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EFFECTS OF EXTREME HEAT ON MAN: Title and subTitle BreakProtection of Man Against Conflagration Heat

KONRAD BUETTNER, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Randolph Field, Texas

From the Department of Biophysics, United States Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Air Force Base.


JAMA. 1950;144(9):732-738. doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02920090006003
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLAGRATION HEAT  Air raids in Germany killed about 800,000 persons,1 a rough estimate accurate to not more than plus or minus 30 per cent. Reliable data on the distribution of different causes of death have not been published and possibly never will be published. The few known data2 differ greatly concerning the relative number of injuries caused by heat from flames, radiant heat, carbon monoxide or mechanical agents. These data concern attacks on a small scale only. The larger the conflagration, or rather the affected area, the less nearly exact data one may expect. No survivor could report on the events in the center of Dresden, where 300.000 persons were reported killed in 24 hours.Actual knowledge on conflagrations diminishes with the increase in size of the affected area, but one may attempt an extrapolation from physical and medical knowledge. This way of gaining experience is

REFERENCES

Bond, H.: Fire and the Air War , Boston, National Fire Protection Association, 1946;.
Reissmann, K. R.: The Problem of Medical Care and Hospitalization Under Air Attack: Incidence of Air Raid Casualties in Berlin 1943-1944 , USAF SAM Unnumbered Project ( (Sept.) ) 1948;.
Arbeitstagung der beratenden Arzte, Deut. Militärarzt, 1944.
Buettner, K.: Physikalische Bioklimatologie , Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1938;.
G. Landsherg: Die Hütte , ed. 27. pt. (1) , Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1940;.
Desaga, H.: Experimental Investigations of the Action of Dust, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Hardy, J. D.:  The Radiation Power of Human Skin in the Infra-Red , Am. J. Physiol. 127:454 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
Buettner, K.:  über die Wärmestrahlung und die Reflexionseigenschaften der menschlichen Haut , Strahlentherapie 58:345, 1937;.
Blockley, W. V., and Taylor, C. L.: Studies on Tolerance for Extreme Heat , First Summary Report, University of California, Department of Engineering, 1948;.
Buettner, K.: Conflagration Heat, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Berde, B.; Takács, L., and Fekete, A.:  Hormonal Body Temperature Regulation in Passive and Active Hyperthermia , Experientia 4:446 ( (Nov.) ) 1948;.
Pfleiderer, H., and Less, L.: Bioklim. Beibl. 2:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Buettner, K.:  Neue physikalische Ergebnisse zum Wärme- und Wasserhausalt des Menschen , Wien. med. Wchnschr. 94: 373, 1944;.
Buettner, K.: Heat Balance in Man, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Moritz, A. R.; Henriques, F. C., and McLean, R.:  The Effects of Inhaled Heat on Air Passages and Lungs , Am. J. Path. 21: 311 ( (March) ) 1945;.
Buettner, K.: Protective Clothing Against Cold and Heat, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , edited by C. D. Hodgman, ed. 30, 1948;, p. 2245.
Johnson: Nature, London 134:216, 1934;.
Landolt-Bornstein: Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen , Berlin, 1931;.
Suits—Protective, Fire Fighting, MCREXD 666: IT United States Air Force . Air Material Command, Aeromedical Laboratory, 1948;.
United States Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Health and Medical Services in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, United States War Department, Medical Division, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1947.
Larkin, J. C.:  Distribution of Radiation in the Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki , Am. J. Roentgenol. 55:525 ( (May) ) 1946;.
 Answers from Bikini , Science Illustrated ( (Nov.) ) 1946;.
Flick, T. T.: Ocular Lesions Following the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , MDDC 936, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1947;.

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Bond, H.: Fire and the Air War , Boston, National Fire Protection Association, 1946;.
Reissmann, K. R.: The Problem of Medical Care and Hospitalization Under Air Attack: Incidence of Air Raid Casualties in Berlin 1943-1944 , USAF SAM Unnumbered Project ( (Sept.) ) 1948;.
Arbeitstagung der beratenden Arzte, Deut. Militärarzt, 1944.
Buettner, K.: Physikalische Bioklimatologie , Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1938;.
G. Landsherg: Die Hütte , ed. 27. pt. (1) , Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1940;.
Desaga, H.: Experimental Investigations of the Action of Dust, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Hardy, J. D.:  The Radiation Power of Human Skin in the Infra-Red , Am. J. Physiol. 127:454 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
Buettner, K.:  über die Wärmestrahlung und die Reflexionseigenschaften der menschlichen Haut , Strahlentherapie 58:345, 1937;.
Blockley, W. V., and Taylor, C. L.: Studies on Tolerance for Extreme Heat , First Summary Report, University of California, Department of Engineering, 1948;.
Buettner, K.: Conflagration Heat, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Berde, B.; Takács, L., and Fekete, A.:  Hormonal Body Temperature Regulation in Passive and Active Hyperthermia , Experientia 4:446 ( (Nov.) ) 1948;.
Pfleiderer, H., and Less, L.: Bioklim. Beibl. 2:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Buettner, K.:  Neue physikalische Ergebnisse zum Wärme- und Wasserhausalt des Menschen , Wien. med. Wchnschr. 94: 373, 1944;.
Buettner, K.: Heat Balance in Man, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Moritz, A. R.; Henriques, F. C., and McLean, R.:  The Effects of Inhaled Heat on Air Passages and Lungs , Am. J. Path. 21: 311 ( (March) ) 1945;.
Buettner, K.: Protective Clothing Against Cold and Heat, in German Aviation Medicine, World War II, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1950.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , edited by C. D. Hodgman, ed. 30, 1948;, p. 2245.
Johnson: Nature, London 134:216, 1934;.
Landolt-Bornstein: Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen , Berlin, 1931;.
Suits—Protective, Fire Fighting, MCREXD 666: IT United States Air Force . Air Material Command, Aeromedical Laboratory, 1948;.
United States Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Health and Medical Services in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, United States War Department, Medical Division, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1947.
Larkin, J. C.:  Distribution of Radiation in the Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki , Am. J. Roentgenol. 55:525 ( (May) ) 1946;.
 Answers from Bikini , Science Illustrated ( (Nov.) ) 1946;.
Flick, T. T.: Ocular Lesions Following the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , MDDC 936, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1947;.
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