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ARTICLE |

ORAL MUCOSAL SMEARS IN DETECTION OF GENETIC SEX FREE

Robert B. Greenblatt, M.D.; Oscar Mateo de Acosta, M.D.; Efraín Vázquez, M.D.; Dewitt F. Mullins, Jr., M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

This study was aided by a grant from Ciba Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Summit, N. J.


Augusta, Ga.

From the Department of Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia.


JAMA. 1956;161(8):683-685. doi:10.1001/jama.1956.02970080013005
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• In the nuclei of most cells from females there is found a distinct mass of chromatin that corresponds to the sex chromosome. It is genetically determined, has been observed in cells from every type of female human tissue studied, and is very seldom found in the nuclei in males. These facts were verified in a study of 125 normal people cf various ages by obtaining scrapings from the inner surface of the cheek with the edge of a tongue depressor. The scrapings, fixed and stained for microscopic examination, made it possible to tell the sex of the donor correctly in every normal case.

The test was also applied to three female pseudohermaphrodites, one male pseudohermaphrodite, and one eunuchoid female with gonadal dysgenesis. In these five instances the genetic sex agreed with the gonadal sex. The test yields valuable information, and for this purpose the Papanicolaou technique proved very useful, although the Papanicolaou stain was less satisfactory than cresyl violet.

REFERENCES

Moore, K. L., and Barr, M. L.:  Smears from the Oral Mucosa in the Detection of Chromosomal Sex , Lancet 2: 57 ( (July 9) ) 1955;.
Marberger, E.; Boccabella, R. A., and Nelson, W. O.:  Oral Smear as a Method of Chromosomal Sex Detection , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol & Med. 89:488 ( (July) ) 1955;.
Severinghaus, A. E.:  Sex Chromosomes in a Human Intersex , Am. J. Anat. 70:73 ( (Jan.) ) 1942;.
Barr, M. L.; Bertram, L. F., and Lindsay, H. A.:  The Morphology of the Nerve Cell Nucleus, According to Sex , Anat. Rec. 107:283 ( (July) ) 1950;.
Moore, K. L., and Barr, M. L.:  Morphology of the Nerve Cell Nucleus in Mammals, with Special Reference to the Sex Chromatin , J. Comp. Neurol. 98: 213, 1953;.
Graham, M. A., and Barr, M. L.:  A Sex Difference in the Morphology of Metabolic Nuclei in Somatic Cells of the Cat , Anat. Rec. 112:709 ( (April) ) 1952;.
Moore, K. L., and Barr, M. L.:  Nuclear Morphology, According to Sex, in Human Tissues , Acta anat. 21: 197, 1954;.
Marberger, E., and Nelson, W. O.:  Sexual Differences in Epidermal Nuclei of Human Skin , abstracted, Anat. Rec. 118:399, 1954;.
Polani, P. E.; Hunter, W. F., and Lennox, B.:  Chromosomal Sex in Turner's Syndrome with Coarctation of Aorta: Preliminary Communication , Lancet 2: 120 ( (July 17) ) 1954;.
Wilkins, L.; Grumbach, M. M., and Van Wyk, J. J.:  Chromosomal Sex in "Ovarian Agenesis,"  letter to the editor, J. Clin. Endocrinol. 14: 1270 ( (Oct.) ) 1954;.
Snedecor, G. W.: Statistical Methods Applied to Experiments in Agriculture and Biology , ed. 4, Ames, Iowa, Iowa State College Press, 1946;, pp. 1-88.
Greenblatt, R. B.; Carmona, N., and Higdon, L.:  Gonadal Dysgenesis with Androgenic Manifestations in the Tall Eunuchoid Female , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 16:235 ( (Feb.) ) 1956;.
Gordan, G. S.; Overstreet, E. W.; Traut, H. F., and Winch, G. A.:  A Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: A Variety of Ovarian Agenesis with Androgenic Manifestations , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1955;.
Grumbach, M. M.; Van Wyk, J. J., and Wilkins, L.:  Chromosomal Sex in Gonadal Dysgenesis (Ovarian Agenesis): Relationship to Male Pseudohermaphrodism and Theories of Human Sex Differentiation , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15:1161 ( (Oct.) ) 1955;.
Davidson, W. M., and Smith, D. R.:  A Morphological Sex Difference in the Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes , Brit. M. J. 2: 6 ( (July 3) ) 1954;.

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Moore, K. L., and Barr, M. L.:  Smears from the Oral Mucosa in the Detection of Chromosomal Sex , Lancet 2: 57 ( (July 9) ) 1955;.
Marberger, E.; Boccabella, R. A., and Nelson, W. O.:  Oral Smear as a Method of Chromosomal Sex Detection , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol & Med. 89:488 ( (July) ) 1955;.
Severinghaus, A. E.:  Sex Chromosomes in a Human Intersex , Am. J. Anat. 70:73 ( (Jan.) ) 1942;.
Barr, M. L.; Bertram, L. F., and Lindsay, H. A.:  The Morphology of the Nerve Cell Nucleus, According to Sex , Anat. Rec. 107:283 ( (July) ) 1950;.
Moore, K. L., and Barr, M. L.:  Morphology of the Nerve Cell Nucleus in Mammals, with Special Reference to the Sex Chromatin , J. Comp. Neurol. 98: 213, 1953;.
Graham, M. A., and Barr, M. L.:  A Sex Difference in the Morphology of Metabolic Nuclei in Somatic Cells of the Cat , Anat. Rec. 112:709 ( (April) ) 1952;.
Moore, K. L., and Barr, M. L.:  Nuclear Morphology, According to Sex, in Human Tissues , Acta anat. 21: 197, 1954;.
Marberger, E., and Nelson, W. O.:  Sexual Differences in Epidermal Nuclei of Human Skin , abstracted, Anat. Rec. 118:399, 1954;.
Polani, P. E.; Hunter, W. F., and Lennox, B.:  Chromosomal Sex in Turner's Syndrome with Coarctation of Aorta: Preliminary Communication , Lancet 2: 120 ( (July 17) ) 1954;.
Wilkins, L.; Grumbach, M. M., and Van Wyk, J. J.:  Chromosomal Sex in "Ovarian Agenesis,"  letter to the editor, J. Clin. Endocrinol. 14: 1270 ( (Oct.) ) 1954;.
Snedecor, G. W.: Statistical Methods Applied to Experiments in Agriculture and Biology , ed. 4, Ames, Iowa, Iowa State College Press, 1946;, pp. 1-88.
Greenblatt, R. B.; Carmona, N., and Higdon, L.:  Gonadal Dysgenesis with Androgenic Manifestations in the Tall Eunuchoid Female , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 16:235 ( (Feb.) ) 1956;.
Gordan, G. S.; Overstreet, E. W.; Traut, H. F., and Winch, G. A.:  A Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: A Variety of Ovarian Agenesis with Androgenic Manifestations , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1955;.
Grumbach, M. M.; Van Wyk, J. J., and Wilkins, L.:  Chromosomal Sex in Gonadal Dysgenesis (Ovarian Agenesis): Relationship to Male Pseudohermaphrodism and Theories of Human Sex Differentiation , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15:1161 ( (Oct.) ) 1955;.
Davidson, W. M., and Smith, D. R.:  A Morphological Sex Difference in the Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes , Brit. M. J. 2: 6 ( (July 3) ) 1954;.
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