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PROTEIN COMES INTO ITS OWN: Title and subTitle BreakThe Frank Billings Lecture FREE

JAMES S. McLESTER, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Read before the Section on Internal Medicine at the Ninety-Seventh Annual Session of the American Medical Association, Chicago, June 23, 1948.


Birmingham, Ala.

From the Department of Medicine of the Medical College of Alabama, a division of the University of Alabama.


JAMA. 1949;139(14):897-902. doi:10.1001/jama.1949.02900310001001
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The science of nutrition as I have watched it develop through the years has presented a constantly changing picture. According to the trend of research and the appeal to the imagination made by the discoveries of the day, first one coloration and then another has dominated the picture. This development can roughly be divided into five periods, all culminating today in a period of greater appreciation of protein.

THE ENERGY ERA  First, there was the energy era, the day of the great pioneer students of metabolism, of Liebig and Voit, and then of Rubner and Atwater, Friedrich Müller and Graham Lusk. The brilliant discoveries of that period had their beginnings in Paris with Lavoisier in the investigations which led him to the conclusion that all life is a chemical process. The scientists who followed Lavoisier, notably those of the Munich school, were primarily interested in the chemical changes that take

REFERENCES

Shaffer, P. A., and Coleman, W.:  Protein Metabolism in Typhoid Fever , Arch. Int. Med. 4:538 ( (Dec.) ) 1909;.
Coleman, W.:  Diet in Typhoid Fever , J. A. M. A. 53: 1145 ( (Oct. 9) ) 1909;.
Coleman, W., and DuBois, E. F.:  Clinical Calorimetry: VII. Calorimetric Observations on the Metabolism of Typhoid Patients With and Without Food , Arch. Int. Med. 15:887 ( (May) ) 1915;.
Lenhartz, cited by Rütimeyer, L.:  Magenblutungen , in Kraus, F., and Brugsch, T.: Spezielle Pathologie und Therapie , Berlin, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1914;, vol. 5, p. 1168.
Sippy, B. W.:  Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer: Medical Cure by an Efficient Removal of Gastric Juice Corrosion , J. A. M. A. 64: 1625 ( (May 15) ) 1915;.
Chittenden, R. H.: Physiological Economy in Nutrition, with Special Reference to the Mineral Requirement of the Healthy Man: An Experimental Study , New York, F. A. Stokes Co., 1904;
 The Nutrition of Man , ChittendenPhysiological Economy in Nutrition, with Special Reference to the Mineral Requirement of the Healthy Man: An Experimental Study , 1907;.
Hindhede, M.:  Untersuchungen über den Einfluss einiger Nahrungsmittel auf die Lölichkeit der Harnsäure , Skandinav. Arch. f. Physiol. 27: 87, 1912;.
Benedict, F. G.:  The Nutritive Requirements of the Body , Am. J. Physiol. 16:409, 1906;
 Physiological Effects of Prolonged Protein Reduction in the Diet of Twenty-Five Men , Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. 57: 479, 1918;.
McCollum, E. V., and Simmonds, N.: The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition: The Use of Food for the Preservation of Vitality and Health , ed. 3, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1925;, vol. 5.
Stefánsson, V.:  Observations on Three Cases of Scurvy , J. A. M. A. 71:1715 ( (Nov. 23) ) 1918;.
Lieb, C. W.:  Effects of An Exclusive, Long-Continued Meat Diet Based on the History, Experiences and Clinical Survey of Vilhjalmur Stefánsson, Artie Explorer , J. A. M. A. 87:25 ( (July 3) ) 1926;.
Thomas, W. A.:  Health of a Carnivorous Race: A Study of the Eskimo , J. A. M. A. 88:1559 ( (May 14) ) 1927;.
Tolstoi, E.:  Effect of Exclusive Meat Diet on Chemical Constituents of Blood , J. Biol. Chem. 83:753, 1929;.
McClellan, W. S., and DuBois, E. F.:  Clinical Calorimetry: Prolonged Meat Diets with a Study of Kidney Function and Ketosis , J. Biol. Chem. 87:651, 1930;.
Alvarez, W. C.:  Intestinal Autointoxication , Physiol. Rev. 4: 352, 1924;.
Eijkman, C.:  Eine Beriberi ähnliche Erkrankung der Hühner , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 148:523, 1897;
 Ein Versuch zur Bekämpfung der Beri-Beri , EijkmanVirchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 149:187, 1897;.
Funk, C.:  Chemical Nature of the Substance Which Cures Polyneuritis in Birds Induced by a Diet of Polished Rice , J. Physiol. 43: 395, 1911;.
McCollum, E. V., and Davis, M.:  The Necessity of Certain Lipins in the Diet , J. Biol. Chem. 15: 167, 1913;.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.:  Relation of Growth to Chemical Constituents of Diet , J. Biol. Chem. 15:316, 1913;.
Waugh, W. A., and King, C. G.:  Isolation and Identification of Vitamin C , J. Biol. Chem. 97:325, 1932;.
McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N., and Becker, J. E.:  Studies on Experimental Demonstration of Existence of a Vitamin Which Promotes Calcium Deposition , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33: 229, 1922;.
Fraser, H., and Stanton, A. T.:  The Etiology of Beri-Beri , Tr. Soc. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 3, 1910;
Lancet 2:1755, 1910;.
Chamberlain, W. P., and Vedder, E. B.:  Contributions to the Etiology of Beriberi , Philippine J. Sc. 6:251, 395, 1911;.
Searcy, G. H.:  An Epidemic of Acute Pellagra , J. A. M. A. 49: 37 ( (July 6) ) 1907;.
Goldberger, J.:  Pellagra: Causation and Method of Prevention , J. A. M. A. 66:471 ( (Feb. 12) ) 1916;.
Elvehjem, C. A., and others:  Relation of Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinic Acid Amide to Canine Blacktongue , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59: 1767, 1937;.
 Indiscriminate Administration of Vitamins to Industrial Workers, Report of the Council on Foods and Nutrition and the Council on Industrial Health , J. A. M. A. 118:618 ( (Feb. 21) ) 1942;.
Lewis, H. B.:  Protein in Nutrition , in Handbook of Nutrition , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1943;, p. 13.
Rose, W. C.:  The Nutritive Significance of the Amino Acids and Certain Related Compounds , Science 86:298, 1937;
 The Nutritive Significance of the Amino Acids , Physiol. Rev. 18: 109, 1938;.
Shohl, A. T., and Blackfan, K. D.:  The Intravenous Administration of Crystalline Amino-Acids to Infants , J. Nutrition 20: 305, 1940;.
Albanese, A. A.; Holt, L. E., Jr.; Brumback, J. E., Jr.; Hayes, M.; Kajdi, C., and Wangerin, D. M.:  Nitrogen Balance in Experimental Lysine Deficiency in Man , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48: 728, 1941;
Brumback, J. E., Jr.; Kajdi, C., and Wangerin, D. M.:  Nitrogen Balance in Experimental Tryptophane Deficiency in Man , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:726, 1941;.
Holt, L. E., Jr.; Albanese, A. A.; Shettles, L. B.; Kajdi, C., and Wangerin, D. M.:  Studies of Experimental Amino Acid Deficiency in Man: I. Nitrogen Balance , Federation Proc. 1 (pt. (2) ): 116, 1942;.
Elvehjem, C. A.:  Recent Progress in Nutrition and Its Relation to Drug Therapy , J. A. M. A. 136:915 ( (April 3) ) 1948;.
Schoenhemier, R., and Rittenberg, D.:  The Study of Intermediary Metabolism of Animals with the Aid of Isotopes , Physiol. Rev. 20:218, 1940;.
Whipple, G. H., and Madden, S. C.:  Hemoglobin Plasma Protein and Cell Protein , Medicine 23:215, 1944;.
Ebbs, J. H.; Tisdall, F. F., and Scott, W. A.:  The Influence of the Prenatal Diet on the Mother and Child , J. Nutrition 22: 515, 1941;.
Bethell, F. H.; Gardiner, S. H., and MacKinnon, F.:  Influence of Iron and Diet on Blood in Pregnancy , Ann. Int. Med. 13:91, 1939;.
Leverton, R. M., and McMillan, T. J.:  Meat in Diet of Pregnant Women , J. A. M. A. 130: 134 ( (Jan. 19) ) 1946;.
Williams, P. F.:  Importance of Adequate Protein Nutrition in Pregnancy , in Protein Nutrition in Health and Disease , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1945;, p. 15.
Burke, B. S.; Harding, V. V., and Stuart, H. C.:  Nutrition Studies During Pregnancy: IV. Relation of Protein Content of Mother's Diet During Pregnancy to Birth Weight and Condition of Infant at Birth , J. Pediat. 23: 506, 1943;.
Stuart, H. C.:  Findings on Examination of New Born Infants and Infants During Neo-Natal Period Which Appear to Have Relationship to Diets of Their Mothers During Pregnancy , Federation Proc. 4: 271, 1945;.
Cannon, P. R.:  The Importance of Proteins in Resistance to Infection , in Protein Nutrition in Health and Disease , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1945;, p. 80.
Cannon, P. R.; Chase, W. E., and Wissler, R. W.:  The Relationship of the Protein Reserves to Antibody-Production: I. The Effects of a Low Protein Diet and of Plasmapheresis on the Formation of Agglutinins , J. Immunol. 47: 133, 1943;.
Cannon, P. R.; Wissler, R. W.; Woolridge, R. L., and Benditt, E. P.:  The Relationship of Protein Deficiency to Surgical Infection , Ann. Surg. 120:514, 1944;.
Lund, C. C., and Levenson, S. M.:  Protein in Surgery , J. A. M. A. 128:95 ( (May 12) ) 1945;.
Whipple, A. C.:  The Critical Latent or Lag-Period in the Healing of Wounds , Ann. Surg. 112:481, 1940;.
Kobak, M. W.; Benditt, E. P.; Wissler, R. W., and Steffee, C. H.:  The Relation of Protein Deficiency to Experimental Wound Healing , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 85: 751, 1947;.
Elman, R.:  Acute Protein Deficiency (Hypoproteinemia) in Surgical Shock, Due to Severe Hemorrhage and in Burns, Intestinal Obstruction and General Peritonitis, with Special Reference to Use of Plasma and Hydrolized Protein , J. A. M. A. 120: 1176 ( (Dec. 12) ) 1942;.
Mulholland, J. H.; Co Tui; Wright, A. M.; Vinci, V., and Shafiroff, B.:  Protein Metabolism and Bed Sores , Ann. Surg. 118: 1015, 1943;.
Co Tui:  The Value of Protein and Its Chemical Components (Amino Acids) in Surgical Repair , Bull. New York Acad. Med. 21:631, 1945;.
Aldrich, C. A., and Boyle, H. H.:  Chronic Nonspecific Nephritis: Clinical Observations on Forty Children with Results of Treatment on Full Diets , J. A. M. A. 100: 1979 ( (June 24) ) 1933;.
McCann, W. S.:  The Many Sided Question of Protein in Nephritis , Ann. Int. Med. 5:579, 1931;.
Youmans, J. B.; Patton, E. W.; Sutton, W. R.; Kern, R., and Steinkamp, R.:  Surveys of the Nutrition of Populations: II. The Protein Nutrition of a Rural Population in Middle Tennessee , Am. J. Pub. Health 33:955, 1943;.
Mann, F. C.:  Liver and Medical Progress , J. A. M. A. 117: 1577 ( (Nov. 8) ) 1941;.
Messinger, W. J., and Hawkins, W. B., cited by Greene, C. H.:  Liver and Biliary Tract: Review for 1941 , Arch. Int. Med. 69:691 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Ravdin, I. S.; Thorogood, E.; Riegel, C.; Peters, R., and Rhoads, J. E.:  The Prevention of Liver Damage and the Facilitation of Repair in the Liver by Diet , J. A. M. A. 121: 322 ( (Jan. 30) ) 1943;.
Patek, A. J., Jr., and Post, J.:  Treatment of Cirrhosis of the Liver by a Nutritious Diet and Supplements Rich in Vitamin B Complex , J. Clin. Investigation 20:481, 1941;.
Post, J., and Patek, A. J., Jr.:  Serum Proteins in Cirrhosis of the Liver , Arch. Int. Med. 69: 67 ( (Jan.) ) 1942;.
Morrison, L. M.:  New Methods of Therapy in Hepatic Cirrhosis of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 134: 673 ( (June 21) ) 1947;.
Labby, D. H.; Shank, R. E.; Kunkel, H. G., and Hoagland, C. L.:  Intravenous Therapy of Cirrhosis of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 133:1181 ( (April 19) ) 1947;.
Capps, R. B., and Barker, M. H.:  The Management of Infectious Hepatitis , Ann. Int. Med. 26:405, 1947;.
Berger, F. M.:  Diet in Infectious Hepatitis , J. Am. Dietet. A. 22: 210, 1946;.

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Shaffer, P. A., and Coleman, W.:  Protein Metabolism in Typhoid Fever , Arch. Int. Med. 4:538 ( (Dec.) ) 1909;.
Coleman, W.:  Diet in Typhoid Fever , J. A. M. A. 53: 1145 ( (Oct. 9) ) 1909;.
Coleman, W., and DuBois, E. F.:  Clinical Calorimetry: VII. Calorimetric Observations on the Metabolism of Typhoid Patients With and Without Food , Arch. Int. Med. 15:887 ( (May) ) 1915;.
Lenhartz, cited by Rütimeyer, L.:  Magenblutungen , in Kraus, F., and Brugsch, T.: Spezielle Pathologie und Therapie , Berlin, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1914;, vol. 5, p. 1168.
Sippy, B. W.:  Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer: Medical Cure by an Efficient Removal of Gastric Juice Corrosion , J. A. M. A. 64: 1625 ( (May 15) ) 1915;.
Chittenden, R. H.: Physiological Economy in Nutrition, with Special Reference to the Mineral Requirement of the Healthy Man: An Experimental Study , New York, F. A. Stokes Co., 1904;
 The Nutrition of Man , ChittendenPhysiological Economy in Nutrition, with Special Reference to the Mineral Requirement of the Healthy Man: An Experimental Study , 1907;.
Hindhede, M.:  Untersuchungen über den Einfluss einiger Nahrungsmittel auf die Lölichkeit der Harnsäure , Skandinav. Arch. f. Physiol. 27: 87, 1912;.
Benedict, F. G.:  The Nutritive Requirements of the Body , Am. J. Physiol. 16:409, 1906;
 Physiological Effects of Prolonged Protein Reduction in the Diet of Twenty-Five Men , Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. 57: 479, 1918;.
McCollum, E. V., and Simmonds, N.: The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition: The Use of Food for the Preservation of Vitality and Health , ed. 3, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1925;, vol. 5.
Stefánsson, V.:  Observations on Three Cases of Scurvy , J. A. M. A. 71:1715 ( (Nov. 23) ) 1918;.
Lieb, C. W.:  Effects of An Exclusive, Long-Continued Meat Diet Based on the History, Experiences and Clinical Survey of Vilhjalmur Stefánsson, Artie Explorer , J. A. M. A. 87:25 ( (July 3) ) 1926;.
Thomas, W. A.:  Health of a Carnivorous Race: A Study of the Eskimo , J. A. M. A. 88:1559 ( (May 14) ) 1927;.
Tolstoi, E.:  Effect of Exclusive Meat Diet on Chemical Constituents of Blood , J. Biol. Chem. 83:753, 1929;.
McClellan, W. S., and DuBois, E. F.:  Clinical Calorimetry: Prolonged Meat Diets with a Study of Kidney Function and Ketosis , J. Biol. Chem. 87:651, 1930;.
Alvarez, W. C.:  Intestinal Autointoxication , Physiol. Rev. 4: 352, 1924;.
Eijkman, C.:  Eine Beriberi ähnliche Erkrankung der Hühner , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 148:523, 1897;
 Ein Versuch zur Bekämpfung der Beri-Beri , EijkmanVirchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 149:187, 1897;.
Funk, C.:  Chemical Nature of the Substance Which Cures Polyneuritis in Birds Induced by a Diet of Polished Rice , J. Physiol. 43: 395, 1911;.
McCollum, E. V., and Davis, M.:  The Necessity of Certain Lipins in the Diet , J. Biol. Chem. 15: 167, 1913;.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.:  Relation of Growth to Chemical Constituents of Diet , J. Biol. Chem. 15:316, 1913;.
Waugh, W. A., and King, C. G.:  Isolation and Identification of Vitamin C , J. Biol. Chem. 97:325, 1932;.
McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N., and Becker, J. E.:  Studies on Experimental Demonstration of Existence of a Vitamin Which Promotes Calcium Deposition , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33: 229, 1922;.
Fraser, H., and Stanton, A. T.:  The Etiology of Beri-Beri , Tr. Soc. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 3, 1910;
Lancet 2:1755, 1910;.
Chamberlain, W. P., and Vedder, E. B.:  Contributions to the Etiology of Beriberi , Philippine J. Sc. 6:251, 395, 1911;.
Searcy, G. H.:  An Epidemic of Acute Pellagra , J. A. M. A. 49: 37 ( (July 6) ) 1907;.
Goldberger, J.:  Pellagra: Causation and Method of Prevention , J. A. M. A. 66:471 ( (Feb. 12) ) 1916;.
Elvehjem, C. A., and others:  Relation of Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinic Acid Amide to Canine Blacktongue , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59: 1767, 1937;.
 Indiscriminate Administration of Vitamins to Industrial Workers, Report of the Council on Foods and Nutrition and the Council on Industrial Health , J. A. M. A. 118:618 ( (Feb. 21) ) 1942;.
Lewis, H. B.:  Protein in Nutrition , in Handbook of Nutrition , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1943;, p. 13.
Rose, W. C.:  The Nutritive Significance of the Amino Acids and Certain Related Compounds , Science 86:298, 1937;
 The Nutritive Significance of the Amino Acids , Physiol. Rev. 18: 109, 1938;.
Shohl, A. T., and Blackfan, K. D.:  The Intravenous Administration of Crystalline Amino-Acids to Infants , J. Nutrition 20: 305, 1940;.
Albanese, A. A.; Holt, L. E., Jr.; Brumback, J. E., Jr.; Hayes, M.; Kajdi, C., and Wangerin, D. M.:  Nitrogen Balance in Experimental Lysine Deficiency in Man , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48: 728, 1941;
Brumback, J. E., Jr.; Kajdi, C., and Wangerin, D. M.:  Nitrogen Balance in Experimental Tryptophane Deficiency in Man , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:726, 1941;.
Holt, L. E., Jr.; Albanese, A. A.; Shettles, L. B.; Kajdi, C., and Wangerin, D. M.:  Studies of Experimental Amino Acid Deficiency in Man: I. Nitrogen Balance , Federation Proc. 1 (pt. (2) ): 116, 1942;.
Elvehjem, C. A.:  Recent Progress in Nutrition and Its Relation to Drug Therapy , J. A. M. A. 136:915 ( (April 3) ) 1948;.
Schoenhemier, R., and Rittenberg, D.:  The Study of Intermediary Metabolism of Animals with the Aid of Isotopes , Physiol. Rev. 20:218, 1940;.
Whipple, G. H., and Madden, S. C.:  Hemoglobin Plasma Protein and Cell Protein , Medicine 23:215, 1944;.
Ebbs, J. H.; Tisdall, F. F., and Scott, W. A.:  The Influence of the Prenatal Diet on the Mother and Child , J. Nutrition 22: 515, 1941;.
Bethell, F. H.; Gardiner, S. H., and MacKinnon, F.:  Influence of Iron and Diet on Blood in Pregnancy , Ann. Int. Med. 13:91, 1939;.
Leverton, R. M., and McMillan, T. J.:  Meat in Diet of Pregnant Women , J. A. M. A. 130: 134 ( (Jan. 19) ) 1946;.
Williams, P. F.:  Importance of Adequate Protein Nutrition in Pregnancy , in Protein Nutrition in Health and Disease , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1945;, p. 15.
Burke, B. S.; Harding, V. V., and Stuart, H. C.:  Nutrition Studies During Pregnancy: IV. Relation of Protein Content of Mother's Diet During Pregnancy to Birth Weight and Condition of Infant at Birth , J. Pediat. 23: 506, 1943;.
Stuart, H. C.:  Findings on Examination of New Born Infants and Infants During Neo-Natal Period Which Appear to Have Relationship to Diets of Their Mothers During Pregnancy , Federation Proc. 4: 271, 1945;.
Cannon, P. R.:  The Importance of Proteins in Resistance to Infection , in Protein Nutrition in Health and Disease , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1945;, p. 80.
Cannon, P. R.; Chase, W. E., and Wissler, R. W.:  The Relationship of the Protein Reserves to Antibody-Production: I. The Effects of a Low Protein Diet and of Plasmapheresis on the Formation of Agglutinins , J. Immunol. 47: 133, 1943;.
Cannon, P. R.; Wissler, R. W.; Woolridge, R. L., and Benditt, E. P.:  The Relationship of Protein Deficiency to Surgical Infection , Ann. Surg. 120:514, 1944;.
Lund, C. C., and Levenson, S. M.:  Protein in Surgery , J. A. M. A. 128:95 ( (May 12) ) 1945;.
Whipple, A. C.:  The Critical Latent or Lag-Period in the Healing of Wounds , Ann. Surg. 112:481, 1940;.
Kobak, M. W.; Benditt, E. P.; Wissler, R. W., and Steffee, C. H.:  The Relation of Protein Deficiency to Experimental Wound Healing , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 85: 751, 1947;.
Elman, R.:  Acute Protein Deficiency (Hypoproteinemia) in Surgical Shock, Due to Severe Hemorrhage and in Burns, Intestinal Obstruction and General Peritonitis, with Special Reference to Use of Plasma and Hydrolized Protein , J. A. M. A. 120: 1176 ( (Dec. 12) ) 1942;.
Mulholland, J. H.; Co Tui; Wright, A. M.; Vinci, V., and Shafiroff, B.:  Protein Metabolism and Bed Sores , Ann. Surg. 118: 1015, 1943;.
Co Tui:  The Value of Protein and Its Chemical Components (Amino Acids) in Surgical Repair , Bull. New York Acad. Med. 21:631, 1945;.
Aldrich, C. A., and Boyle, H. H.:  Chronic Nonspecific Nephritis: Clinical Observations on Forty Children with Results of Treatment on Full Diets , J. A. M. A. 100: 1979 ( (June 24) ) 1933;.
McCann, W. S.:  The Many Sided Question of Protein in Nephritis , Ann. Int. Med. 5:579, 1931;.
Youmans, J. B.; Patton, E. W.; Sutton, W. R.; Kern, R., and Steinkamp, R.:  Surveys of the Nutrition of Populations: II. The Protein Nutrition of a Rural Population in Middle Tennessee , Am. J. Pub. Health 33:955, 1943;.
Mann, F. C.:  Liver and Medical Progress , J. A. M. A. 117: 1577 ( (Nov. 8) ) 1941;.
Messinger, W. J., and Hawkins, W. B., cited by Greene, C. H.:  Liver and Biliary Tract: Review for 1941 , Arch. Int. Med. 69:691 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Ravdin, I. S.; Thorogood, E.; Riegel, C.; Peters, R., and Rhoads, J. E.:  The Prevention of Liver Damage and the Facilitation of Repair in the Liver by Diet , J. A. M. A. 121: 322 ( (Jan. 30) ) 1943;.
Patek, A. J., Jr., and Post, J.:  Treatment of Cirrhosis of the Liver by a Nutritious Diet and Supplements Rich in Vitamin B Complex , J. Clin. Investigation 20:481, 1941;.
Post, J., and Patek, A. J., Jr.:  Serum Proteins in Cirrhosis of the Liver , Arch. Int. Med. 69: 67 ( (Jan.) ) 1942;.
Morrison, L. M.:  New Methods of Therapy in Hepatic Cirrhosis of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 134: 673 ( (June 21) ) 1947;.
Labby, D. H.; Shank, R. E.; Kunkel, H. G., and Hoagland, C. L.:  Intravenous Therapy of Cirrhosis of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 133:1181 ( (April 19) ) 1947;.
Capps, R. B., and Barker, M. H.:  The Management of Infectious Hepatitis , Ann. Int. Med. 26:405, 1947;.
Berger, F. M.:  Diet in Infectious Hepatitis , J. Am. Dietet. A. 22: 210, 1946;.
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