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June 22, 1964, Vol 188, No. 12 >
CLINICAL SCIENCE | June 22, 1964

Aldosterone and Angiotensin

James O. Davis, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Bethesda, Md

From the Section on Experimental Cardiovascular Disease, Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, National Heart Institute.


JAMA. 1964;188(12):1062-1068. doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060380030008
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Article
References

ALDOSTERONE AND ANGIOTENSIN II are Ltwo of the important hormones associated with the formation of edema. It also seems likely that both hormones are involved in certain types of hypertensive disease. Aldosterone, a complex steroid, is the naturally occurring sodium-retaining hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin II is a peptide composed of eight amino acids and is formed by enzymatic reactions which take place in blood. Renin, an enzyme secreted by the kidney, initiates the reactions leading to the formation of angiotensin II.

In 1960, two new findings focused attention on the relationship of the renin-angiotensin system to aldosterone secretion. First, it was discovered that an aldosterone-stimulating hormone is secreted by the kidney,1-3 and, second, synthetic angiotensin II was found to stimulate aldosteron secretion in man.4-5 These experimental results were the culmination of a series of researches following the isolation and identification of aldosterone in 1953. These

REFERENCES

1 +
Davis, J.O.:Symposium on Aldosterone, First International Congress of Endocrinology, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1960 .
2 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Evidence for Secretion of Aldosterone-Stimulating Hormone by Kidney , J Clin Invest 40:684, 1961;.
3 +
Ganong, W.F., and Mulrow, P.J.:  Evidence of Secretion of Aldosterone-Stimulating Substance by Kidney , Nature (London) 190:1115, 1961;.
4 +
Genest, J.E., et al:  Study of Urinary Adrenocortical Hormones in Human Arterial Hypertension , Abstracts of First International Congress of Endocrinology, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1960 , p 173.
5 +
Laragh, J.H., et al:  Hypotensive Agents and Pressor Substances , JAMA 174:234, 1960;.
6 +
Ulick, S.; Laragh, J.H.; and Lieberman, S.:  Isolation of Urinary Metabolite of Aldosterone and Its Use to Measure Rate of Secretion of Aldosterone by Adrenal Cortex of Man , Trans Ass Amer Physicians 71:225, 1958;.
7 +
Kliman, B., and Peterson, R.E.:  Double Isotope Derivative Assay of Aldosterone in Biological Extracts , J Biol Chem 235:1639, 1960;.
8 +
Luetscher, J.A., et al:  Studies of Secretion and Metabolism of Aldosterone and Cortisol , Trans Ass Amer Physicians 75:293, 1962;.
9 +
Luetscher, J.A.; Camargo, C.A.; and Cohn, A.P.:  Observations on Metabolism of Aldosterone in Man , Ann Intern Med 59:1, 1963;.
10 +
Ayers, C.R., et al:  Effects of Chronic Hepatic Venous Congestion on Metabolism of d, 1-Aldosterone and d-Aldosterone , J Clin Invest 41:884, 1962;.
11 +
Yates, F.E.; Urquhart, J.; and Herbst, A.L.:  Impairment of Enzymatic Inactivation of Adrenal Cortical Hormones Following Passive Venous Congestion of Liver , Amer J Physiol 194:65, 1958;.
12 +
Laragh, J.H., et al:  Aldosterone Secretion and Primary and Malignant Hypertension , J Clin Invest 39:1091, 1960;.
13 +
Laragh, J.H., et al: Aldosteronism in Man: Mechanisms Controlling Secretion of Hormone; Role of Angiotensin, Angiotensin Systems and Experimental Renal Diseases , Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1963;, p 108.
14 +
Gowenlock, A.H., and Wrong, O.:  Hyperaldosteronism Secondary to Renal Ischaemia , Quart J Med 31:323, 1962;.
15 +
Genest, J., et al:  Study of Large Urinary Steroid Spectrum in Normal Subjects and Hypertensive Patients , Acta Endocr (København) 35:413, 1960;.
16 +
Luetscher, J.A., Jr., and Axelrad, B.J.:  Increased Aldosterone Output During Sodium Deprivation in Normal Men , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 87:650, 1954;.
17 +
Blair-West, J.R., et al:  Humoral Stimulation of Adrenal Cortical Secretion , J Clin Invest 41:1606, 1962;.
18 +
Bartter, F.C., et al:  Hyperplasia of Juxtaglomerular Complex With Hyperaldosteronism and Hypokalemic Alkalosis , Amer J Med 33:811, 1962;.
19 +
Jones, K.M., et al:  Aldosterone Secretion and Metabolism in Normal Men and Women and in Pregnancy , Acta Endocr (København) 30:321, 1959;.
20 +
Carpenter, C.C.J., et al:  Studies on Response of Transplanted Kidney and Transplanted Adrenal Gland to Thoracic Inferior Vena Cava Constriction , J Clin Invest 40:196, 1961;.
21 +
Yankopoulos, N.A., et al:  Evidence That Humoral Agent Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to Secrete Aldosterone in Experimental Secondary Hyperaldosteronism , J Clin Invest 38:1278, 1959;.
22 +
Denton, D.A.; Goding, J.R.; and Wright, R.D.:  Control of Adrenal Secretion of Electrolyte-Active Steroids , Brit Med J 2:447, 522 ( (Sept 19) , 26) 1959;.
23 +
Davis, J.O.:  Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion , Physiol Physicians 1:1 ( (May) ) 1963;.
24 +
Davis, J.O.:  Adrenocortical and Renal Hormonal Function in Experimental Cardiac Failure , Circulation 25:1002, 1962;.
25 +
Davis, J.O.; Ayers, C.R.; and Carpenter, C.C.J.:  Renal Origin of Aldosterone-Stimulating Hormone in Dogs With Thoracic Caval Constriction and in Sodium-Depleted Dogs , J Clin Invest 40:1466, 1961;.
26 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Hypersecretion of Aldosterone in Dogs With Chronic Aortic-Caval Fistula and High Output Heart Failure , Circ Res , to be published.
27 +
Davis, J.O.:  Control of Aldosterone Secretion , Physiologist 5:65, 1962;.
28 +
Merrill, A.J.; Morrison, J.L.; and Brannon, E.S.:  Concentration of Renin in Renal Venous Blood in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure , Amer J Med 1:468, 1946;.
29 +
Davis, J.O.; Higgins, J.T., Jr.; and Urquhart, J.:  Relation of Angiotensin II to Aldosterone Secretion and Sodium Excretion , Symposium on Aldosterone, Prague, Czechoslovakia, August, 1963 , to be published.
30 +
Peart, W.S.:  Estimation of Renin in Body Fluids , Symposium on Aldosterone , Prague, Czechoslovakia, (August) , 1963;, to be published.
31 +
Winer, B.M.:  Vasoconstrictor Effect of Plasma During Salt Depletion , J Clin Invest 42:994, 1963;.
32 +
De Champlain, J.; Boucher, R.; and Genest, J.:  Arterial Angiotensin Levels in Edematous Patients , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 113:932, 1963;.
33 +
Higgins, J.T., Jr.; Davis, J.O.; and Urquhart, J.:  Demonstration by Pressor and Steroidogenic Assays of Increased Renin in Lymph of Dogs With Secondary Hyperaldosteronism , Circ Res , to be published.
34 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Control of Aldosterone Secretion , J Clin Invest 41:378, 1962;.
35 +
Laragh, J.H.:  Hormones and Pathogenesis of Congestive Heart Failure: Vasopressin, Aldosterone, and Angiotensin II , Circulation 25:1015, 1962;.
36 +
Chesley, L.C.; Wynn, R.M.; and Silverman, N.I.:  Renal Effects of Angiotensin II Infusions in Normotensive Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women , Circ Res 13:232, 1963;.
37 +
Urquhart, J.; Davis, J.O.; and Higgins, J.T., Jr.:  Effects of Prolonged Infusion of Angiotensin II in Normal Dogs , Amer J Physiol 205:1241, 1963;.
38 +
Tobian, L., Jr.: Juxtaglomerular Cells and Experimental Hypertension, Angiotensin Systems and Experimental Renal Diseases , Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1963;, p17.
39 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Extra-Adrenal Factor Essential for Chronic Renal Sodium Retention in Presence of Increased Sodium-Retaining Hormone , Circ Res 14:17, 1964;.
40 +
Davis, J.O.; Howell, D.S.; and Hyatt, R.E.:  Effects of Acute and Chronic Digoxin Administration in Dogs With Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Produced by Pulmonary Artery Constriction , Circ Res 3:259, 1955;.
41 +
Carpenter, C.C.J., et al:  Acute Effects of Cardiac Glycosides on Aldosterone Secretion in Dogs With Hyperaldosteronism Secondary to Chronic Right Heart Failure , Circ Res 10:178, 1962;.
42 +
Morris, R.E., Jr.; Robinson, P.R.; and Scheele, G.A.:  Relationship of Angiotensin to Renal Hypertension , Canad Med Ass J 90:272, 1964;.
43 +
Skeggs, L.T., Jr.; Kahn, J.R.; and Shumway, N.P.:  Isolation and Assay of Hypertension From Blood , J Exp Med 95:241, 1952;.
44 +
Brown, J.J., et al:  Variations in Plasma Renin Concentrations in Several Physiological and Pathological States , Canad Med Ass J 90:201, 1964;.
45 +
Mulrow, P.J.:  Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Hypertension Associated With Renal Vascular Disease , Canad Med Ass J 90:277, 1964;.
46 +
McCubbin, J.W., and Page, I.H.:  Renal Pressor System and Neurogenic Control of Arterial Pressure , Circ Res 12:553, 1963;.
47 +
Tobian, L., et al:  Sodium and Potassium in Walls of Arterioles in Experimental Renal Hypertension , J Clin Invest 40:1922, 1961;.
48 +
Friedman, S.M., and Allardyce, D.B.:  Sodium and Tension in Artery Segment , Circ Res 11:84, 1962;.
49 +
Ham, A.N.: Histology , 2nd ed, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1953;, p 602.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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1 +
Davis, J.O.:Symposium on Aldosterone, First International Congress of Endocrinology, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1960 .
2 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Evidence for Secretion of Aldosterone-Stimulating Hormone by Kidney , J Clin Invest 40:684, 1961;.
3 +
Ganong, W.F., and Mulrow, P.J.:  Evidence of Secretion of Aldosterone-Stimulating Substance by Kidney , Nature (London) 190:1115, 1961;.
4 +
Genest, J.E., et al:  Study of Urinary Adrenocortical Hormones in Human Arterial Hypertension , Abstracts of First International Congress of Endocrinology, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1960 , p 173.
5 +
Laragh, J.H., et al:  Hypotensive Agents and Pressor Substances , JAMA 174:234, 1960;.
6 +
Ulick, S.; Laragh, J.H.; and Lieberman, S.:  Isolation of Urinary Metabolite of Aldosterone and Its Use to Measure Rate of Secretion of Aldosterone by Adrenal Cortex of Man , Trans Ass Amer Physicians 71:225, 1958;.
7 +
Kliman, B., and Peterson, R.E.:  Double Isotope Derivative Assay of Aldosterone in Biological Extracts , J Biol Chem 235:1639, 1960;.
8 +
Luetscher, J.A., et al:  Studies of Secretion and Metabolism of Aldosterone and Cortisol , Trans Ass Amer Physicians 75:293, 1962;.
9 +
Luetscher, J.A.; Camargo, C.A.; and Cohn, A.P.:  Observations on Metabolism of Aldosterone in Man , Ann Intern Med 59:1, 1963;.
10 +
Ayers, C.R., et al:  Effects of Chronic Hepatic Venous Congestion on Metabolism of d, 1-Aldosterone and d-Aldosterone , J Clin Invest 41:884, 1962;.
11 +
Yates, F.E.; Urquhart, J.; and Herbst, A.L.:  Impairment of Enzymatic Inactivation of Adrenal Cortical Hormones Following Passive Venous Congestion of Liver , Amer J Physiol 194:65, 1958;.
12 +
Laragh, J.H., et al:  Aldosterone Secretion and Primary and Malignant Hypertension , J Clin Invest 39:1091, 1960;.
13 +
Laragh, J.H., et al: Aldosteronism in Man: Mechanisms Controlling Secretion of Hormone; Role of Angiotensin, Angiotensin Systems and Experimental Renal Diseases , Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1963;, p 108.
14 +
Gowenlock, A.H., and Wrong, O.:  Hyperaldosteronism Secondary to Renal Ischaemia , Quart J Med 31:323, 1962;.
15 +
Genest, J., et al:  Study of Large Urinary Steroid Spectrum in Normal Subjects and Hypertensive Patients , Acta Endocr (København) 35:413, 1960;.
16 +
Luetscher, J.A., Jr., and Axelrad, B.J.:  Increased Aldosterone Output During Sodium Deprivation in Normal Men , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 87:650, 1954;.
17 +
Blair-West, J.R., et al:  Humoral Stimulation of Adrenal Cortical Secretion , J Clin Invest 41:1606, 1962;.
18 +
Bartter, F.C., et al:  Hyperplasia of Juxtaglomerular Complex With Hyperaldosteronism and Hypokalemic Alkalosis , Amer J Med 33:811, 1962;.
19 +
Jones, K.M., et al:  Aldosterone Secretion and Metabolism in Normal Men and Women and in Pregnancy , Acta Endocr (København) 30:321, 1959;.
20 +
Carpenter, C.C.J., et al:  Studies on Response of Transplanted Kidney and Transplanted Adrenal Gland to Thoracic Inferior Vena Cava Constriction , J Clin Invest 40:196, 1961;.
21 +
Yankopoulos, N.A., et al:  Evidence That Humoral Agent Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to Secrete Aldosterone in Experimental Secondary Hyperaldosteronism , J Clin Invest 38:1278, 1959;.
22 +
Denton, D.A.; Goding, J.R.; and Wright, R.D.:  Control of Adrenal Secretion of Electrolyte-Active Steroids , Brit Med J 2:447, 522 ( (Sept 19) , 26) 1959;.
23 +
Davis, J.O.:  Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion , Physiol Physicians 1:1 ( (May) ) 1963;.
24 +
Davis, J.O.:  Adrenocortical and Renal Hormonal Function in Experimental Cardiac Failure , Circulation 25:1002, 1962;.
25 +
Davis, J.O.; Ayers, C.R.; and Carpenter, C.C.J.:  Renal Origin of Aldosterone-Stimulating Hormone in Dogs With Thoracic Caval Constriction and in Sodium-Depleted Dogs , J Clin Invest 40:1466, 1961;.
26 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Hypersecretion of Aldosterone in Dogs With Chronic Aortic-Caval Fistula and High Output Heart Failure , Circ Res , to be published.
27 +
Davis, J.O.:  Control of Aldosterone Secretion , Physiologist 5:65, 1962;.
28 +
Merrill, A.J.; Morrison, J.L.; and Brannon, E.S.:  Concentration of Renin in Renal Venous Blood in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure , Amer J Med 1:468, 1946;.
29 +
Davis, J.O.; Higgins, J.T., Jr.; and Urquhart, J.:  Relation of Angiotensin II to Aldosterone Secretion and Sodium Excretion , Symposium on Aldosterone, Prague, Czechoslovakia, August, 1963 , to be published.
30 +
Peart, W.S.:  Estimation of Renin in Body Fluids , Symposium on Aldosterone , Prague, Czechoslovakia, (August) , 1963;, to be published.
31 +
Winer, B.M.:  Vasoconstrictor Effect of Plasma During Salt Depletion , J Clin Invest 42:994, 1963;.
32 +
De Champlain, J.; Boucher, R.; and Genest, J.:  Arterial Angiotensin Levels in Edematous Patients , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 113:932, 1963;.
33 +
Higgins, J.T., Jr.; Davis, J.O.; and Urquhart, J.:  Demonstration by Pressor and Steroidogenic Assays of Increased Renin in Lymph of Dogs With Secondary Hyperaldosteronism , Circ Res , to be published.
34 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Control of Aldosterone Secretion , J Clin Invest 41:378, 1962;.
35 +
Laragh, J.H.:  Hormones and Pathogenesis of Congestive Heart Failure: Vasopressin, Aldosterone, and Angiotensin II , Circulation 25:1015, 1962;.
36 +
Chesley, L.C.; Wynn, R.M.; and Silverman, N.I.:  Renal Effects of Angiotensin II Infusions in Normotensive Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women , Circ Res 13:232, 1963;.
37 +
Urquhart, J.; Davis, J.O.; and Higgins, J.T., Jr.:  Effects of Prolonged Infusion of Angiotensin II in Normal Dogs , Amer J Physiol 205:1241, 1963;.
38 +
Tobian, L., Jr.: Juxtaglomerular Cells and Experimental Hypertension, Angiotensin Systems and Experimental Renal Diseases , Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1963;, p17.
39 +
Davis, J.O., et al:  Extra-Adrenal Factor Essential for Chronic Renal Sodium Retention in Presence of Increased Sodium-Retaining Hormone , Circ Res 14:17, 1964;.
40 +
Davis, J.O.; Howell, D.S.; and Hyatt, R.E.:  Effects of Acute and Chronic Digoxin Administration in Dogs With Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure Produced by Pulmonary Artery Constriction , Circ Res 3:259, 1955;.
41 +
Carpenter, C.C.J., et al:  Acute Effects of Cardiac Glycosides on Aldosterone Secretion in Dogs With Hyperaldosteronism Secondary to Chronic Right Heart Failure , Circ Res 10:178, 1962;.
42 +
Morris, R.E., Jr.; Robinson, P.R.; and Scheele, G.A.:  Relationship of Angiotensin to Renal Hypertension , Canad Med Ass J 90:272, 1964;.
43 +
Skeggs, L.T., Jr.; Kahn, J.R.; and Shumway, N.P.:  Isolation and Assay of Hypertension From Blood , J Exp Med 95:241, 1952;.
44 +
Brown, J.J., et al:  Variations in Plasma Renin Concentrations in Several Physiological and Pathological States , Canad Med Ass J 90:201, 1964;.
45 +
Mulrow, P.J.:  Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in Hypertension Associated With Renal Vascular Disease , Canad Med Ass J 90:277, 1964;.
46 +
McCubbin, J.W., and Page, I.H.:  Renal Pressor System and Neurogenic Control of Arterial Pressure , Circ Res 12:553, 1963;.
47 +
Tobian, L., et al:  Sodium and Potassium in Walls of Arterioles in Experimental Renal Hypertension , J Clin Invest 40:1922, 1961;.
48 +
Friedman, S.M., and Allardyce, D.B.:  Sodium and Tension in Artery Segment , Circ Res 11:84, 1962;.
49 +
Ham, A.N.: Histology , 2nd ed, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1953;, p 602.

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