I. Physiochemical Properties , J Biol Chem 231:1107-1118, 1958;.
41 +
Miller, F., and Metzger, H.:  Characterization of Human Macroglobulin: I. Molecular Weight of its Subunit , J Biol Chem , to be published.
42 +
Lamm, M., and Small, P.A.:  Polypeptic Chain Structure of Rabbit Immunoglobulins: II. γM-Immunoglobulin , Biochemistry , to be published.

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1 +
 Committee on Nomenclature of Human Immunoglobulins , Bull WHO 30:447-450, 1964;.
2 +
Fahey, J.L.:  Antibodies and Immunoglobulins: II. Normal Development and Changes in Disease , JAMA , to be published.
3 +
Kunkel, H.G.: " Macroglobulins and High Molecular Weight Antibodies ," in F.W. Putnam (ed.), Plasma Proteins , New York: Academic Press, 1960;, vol. 1, pp 279-307.
4 +
Porter, R.R., and Press, E.M.:  Immunochemistry , Ann Rev Biochem 31:625-652, 1962;.
5 +
Fahey, J.L.:  Heterogeneity of Gamma-Globulins , Advances Immun 2:41-109, 1962;.
6 +
Franklin, E.C.:  Immune Globulins: Their Structure and Function and Some Techniques for Their Isolation , Progr Allerg 8:58-148, 1964;.
7 +
Nisonoff, A., and Thorbecke, G.J.:  Immunochemistry , Ann Rev Biochem 33:355-402, 1964;.
8 +
Cohen, S., and Porter, R.R.:  Structure and Biological Activity of Immunoglobulins , Advances Immun 4:287-349, 1964;.
9 +
Rowe, D.S., and Fahey, J.L.:  New Class of Human Immunoglobulin: II. Normal Serum IgD , J Exp Med 121:185-199, 1965;.
10 +
Dray. S.:  Three γ-Globulins in Normal Human Serum Revealed by Monkey Precipitins , Science 132:1313-1314, 1960;.
11 +
Terry, W.L., and Fahey, J.L.  Subclasses of Human γ2Globulin Based on Differences in Heavy Polypeptide Chains , Science 146:400-401 ( (Oct 16) ) 1964;.
12 +
Grey, H.M., and Kunkel, H.G.:  H Chain Subgroups of Myeloma Proteins and Normal 7S γ-Globulin , J Exp Med 120:253-266, 1964;.
13 +
Kunkel, H.G., et al:  Relationship Between H Chain Groups of 7S γ-Globulin and Gm System , Nature 203:413-414, 1964;.
14 +
Terry, W.D.:  Subclasses of Human IgG Molecules Differing in Heterologous Skin Sensitizing Properties , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 117:901, 904, 1964;.
15 +
Yagi, Y., et al:  Multiplicity of Insulin Binding Antibodies in Human Sera: Presence of Antibody Activity in γ-, B2A- and B2MGlobulins , J Immun 90:760-769, 1963;.
16 +
Goodman, H.C.; Exum, E.D.; and Robbins, J.:  Radioimmunoelectrophoresis of Thyroid Antigens and Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in Clinical and Experimental Thyroiditis , J Immun 92:843-853, 1964;.
17 +
Tomasi, T.B., Jr., et al:  Characteristics of Immune System Common to Certain External Secretions , J Exp Med 121:101-124, 1965;.
18 +
Rowe, D.S., and Fahey, J.L.:  New Class of Human Immunoglobulins: I. Unique Myeloma Protein , J Exp Med 121:171-184, 1965;.
19 +
Edelman, G.M., and Gaily, J.A.:  Model for 7S Antibody Molecule , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 51:846-853 ( (May) ) 1964;.
20 +
Noelken, M.E., et al:  Gross Conformation of Rabbit 7S γImmunoglobulin and Its Papain-Cleaned Fragments , J Biol Chem 240:218-224, 1965;.
21 +
Edelman, G.M., and Poulik, M.D.:  Studies on Structural Units of 7-Globulins , J Exp Med 113:861-884, 1961;.
22 +
Edelman, G.M., and Benacerraf, B.:  On Structural and Functional Relations Between Antibodies and Proteins of Gamma-System , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 48:1035-1042, 1962;.
23 +
Porter, R.R.: " Structure of Gamma-Globulin and Antibodies ," in Gellhorn, A., and Hirschberg, E. (eds.): Basic Problems in Neoplastic Disease , New York: Columbia University Press, 1962;, pp 177-194.
24 +
Fleischman, J.B.; Porter, R.R.; and Press, E.M.:  Arrangement of Peptide Chains in γ-Globulin , Biochem J 88:220, 1963;.
25 +
Cohen, S.:  Properties of Peptide Chains of Normal and Pathological Human γ-Globulins , Biochem J 89:334-341, 1964;.
26 +
Franek, F., and Nezlin, R.S.:  Recovery of Antibody Combining Activity by Interaction of Different Peptide Chains Isolated From Purified Horse Antitoxins , Folia Microbiol 8:128-130, 1963;.
27 +
Edelman, G.M., et al:  Reconstitution of Immunologic Activity by Interaction of Polypeptide Chains of Antibodies , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 50:753-761, 1963;.
28 +
Roholt, O.; Onoue, K.; and Pressman, D.:  Specific Combination of H and L Chains of Rabbit γ-Globulins , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 51:173-178, 1964;.
29 +
Palmer, J.L.; Nisonoff, A.; and Von Holde, K.E.:  Dissociation of Rabbit Gamma-Globulin into Subunits by Reduction and Acidification , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 50:314-321, 1963;.
30 +
Brambell, F.W.R., et al:  Relative Transmission of Fractions of Papain Hydrolized Homologous γ-Globulin From Uterine Cavity to Foetal Circulation in Rabbit , Proc Roy Soc [Biol] 151:478-482, 1960;.
31 +
Gitlin, D., et al:  Selectivity of Human Placenta in Transfer of Plasma Proteins From Mother to Fetus , J Clin Invest 43:1938-1951, 1964;.
32 +
Franklin, E.C.: " Interaction of Rheumatoid Factors and Gamma-Globulins ," in Commenti al X Congresso Della Lega Internazionale Controllare il Reumatismo, Roma 1961 , vol 2, Turin: Minerva Medica, 1961;, vol 2, p 804.
33 +
Franklin, E.C., et al:  Structural Basis for Genetic Variations of Normal Human γ-Globulins , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 48:914-922, 1962;.
34 +
Harboe, M.; Osterland, C.K.; and Kunkel, H.G.:  Localization of Two Genetic Factors to Different Areas of γ-Globulin Molecules , Science 136:979-980, 1962;.
35 +
Fahey, J.L., and Robinson, A.G.:  Factors Controlling Serum Gamma-Globulin Concentration , J Exp Med 118:845-868, 1963;.
36 +
Mannik, M., and Kunkel, H.G.:  Two Major Types of 7S γ-Globulin , J Exp Med 117:213-230, 1963;.
37 +
Fahey, J.L.:  Structural Basis of Differences Between Type I and Type II Human Gamma-Globulin Molecules , J Immun 91:448-459, 1963;.
38 +
Mannik, M., and Kunkel, H.G.:  Localization of Antibodies in Group I and Group II γ-Globulins , J Exp Med 118:817-826, 1963;.
39 +
Fahey, J.L., and Goodman, H.:  Antibody Activity in Six Classes of Human Immunoglobulins , Science 143:588-596, 1963;.
40 +
Deutsch, H.F., and Morton, J.V.:  Human Serum Macroglobulins and Dissociation Units: I. Physiochemical Properties , J Biol Chem 231:1107-1118, 1958;.
41 +
Miller, F., and Metzger, H.:  Characterization of Human Macroglobulin: I. Molecular Weight of its Subunit , J Biol Chem , to be published.
42 +
Lamm, M., and Small, P.A.:  Polypeptic Chain Structure of Rabbit Immunoglobulins: II. γM-Immunoglobulin , Biochemistry , to be published.

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