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EVALUATION OF RED CROSS GAMMA GLOBULIN AS A PROPHYLACTIC AGENT FOR POLIOMYELITIS: Title and subTitle Break1. PLAN OF CONTROLLED FIELD TESTS AND RESULTS OF 1951 PILOT STUDY IN UTAH FREE

William McD. Hammon, M.D., Dr.P.H.; Lewis L. Coriell, M.D., Ph.D.; Joseph Stokes, Jr., M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

This study was aided by a grant from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Inc.

Owing to lack of space, acknowledgments to the organizations, employed personnel, and volunteers who participated in the study will appear only in the authors' reprints.


JAMA. 1952;150(8):739-749. doi:10.1001/jama.1952.03680080001001
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The principal purpose of the experiment described in this and subsequent papers of the series was to determine whether gamma globulin, as prepared for and furnished by the American National Red Cross for measles prophylaxis, would protect against the paralytic manifestations of poliomyelitis when administered in reasonable dosage before the onset of illness. A secondary purpose was to determine, if protection were afforded, the duration of protection in the dosage selected for the experiment. From this, based on half life studies of gamma globulin in the childhood age group, the dosage suitable for any period of protection desired could be calculated. Another secondary purpose was to determine whether gamma globulin would permit or interfere with inapparent or milder types of nonparalyzing clinical infection and the subsequent development of active immunity. This question had considerable significance, for if harmless infection and subsequent active immunity were prevented, gamma globulin would have a

REFERENCES

Bodian, D.:  Neutralization of Three Immunological Types of Poliomyelitis Virus by Human Gamma Globulin , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 72: 259 ( (Oct.) ) 1949;.
Stokes, J., Jr.; Farquhar, J. A.; Drake, M. E.; Capps, R. B.; Ward, C. S., and Kitts, A. W.:  Infections Hepatitis: Length of Protection by Immune Serum Globulin (Gamma Globulin) during Epidemics , J. A. M. A. 147:714 ( (Oct. 20) ) 1951;.
Hammon, W. McD.:  Possibilities of Specific Prevention and Treatment of Poliomyelitis , Pediatrics 6: 696 ( (Nov.) ) 1950;.
Rhodes, A. J., and Clark, E. M.:  Passive Immunity in Poliomyelitis: II. Lansing Antibody Content of Human Gamma Globulin , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 76:379 ( (Feb.) ) 1951;.
Bodian, D.:  Experimental Studies on Passive Immunization against Poliomyelitis: I. Protection with Human Gamma Globulin against Intramuscular Inoculation, and Combined Passive and Active Immunization , Am. J. Hyg. 54:132 ( (July) ) 1951;.
Bloxsom, A.:  Use of Immune Serum Globulin (Human) as Prophylaxis against Poliomyelitis , Texas State J. Med. 75: 468 ( (July) ) 1949;.
Stokes, J., Jr.; Wolman, I. J.; Carpenter, H. C., and Margolis, J.:  Prophylactic Use of Parents' Whole Blood in Anterior Poliomyelitis: Philadelphia Epidemic of 1932 , Am. J. Dis. Child. 50: 581 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Stokes, J., Jr.:  The Use of Immune Bodies in the Treatment of Certain Infectious Diseases (Virus and Rickettsial Disease) Caused by Intracellular Parasites, with Emphasis on Need for Diagnostic Criteria of Infection , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 16: 415 ( (May) ) 1944;.
Members of the committee were as follows: David Bodian, M.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; John F. Enders, Ph.D., The Children's Hospital, Boston; Thomas Francis Jr., M.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; William McD. Hammon, M.D., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Howard A. Howe, M.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; John R. Paul, M.D., Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Andrew J. Rhodes, M.D., University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Albert Sabin, M.D., The Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati; Jonas E. Salk, M.D., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Joseph E. Smadel, M.D., Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C.; and Thomas B. Turner, M.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
Advisors to the committee were as follows: Russell J. Blattner, M.D., American Academy of Pediatrics, Baylor University, Houston, Texas; Leroy E. Burney, M.D., State and Territorial Health Officers, Indiana State Board of Health, Indianapolis; Antonio Ciocco, Sc.D., statistical consultant, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Sam T. Gibson, M.D., The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C.; Thomas P. Murdock, M.D., American Medical Association, Meriden, Conn.; Thomas M. Rivers, M.D., National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis Advisory Committee on Virus Research and Epidemicology, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York; Norman H. Topping, M.D., United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.; Robert Ward, M.D., American Pediatrics Society, New York University Bellevue Medical Center, New York; and W. G. Workman, M.D., Division of Biologics Control, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.
 Medical Research Council Investigation: The Prevention of Whooping-Cough by Vaccination , Brit. Med. J. 1: 1463 ( (June 30) ) 1951;.
Faber, H. K.:  Postinoculation Poliomyelitis , Pediatrics 7: 300 ( (Feb.) ) 1951;.
Thirty-seven children were excluded later for the analysis shown in table 5, and 25 for table 8 because of incompleteness or inaccuracies of recorded vial number or age on record cards.
Cockburn, W. C.; Harrington, J. A.; Zeitlin, R. A.; Morris, D., and Camps, F. E.:  Homologous Serum Hepatitis and Measles Prophylaxis, A Report to the Medical Research Council , Brit. Med. J. 2: 6 ( (July 7) ) 1951;.

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Bodian, D.:  Neutralization of Three Immunological Types of Poliomyelitis Virus by Human Gamma Globulin , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 72: 259 ( (Oct.) ) 1949;.
Stokes, J., Jr.; Farquhar, J. A.; Drake, M. E.; Capps, R. B.; Ward, C. S., and Kitts, A. W.:  Infections Hepatitis: Length of Protection by Immune Serum Globulin (Gamma Globulin) during Epidemics , J. A. M. A. 147:714 ( (Oct. 20) ) 1951;.
Hammon, W. McD.:  Possibilities of Specific Prevention and Treatment of Poliomyelitis , Pediatrics 6: 696 ( (Nov.) ) 1950;.
Rhodes, A. J., and Clark, E. M.:  Passive Immunity in Poliomyelitis: II. Lansing Antibody Content of Human Gamma Globulin , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 76:379 ( (Feb.) ) 1951;.
Bodian, D.:  Experimental Studies on Passive Immunization against Poliomyelitis: I. Protection with Human Gamma Globulin against Intramuscular Inoculation, and Combined Passive and Active Immunization , Am. J. Hyg. 54:132 ( (July) ) 1951;.
Bloxsom, A.:  Use of Immune Serum Globulin (Human) as Prophylaxis against Poliomyelitis , Texas State J. Med. 75: 468 ( (July) ) 1949;.
Stokes, J., Jr.; Wolman, I. J.; Carpenter, H. C., and Margolis, J.:  Prophylactic Use of Parents' Whole Blood in Anterior Poliomyelitis: Philadelphia Epidemic of 1932 , Am. J. Dis. Child. 50: 581 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Stokes, J., Jr.:  The Use of Immune Bodies in the Treatment of Certain Infectious Diseases (Virus and Rickettsial Disease) Caused by Intracellular Parasites, with Emphasis on Need for Diagnostic Criteria of Infection , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 16: 415 ( (May) ) 1944;.
Members of the committee were as follows: David Bodian, M.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; John F. Enders, Ph.D., The Children's Hospital, Boston; Thomas Francis Jr., M.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; William McD. Hammon, M.D., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Howard A. Howe, M.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; John R. Paul, M.D., Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Andrew J. Rhodes, M.D., University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Albert Sabin, M.D., The Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati; Jonas E. Salk, M.D., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Joseph E. Smadel, M.D., Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C.; and Thomas B. Turner, M.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
Advisors to the committee were as follows: Russell J. Blattner, M.D., American Academy of Pediatrics, Baylor University, Houston, Texas; Leroy E. Burney, M.D., State and Territorial Health Officers, Indiana State Board of Health, Indianapolis; Antonio Ciocco, Sc.D., statistical consultant, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Sam T. Gibson, M.D., The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C.; Thomas P. Murdock, M.D., American Medical Association, Meriden, Conn.; Thomas M. Rivers, M.D., National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis Advisory Committee on Virus Research and Epidemicology, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York; Norman H. Topping, M.D., United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.; Robert Ward, M.D., American Pediatrics Society, New York University Bellevue Medical Center, New York; and W. G. Workman, M.D., Division of Biologics Control, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.
 Medical Research Council Investigation: The Prevention of Whooping-Cough by Vaccination , Brit. Med. J. 1: 1463 ( (June 30) ) 1951;.
Faber, H. K.:  Postinoculation Poliomyelitis , Pediatrics 7: 300 ( (Feb.) ) 1951;.
Thirty-seven children were excluded later for the analysis shown in table 5, and 25 for table 8 because of incompleteness or inaccuracies of recorded vial number or age on record cards.
Cockburn, W. C.; Harrington, J. A.; Zeitlin, R. A.; Morris, D., and Camps, F. E.:  Homologous Serum Hepatitis and Measles Prophylaxis, A Report to the Medical Research Council , Brit. Med. J. 2: 6 ( (July 7) ) 1951;.
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