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ARTICLE |

THE VITAMIN B COMPLEX FREE

C. A. ELVEHJEM, Sc.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Madison, Wis.


JAMA. 1948;138(13):960-971. doi:10.1001/jama.1948.62900130005009
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The group of dietary factors, the vitamin B complex, is included in the larger class of water-soluble vitamins because, like all vitamins, they are required by the body in small amounts and because the individual chemical compounds are soluble in water although the degree of solubility varies from the sparingly soluble riboflavin to the readily soluble choline. These are the main characteristics common to the individual vitamins because their functions in the living cell may differ greatly and their chemical structure may vary from the simple configuration of nicotinic acid to the more complex molecular structure of thiamine and riboflavin. The vitamin B complex is usually differentiated from the other water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and related factors, on the basis of the source material used in early isolation work and the kind of experimental animals employed for the assay.

No attempt will be made to cover in this

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Richardson, L. R.; Hogan, A. G.; Long, B., and Itschner, K. I.:  The Number of Vitamins Required by the Rat , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 46:530 ( (April) ) 1941;.
Hegsted, D. M.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Choline in the Nutrition of Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 138:459 ( (April) ) 1941;.
Schaefer, A. E.; McKibbin, J.M., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Importance of Choline in Synthetic Rations for Dogs , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 47:365 ( (June) ) 1941;.
Handler, P.:  The Determination of Choline in Biological Material , Biol. Symposia 12:361, 1947;.
Kögl, F., and Tonnis, B.:  Plant Growth Substances: XX. The Bios Problem; Isolation of Crystalline Biotin from Egg Yolk , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 242:43 ( (Aug.) ) 1936;.
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du Vigneaud, V.; Hofmann, K., and Melville, D. B.:  On the Structure of Biotin , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64:188 ( (Jan.) ) 1942;.
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Lease, J. G.; Parsons, H. T., and Kelly, E.:  A Comparison in Five Types of Animals of the Effects of Dietary Egg White and of a Specific Factor Given Orally or Parenterally , Biochem. J. 31:433 ( (March) ) 1937;.
Parsons, H. T.; Lease, J. G., and Kelly, E.:  The Cure of Dermatitis Due to Egg White by Various Foodstuffs , J. Biol. Chem. 100:lxxvii ( (May) ) 1933;.
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Nielsen, E., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Cure of Spectacle Eye Condition in Rats with Biotin Concentrates , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:349 ( (Oct.) ) 1941;.
Hegsted, D. M.; Oleson, J. J.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Studies on a Dermatitis in Chicks Distinct from Pantothenic Acid Deficiency , J. Nutrition 20:599 ( (Dec.) ) 1940;.
Patrick, H.; Boucher, R. V.; Dutcher, R. A., and Knandel, H. C.:  Biotin and Prevention of Dermatitis in Turkey Poults , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:456 ( (Nov.) ) 1941;.
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Wright, L. D.:  The Microbiological Determination of Biotin , Biol. Symposia 12:290, 1947;.
Woolley, D. W.:  The Nature of the Antialopecia Factor , Science 92:384 ( (Oct. 25) ) 1940;.
Pavcek, P. L., and Baum, H. M.:  Inositol and Spectacled Eye in Rats , Science 93:502 ( (May 23) ) 1941;.
Lindley, D. C., and Cunha, T. J.:  Nutritional Significance of Inositol and Biotin for the Pig , J. Nutrition 32:47 ( (July) ) 1946;.
Sure, B.:  Dietary Requirements for Fertility and Lactation: XXX. Role of p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Inositol in Lactation , Science 94:167 ( (Aug. 15) ) 1941;.
Martin, G. J.; Thompson, M. R., and de Carvajal-Forero, J.:  Influence of Inositol and Other B Complex Factors upon the Motility of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract , Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8:290 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Hegsted, D. M.; Briggs, G. M., Jr.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Inositol in Chick Nutrition , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 47:376 ( (Jan.) ) 1941;.
Gavin, G., and McHenry, E. W.:  Inositol: A Lipotropic Factor , J. Biol. Chem. 139:485 ( (May) ) 1941;.
Woolley, D. W.:  A Method for the Estimation of Inositol , J. Biol. Chem. 140:453 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Williams, R. J.; King, A.; Mitchell, H. K., and McMahan, J. R.: Assay Method for Inositol: Studies on the Vitamin Content of Tissues: I , Publication 4137, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1941;, p. 27.
Milhorat, A. T., and Bartels, W. E.:  The Defect in Utilization of Tocopherol in Progressive Muscular Dystrophy , Science 101:93 ( (Jan. 26) ) 1945;.
Woods, D. D.:  The Relation of p-Aminobenzoic Acid to the Mechanism of Action of Sulphanilamide , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 21:74 ( (April) ) 1940;.
Rubbo, S. D., and Gillespie, J. M.:  Para-Aminobenzoic Acid as a Bacterial Growth Factor , Nature 146:838 ( (Dec. 28) ) 1940;.
Welch, A. D.:  Interference with Biological Processes Through the Use of Analogs of Essential Metabolites , Physiol. Rev. 25:687 ( (Oct.) ) 1945;.
Ansbacher, S.:  P-Aminobenzoic Acid, Vitamin , Science 93:164 ( (Feb. 14) ) 1941;.
Briggs, G. M., Jr.; Luckey, T. D.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Effect of p-Aminobenzoic Acid when Added to Purified Chick Diets Deficient in Unknown Vitamins , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 52:7 ( (Jan.) ) 1943;.
Brandaleone, H.; Main, E., and Steele, J. M.:  Effect of Calcium Pantothenate and Para-Aminobenzoic Acid on the Gray Hair of Humans , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 53:47 ( (May) ) 1943;.
Yeomans, A.; Snyder, J. C.; Murray, E. S.; Zarafonetis, C. J. D., and Ecke, R. S.:  The Therapeutic Effect of Para-Aminobenzoic Acid in Louse Borne Typhus Fever , J. A. M. A. 126:349 ( (Oct. 7) ) 1944;.
Flinn, L. B.; Howard, J. W.; Todd, C. W., and Scott, E. G.:  Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Treatment of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever , J. A. M. A. 132:911 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1946;.
Angier, R. B.; Boothe, J. H.; Hutchings, B. L.; Mowat, J. H.; Semb, J.; Stockstad, E. L. R.; SubbaRow, Y.; Waller, C. W.; Cosulich, D. B.; Fahrenbach, M. J.; Hultquist, M. E.; Kuh, E.; Northey, E. H.; Seeger, D. R.; Sickels, J. P., and Smith, J. M., Jr.:  Synthesis of a Compound Identical with the L. Casei Factor Isolated from Liver , Science 102:227 ( (Aug. 31) ) 1945;.
Pfiffner, J. J.; Binkley, S. B.; Bloom, E. S.; Brown, R. A.; Bird, O. D.; Emmett, A. D.; Hogan, A. G., and O'Dell, B. L.:  Isolation of the Antianemia Factor (Vitamin B6) in Crystalline Form from Liver , Science 97:404 ( (April 30) ) 1943;.
Pfiffner, J. J., and Hogan, A. G.:  The Newer Hematopoietic Factors of the Vitamin B Complex , in Harris, R. S., and Thimann, K. V.: Vitamins and Hormones , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1946;, vol. 4, p. 1.
Day, P. L.; Langston, W. C.; Darby, W. J.; Wahlen, J. G., and Mims, V.:  Nutritional Cytopenia in Monkeys Receiving the Goldberger Diet , J. Exper. Med. 72:463 ( (Oct.) ) 1940;.
Hogan, A. G., and Parrott, E. M.:  Anemia in Chicks Caused by Vitamin Deficiency , J. Biol. Chem. 132:507 ( (Feb.) ) 1940;.
Snell, E. E., and Peterson, W. H.:  Growth Factors for Bacteria: X. Additional Factors Required by Certain Lactic Acid Bacteria , J. Bact. 39:273 ( (March) ) 1940;.
Mitchell, H. K.; Snell, E. E, and Williams, R. J.:  The Concentration of "Folic Acid," Communications to the Editor , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63:2284 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Hutchings, B. L.; Bohonos, N.; Hegsted, D. M.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Peterson, W. H.:  Relation of a Growth Factor Required by Lactobacillus Casei to the Nutrition of the Chick , J. Biol. Chem. 140:681 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Nimmo Smith, R. H., and Woods, D. D.:  P-Aminobenzoic Acid and Folic Acid in Bacterial Growth , in Abstracts of Communications, Seventeenth International Physiological Congress , p. 328.
Stokes, J. L.:  Substitution of Thymine for Folic Acid in the Nutrition of Lactic Acid Bacteria , J. Bact. 48:201 ( (Aug.) ) 1944;.
Lampen, J. O., and Jones, M. J.:  The Growth-Promoting and Antisulfonamide Activity of p-Aminobenzoic Acid, Pteroylglutamic Acid, and Related Compounds for Lactobacillus Arabinosus and Streptobacterium Plantarum , J. Biol. Chem. 170:133 ( (Sept.) ) 1947;.
Luckey, T. D.; Moore, P. R.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  The Activity of Synthetic Folic Acid in Purified Rations for the Chick , Science 103:682 ( (June 7) ) 1946;.
Day, P. L.; Minis, V.; Totter, J. R.; Stokstad, E. L. R.; Hutchings, B. L., and Sloane, N. H.:  The Successful Treatment of Vitamin M Deficiency in the Monkey with Highly Purified Lactobacillus Casei Factor , J. Biol. Chem. 157:423 ( (Jan.) ) 1945;.
Cooperman, J. M.; Elvehjem, C. A.; McCall, K. B., and Ruegamer, W. R.:  "Folic Acid" Active Compounds in the Nutrition of the Monkey , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 61:92 ( (Jan.) ) 1946;.
Schaefer, A. E.; Whitehair, C. K., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Purified Rations and the Importance of Folic Acid in Mi k Nutrition , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 62:169 ( (June) ) 1946;.
 Purified Rations and the Requirement of Folic Acid for Foxes , Arch. Biochem. 12:349 ( (March) ) 1947;.
Nielsen, E., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Growth Promoting Effect of Folic Acid and Biotin in Rats Fed Succinylsulfathiazole , J. Biol. Chem. 145:713 ( (July) ) 1942;.
Welch, A. F., and Wright, L. D.:  The Role of "Folic Acid" and Biotin in the Nutrition of the Rat , J. Nutrition 25:555 ( (June) ) 1943;.
Krehl, W. A.; Torbet, N.; de la Huerga, J., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Relation of Synthetic Folic Acid to Niacin Deficiency in Dogs , Arch. Biochem. 11:363 ( (Oct.) ) 1946;.
Welch, A. D.; Heinle, R. W.; Sharpe, G.; George, W. L., and Epstein, M.:  Chemical Antagonism of Pteroylglutamic Acid on a Pig: Hematopoietic Effect of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 65:364 ( (June) ) 1947;.
Franklin, A. L.; Stokstad, E. L. R., and Jukes, T. H.:  Acceleration of Pteroylglutamic Acid Deficiency in Mice and Chicks by a Chemical Antagonist , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 65:368 ( (June) ) 1947;.
Spies, T. D.:  The Use of Pteroylglutamic Acid (Liver L. Casei Factor, Folic Acid) in Clinical Studies , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 16:387, 1947;.
Berry, L. J., and Spies, T. D.:  The Present Status of Folic Acid , Blood 1:271 ( (July) ) 1946;.
Darby, W. J.:  The Physiological Effect of the Pteroyl Glutamates in Man—With Particular Reference to Pteroylglutamic Acid (P.G.A.)  in Harris, R. S., and Thimann, K. V.: Vitamins and Hormones , New York Academic Press, Inc., 1947;, vol. 6, p. 119.
Darby, W. J.: The Treatment of Nutritional Anemias with Folic Acid in Symposia on Nutrition of the Robert Gould Research Foundation , Cincinnati, Ohio., 1947;, vol. 1, p. 61.
Cartwright, G. E.:  Dietary Factors Concerned in Erythropoiesis , Blood 2:111 ( (March) ); 256 (May) 1947;.
Stokstad, E. L. R., and Jukes, T. H.:  Absence of Appreciable L. Casei Factor Effect of Antipernicious Anemia Liver Extract , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 62:112 ( (June) ) 1946;.
Rickes, E. L.; Brink, N. G.; Koniuszy, F. R.; Wood, T. R., and Folkers, K.:  Crystalline Vitamin B12 , Science 107:396 ( (April 16) ) 1948;.
Ruegamer, W. R.; Brickson, W. L.; Torbet, N. J., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Response of Dogs to Liver Extracts Containing the Pernicious Anemia Factor , J. Nutrition , to be published.
Binkley, S. B.; Bird, O. D.; Bloom, E. S.; Brown, R. A.; Calkins, D. G.; Campbell, C. J.; Emmett, A. D., and Pfiffner, J. J.:  On the Vitamin C Conjugate in Yeast , Science 100:36 ( (July 14) ) 1944;.
Cheldelin, V. H., and Williams, R. J.: Studies on the Vitamin Content of Tissues: II. The B Vitamin Content of Foods , Publication 4237, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1942;, p. 105.
Cheldelin, V. H.; Eppright, M. A.; Snell, E. E., and Guirard, B. M.: Studies on the Vitamin Content of Tissues: II. Enzymatic Liberation of B Vitamins from Plant and Animal Tissues , Publication 4237, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1942;, p. 15.
Bird, O. D.; Bressler, F.; Brown, R. A.; Campbell, C. J., and Emmett, A. D.:  The Microbiological Assay of Vitamin B6 Conjugate , J. Biol. Chem. 159:631 ( (Aug.) ) 1945;.
Olson, O. E.; Fager, E. E. C.; Burris, R. H., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Folic Acid Activity in Homogenates of Rat Liver , J. Biol. Chem. 174:319 ( (May) ) 1948;.
Olson, O. E.; Burris, R. H., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  A Preliminary Report of the Folic Acid Content of Certain Foods , J. Am. Dietet. A. 23:200 ( (March) ) 1947;.
Briggs, G. M., Jr.; Luckey, T. D.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Studies on Two Chemically Unidentified Water-Soluble Vitamins Necessary for the Chick , J. Biol. Chem. 148:163 ( (April) ) 1943;.
West, R.:  Activity of Vitamin B12 in Addisonian Pernicious Anemia , Science 107:398 ( (April 16) ) 1948;.
Shorb, M. S.:  Activity of Vitamin B12 for the Growth of Lactobacillus lactis , Science 107:397 ( (April 16) ) 1948;.
Sporn, E. M.; Ruegamer, W. R., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Growth and Reproduction in Rats on Synthetic Rations , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 65:5 ( (May) ) 1947;.
Ershoff, B. H.:  Effects of Liver Feeding on Growth and Ovarian Development in the Hyperthyroid Rat , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 64:500 ( (April) ) 1947;.
Betheil, J. J.; Wiebelhaus, V. D., and Lardy, H. A.:  Studies of Thyroid Toxicity: I. A Nutritional Factor Which Alleviates the Toxicity of Ingested Thyroid Substance , J. Nutrition 34:431 ( (Oct.) ) 1947;.
Cary, C. A.; Hartman, A. M.; Dryden, L. P., and Likely, G. D.:  An Unidentified Factor Essential for Rat Growth , Fed. Proc. 5:128 ( (Feb.) ) 1946;.
Berry, E. P.; Carrick, C. W.; Roberts, R. E., and Hauge, S. M.:  Condensed Fish Press Water and Fish Liver Meal in Chick Rations , Poultry Sc. 24:270 ( (May) ) 1945;.
Rubin, M., and Bird, H. R.:  A Chick Growth Factor in Cow Manure: Its Non-Identity with Chick Growth Factors Previously Described , J. Biol. Chem. 163:393 ( (May) ) 1946;.
Nichol, C. A.; Robblee, A. R.; Cravens, W. W., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Activity of Anti-Pernicious Anemia Preparations in Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 170:419 ( (Sept.) ) 1947;.
Ruegamer, W. R.; Sporn, E. M.; Register, U. D., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Distribution and. Fractionation of the Monkey Anti-Anemia, Factor , J. Nutrition , to be published.
Schaefer, A. E.; Whitehair, C. K., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Unidentified Factors Essential for Growth and Hemoglobin Production in Foxes , J. Nutrition 35:147 ( (Feb.) ) 1948;.
Schaefer, A. E.; Tove, S. B.; Whitehair, C. K., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Requirement of Unidentified Factors for Mink , J. Nutrition 35:157 ( (Feb.) ) 1948;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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The Vitamins , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1939;.
Handbook of Nutrition , Chicago, American Medical Association, 1943;.
Jolliffe, N.; Tisdall, F. F., and Cannon, P. R.: Handbook on Clinical Nutrition, to be published.
Williams, R. R., and Spies, T. D.: Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) and Its Use in Medicine , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1938;.
Jolliffe, N.:  Recent Advances in Clinical Applications of the B Vitamins , J. Am. Dietet. A. 17:5 ( (Jan.) ) 1941;.
Wilder, R. M.:  Nutritional Problems as Related to National Defense , Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8:243 ( (July) ) 1941;.
Williams, R. D., and Mason, H. L.:  Further Observations on Induced Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency and Thiamine Requirement of Man , Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 16:433 ( (July 9) ) 1941;.
Blankenhorn, M. A.; Vilter, C. F.; Scheinker, I. M., and Austin, R. S.:  Occidental Beriberi Heart Disease , J. A. M. A. 131:717 ( (June 29) ) 1946;.
Mills, C. A.:  Vitamin and Protein Requirements at Different Temperatures , Am. J. Physiol. 133:390 ( (June) ) 1941;
 Environmental Temperatures and Thiamine Requirements , MillsAm. J. Physiol. 133:525 ( (July) ) 1941;.
Kline, O. L.; Friedman, L., and Nelson, E. M.:  The Effect of Environmental Temperature on Thiamine Requirement of the Rat , J. Nutrition 29:35 ( (Jan.) ) 1945;.
Cahill, W. M.:  Urinary Excretion of Thiamine on High Fat Diets , J. Nutrition 21:411 ( (April) ) 1941;.
Kline, O. L., and Friedman, L.:  Micro-Biological Assay Methods of Thiamine , Biological Symposia 12:65-85, 1947;.
Najjar, V. A., and Holth, L. E., Jr.:  The Biosynthesis of Thiamine in Man , J. A. M. A. 123:683 ( (Nov. 13) ) 1943;.
Denko, C. W.; Grundy, W. E.; Wheeler, N. C.; Henderson, C. R.; Berryman, G. H.; Friedemann, T. E., and Youmans, J. B.:  The Excretion of B-Complex Vitamins by Normal Adults on a Restricted Intake , Arch. Biochem. 11:109 ( (Sept.) ) 1946;.
Parsons, H. M.; Williamson, A., and Johnson, M. L.:  The Availability of Vitamins from Yeast: I. The Absorption of Thiamine by Human Subjects from Various Types of Bakers' Yeast , J. Nutrition 29:373 ( (June) ) 1945;.
Woolley, D. W., and White, A. G. C.:  Production of Thiamine Deficiency Disease by the Feeding of a Pyridine Analogue of Thiamine , J. Biol. Chem. 149:285 ( (July) ) 1943;.
Green, R. G.; Carlson, W. E., and Evans, C. A.:  A Deficiency Disease in Foxes Produced by Feeding Fish , J. Nutrition 21:243 ( (March) ) 1941;.
Spitzer, E. H.; Coombes, A. I.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Wisnicky, W.:  Inactivation of Vitamin B1 by Raw Fish , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:376 ( (Oct.) ) 1941;.
Woolley, D. W.:  Destruction of Thiamine by a Substance in Certain Fish , J. Biol. Chem. 141:997 ( (Dec.) ) 1941;.
Weswig, P. H.; Freed, A. M., and Haag, J. R.:  Anti-Thiamine Activity of Plant Materials , J. Biol. Chem. 165:737 ( (Oct.) ) 1946;.
Hogness, T. R., in A Symposium on Respiratory Enzymes , Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin Press, 1942;, p. 134.
Axelrod, A. E., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Xanthine Oxidase Content of Rat Liver in Riboflavin Deficiency , J. Biol. Chem. 140:725 ( (Sept.) ) 1941;.
Baum, H. M.; Michaelree, J. F., and Brown, E. B.:  The Quantitative Relationship of Riboflavin to Cataract Formation in Rats , Science 95:24 ( (Jan. 2) ) 1942;.
Shaw, J. H., and Phillips, P. H.:  The Pathology of Riboflavin Deficiency in the Rat , J. Nutrition 22:345 ( (Oct.) ) 1941;.
Street, H. R.; Cowgill, G. R., and Zimmerman, H. M.:  Further Observations of Riboflavin Deficiency in the Dog , J. Nutrition 22:7 ( (July) ) 1941;.
Cooperman, J. M.; Waisman, H. A.; McCall, K. B., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Studies on the Requirements of the Monkey for Riboflavin and a New Factor Found in Liver , J. Nutrition 30:45 ( (July) ) 1945;.
Warkany, J., and Schraffenberger, E.:  Congenital Malformations Induced in Rats by Maternal Nutritional Deficiency: VI. The Preventive Factor , J. Nutrition 27:477 ( (June) ) 1944;.
Sebrell, W. H., and Butler, R. E.:  Riboflavin Deficiency in Man , Pub. Health Rep. 53:2282 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1938;.
Sydenstricker, V. P.; Geeslin, L. E.; Templeton, C. M., and Weaver, I. W.:  Riboflavin Deficiency in Human Subjects , J. A. M. A. 113:1697 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1939;.
Sydenstricker, V. P.; Sebrell, W. H.; Cleckley, H. M., and Kruse, H. D.:  The Ocular Manifestations of Ariboflavinosis: A Progress Note , J. A. M. A. 114:2437 ( (June 22) ) 1940;.
Snell, E. E., and Strong, F. M.:  A Microbiological Assay for Riboflavin , Indust. & Engin. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 11:346 ( (June) ) 1939;.
Hodson, A. Z., and Norris, L. C.:  A Fluorometric Method for Determining the Riboflavin Content of Foodstuffs , J. Biol. Chem. 131:621 ( (Dec.) ) 1939;.
Conner, R. T., and Straub, G. J.:  Combined Determination of Riboflavin and Thiamine in Food Products , Indust. & Engin. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 13:385 ( (June) ) 1941;.
Mannering, G. J.; Orsini, D., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Effect of the Composition of the Diet on the Riboflavin Requirement of the Rat , J. Nutrition 28:141 ( (Sept.) ) 1944;.
Hathaway, M. L., and Lobb, D. E.:  A Comparison of Riboflavin Synthesis and Excretion in Human Subjects on Synthetic and Natural Diets , J. Nutrition 32:9 ( (July) ) 1946;.
Sure, B., and Dichek, M.:  Riboflavin as a Factor in Economy of Food Utilization , J. Nutrition 21:453 ( (May) ) 1941;.
Murlin, J. R.; Marshall, M. E., and Kochakian, C. D.:  Digestibility and Biological Value of Whole Wheat Breads as Compared with White Bread , J. Nutrition 22:573 ( (Dec.) ) 1941;.
Elvehjem, C. A.:  Relation of Nicotinic Acid to Pellagra , Physiol. Rev. 20:249 ( (April) ) 1940;.
Handler, P.:  The Present Status of Nicotinic Acid , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 19:394, 1948;.
Kohn, H. I.; Klein, J. R., and Dann, W. J.:  The V Factor Content and Oxygen Consumption of Tissues from the Normal and Blacktongue Dog , Biochem. J. 33:1432 ( (Sept.) ) 1939;.
Axelrod, A. E.; Spies, T. D., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Effect of a Nicotinic Acid Deficiency Upon the Coenzyme I Content of the Human Erythrocyte and Muscle , J. Biol. Chem. 138:667 ( (April) ) 1941;.
Briggs, G. M., Jr.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Nicotinic Acid in Chick Nutrition , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 51:59 ( (Oct.) ) 1942;.
Krehl, W. A.; Sarma, P. S., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Effect of Protein on the Nicotinic Acid and Tryptophane Requirement of the Growing Rat , J. Biol. Chem. 162:403 ( (March) ) 1946;.
Krehl, W. A.; Henderson, L. M.; de la Huerga, J., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Relation of Amino Acid Imbalances to Niacin-Tryptophane Deficiency in Growing Rats , J. Biol. Chem. 166:531 ( (Dec.) ) 1946;.
Rosen, F.; Huff, J. W., and Perlzweig, W. A.:  The Effect of Tryptophane on the Synthesis of Nicotinic Acid in the Rat , J. Biol. Chem. 163:343 ( (April) ) 1946;.
Sarett, H. P., and Goldsmith, G. A.:  The Effect of Tryptophane on the Excretion of Nicotinic Acid Derivatives in Humans , J. Biol. Chem. 167:293 ( (Jan.) ) 1947;.
Perlzweig, W. A.; Rosen, F.; Levitas, N., and Robinson, J.:  The Excretion of Nicotinic Acid Derivatives After Ingestion of Tryptophane by Man , J. Biol. Chem. 167:511 ( (Feb.) ) 1947;.
Harris, S., and Seale, H., Jr.: Clinical Pellagra , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1941;.
Youmans, J. B., and Patton, E. W.: Nutritional Deficiencies: Diagnosis and Treatment , Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1941;.
Spies, T. D.; Walker, A. A., and Woods, A. W.:  Pellagra in Infancy and Childhood , J. A. M. A. 113:1481 ( (Oct. 14) ) 1939;.
Woolley, D. W.; Strong, F. M.; Madden, R. J., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Antiblacktongue Activity of Various Pyridine Derivatives , J. Biol. Chem. 124:715 ( (Aug.) ) 1938;.
Dann, W. J.; Kohn, H. I., and Handler, P.:  The Effect of Pyrazine Acids and Quinolinic Acid on the V-Factor Content of Human Blood and upon Canine Blacktongue , J. Nutrition 20:477 ( (Nov.) ) 1940;.
Waisman, H. A.; Mickelson, O.; McKibbin, J. M., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Nicotinic Acid Potency of Food Materials and Certain Chemical Compounds , J. Nutrition 19:483 ( (May) ) 1940;.
Dann, W. J., and Handler, P.:  The Quantitative Estimation of Nicotinic Acid in Animal Tissues , J. Biol. Chem. 140:201 ( (July) ) 1941;.
Snell, E. E., and Wright, L. D.:  A Microbiological Method for the Determination of Nicotinic Acid , J. Biol. Chem. 139:611 ( (June) ) 1941;.
Perlzweig, W. A.; Levy, E. D., and Sarett, H. D.:  Nicotinic Acid Derivatives in Human Urine and Their Determination , J. Biol. Chem. 136:729 ( (Dec.) ) 1940;.
Melnick, D.; Robinson, W. D., and Field, H., Jr.:  Influence of the Excretion of Other Pyridine Compounds on the Interpretation of the Urinary Nicotinic Acid Values , J. Biol. Chem. 136:131 ( (Oct.) ) 1940;.
Huff, J. W., and Perlzweig, W. A.:  N1-Methylnicotinamide, a Metabolite of Nicotinic Acid in the Urine , J. Biol. Chem. 150:395 ( (Oct.) ) 1943;.
Perlzweig, W. A.; Sarett, H. P., and Margolis, L. H.:  Studies in Nicotinic Acid Metabolism: V. A Test for Nicotinic Acid Deficiency in Man , J. A. M. A. 118:28 ( (Jan. 3) ) 1942;.
Knox, W. E., and Grossman, W. I.:  The Isolation of the 6-Pyridone of N1-Methylnicotinamide from Urine , J. Biol. Chem. 168:363 ( (April) ) 1947;.
Ellinger, P.; Benesch, R., and Koy, W. W.:  Biosynthesis of "Nicotinamide" in the Human Gut , Lancet 1:432 ( (April 7) ) 1945;.
Teply, L. J.; Strong, F. M., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Distribution of Nicotinic Acid in Foods , J. Nutrition 23:417 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Harris, S. A., and Folkers, K.:  Synthesis of Vitamin B6 , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61:1245 ( (May) ) 1939;.
Snell, E. E., and Rannefeld, A. N.:  The Vitamin B6 Group: III. The Vitamin Activity of Pyridoxal and Pyridoxamine for Various Organisms , J. Biol. Chem. 157:475 ( (Feb.) ) 1945;.
Gale, E. F.:  The Bacterial Amino Acid Decarboxylases , in Nord, F. F.: Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects , New York, Interscience Publishers, Inc., 1946;, vol. 6, p. 1.
Green, D. E.; Leloir, L. F., and Nocito, V.:  Transaminases , J. Biol. Chem. 161:559 ( (Dec.) ) 1945;.
O'Kane, D. E., and Gunsalus, I. C.:  The Resolution and Purification of Glutamic-Aspartic Transaminase , J. Biol. Chem. 170:425 ( (Oct.) ) 1947;.
Ames, S. R.; Sarma, P. S., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Transaminase and Pyridoxine Deficiency , J. Biol. Chem. 167:135 ( (Jan.) ) 1947;.
Lepkovsky, S., and Nielsen, E.:  A Green Pigment-Producing Compound in Urine of Pyridoxine-Deficient Rats , J. Biol. Chem. 144:135 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Umbreit, W. W.; Wood, W. A., and Gunsalus, I. C.:  The Activity of Pyridoxal Phosphate in Tryptophane Formation by Cell-Free Enzyme Preparations , J. Biol. Chem. 165:731 ( (Oct.) ) 1946;.
Birch, T. W.:  The Relation Between Vitamin B6 and the Unsaturated Fatty Acid Factor , J. Biol. Chem. 124:775 ( (Aug.) ) 1938;.
György, P.; Sullivan, M., and Karsner, H. T.:  Nutritional Dermatoses in Rats , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 37:313 ( (Nov.) ) 1937;.
Hegsted, D. M.; Oleson, J. J.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  The "Cartilage Growth Factor" and Vitamin B6 in the Nutrition of Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 130:423 ( (Sept.) ) 1939;.
Fouts, P. J.; Helmer, O. M.; Lepkovsky, S., and Jukes, T. H.:  Production of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in Puppies on Synthetic Diet Deficient in Rat Antidermatitis Factor (Vitamin B6) , J. Nutrition 16:197 ( (Aug.) ) 1938;.
Chick, H.; Macrae, T. F.; Martin, H. J. P., and Martin, C. J.:  The Water Soluble B Vitamins Other than Aneurin (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin and Nicotinic Acid Required by the Pig , Biochem. J. 32:2207 ( (Dec.) ) 1938;.
György, P., and Eckardt, R. E.:  Further Investigations on Vitamin B6 and Related Factors of the Vitamin B2 Complex in Rats , Biochem. J. 34:1143 ( (Sept.) ) 1940;.
Conger, T. W., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Biological Estimation of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) , J. Biol. Chem. 138:555 ( (April) ) 1941;.
Street, H. R.: Cowgill, G. R., and Zimmerman, H. M.:  Some Observations of Vitamin B6 Deficiency in the Dog , J. Nutrition 21:275 ( (March) ) 1941;.
McKibbin, J. M.; Schaefer, A. E.; Frost, D. V., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Studies on Anemia in Dogs Due to Pyridoxine Deficiency , J. Biol. Chem. 142:77 ( (Jan.) ) 1942;.
Spies, T. D.; Bean, W. B., and Ashe, W. F.:  A Note on the Use of Vitamin B6 in Human Nutrition , J. A. M. A. 112:2414 ( (June 10) ) 1939;.
Smith, S. G.,and Martin, D. W.:  Cheilosis Successfully Treated with Synthetic Vitamin B6 , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 43:660 ( (April) ) 1940;.
Stokes, J. L.:  Microbiological Assay of the Vitamin B6 Group , Biol. Symposia 12:227, 1947;.
Henderson, L. M.; Waisman, H. A., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Distribution of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in Meat and Meat Products , J. Nutrition 21:589 ( (June) ) 1941;.
Swaminathan, M.:  A Method for the Estimation of Vitamin B6 in Urine , Indian J. M. Research 29:561 ( (July) ) 1941;.
Woolley, D. W.; Waisman, H. A., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Nature and Partial Synthesis of the Chick Antidermatitis Factor , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61:977 ( (April) ) 1939;.
Jukes, T. H.:  Pantothenic Acid and the Filtrate (Chick Antidermatitis) Factor , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61:975 ( (April) ) 1939;.
Williams, R. J.; Lyman, C. M.; Goodyear, G. H.; Truesdail, J. H., and Haladay, D.:  "Pantothenic Acid," a Growth Determinant of Universal Biological Occurrence , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 55:2912 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Stiller, E. T.; Harris, S. A.; Finkelstein, J.; Keresztesy, J. C., and Folkers, K.:  Pantothenic Acid: VIII. The Total Synthesis of Pure Pantothenic Acid , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62:1785 ( (July) ) 1940;.
Lipmann, F.; Kaplan, N. O.; Novelli, G. D.; Tuttle, L. C., and Guirard, B. M.:  Coenzyme for Acetylation, a Pantothenic Acid Derivative , J. Biol. Chem. 167:869 ( (March) ) 1947;.
Lipmann, F.:  Acetylation of Sulfanilamide by Liver Homogenates and Extracts , J. Biol. Chem. 160:173 ( (Sept.) ) 1945;.
Lipmann, F., and Kaplan, N. O.:  A Common Factor in the Enzymatic Acetylation of Sulfanilamide and of Choline , J. Biol. Chem. 162:743 ( (March) ) 1946;.
Riggs, T. R., and Hegsted, D. M.:  Effect of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency on Acetylation in Rats , J. Biol. Chem. 172:539 ( (Feb.) ) 1948;.
Daft, F. S.; Sebrell, W. H.; Babcock, S. H., Jr., and Jukes, T. H.:  Effect of Synthetic Pantothenic Acid on Adrenal Hemorrhage, Atrophy and Necrosis in Rats , Pub. Health Rep. 55:1333 ( (July 26) ) 1940;.
Unna, K.; Richards, G. V., and Sampson, W. L.:  Studies on Nutritional Achromotrichia in Rats , J. Nutrition 22:553 ( (Dec.) ) 1941;.
Schaefer, A. E.; McKibbin, J. M., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Pantothenic Acid Deficiency Studies in Dogs , J. Biol. Chem. 143:321 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Phillips, P.H., and Engel, R. W.:  Some Histopathologic Observations on Chicks Deficient in the Chick Antidermatitis Factor or Pantothenic Acid , J. Nutrition 18:227 ( (Sept.) ) 1939;.
Wintrobe, M. M.; Miller, J. L., Jr., and Lisco, H.:  The Relation of Diet to the Occurrence of Ataxia and Degeneration of the Nervous System of Pigs , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 67:377 ( (Dec.) ) 1940;.
Spies, T. D.; Stanbery, S. R.; Williams, R. J.; Jukes, T. H., and Babcock, S. H., Jr.:  Pantothenic Acid in Human Nutrition , J. A. M. A. 115:523 ( (Aug. 17) ) 1940;.
Krahnke, H. F., and Gordon, E. S.:  Pantothenic Acid in Human Nutrition , J. Clin. Investigation , to be published.
Pennington, D.; Snell, E. E., and Williams, R. J.:  An Assay Method for Pantothenic Acid , J. Biol. Chem. 135:213 ( (Aug.) ) 1940;.
Pelzar, M. J., Jr., and Porter, J. R.:  A Microbiological Assay Technic for Pantothenic Acid with the Use of Proteus Morganii , J. Biol. Chem. 139:111 ( (May) ) 1941;.
Strong, F. M.; Feeney, R. E., and Earle, A.:  Microbiological Assay for Pantothenic Acid , Indust. & Engin. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 13:566 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Jukes, T. H.:  The Biological and Microbiological Assay of Pantothenic Acid , Biol. Symposia 12:253, 1947;.
Neilands, J. B., and Strong, F. M.:  The Enzymatic Liberation of Pantothenic Acid , Arch. Biochem. , to be published.
Cover, S.; Dilsaver, E. M., and Hays, R. M.:  Retention of the B Vitamins in Beef and Lamb After Starving: III. Pantothenic Acid , J. Am. Dietet. A. 23:693 ( (Aug.) ) 1947;.
McHenry, E. W.:  Choline, the B Vitamins and Fat Metabolism , Biol. Symposia 5:177, 1941;.
Griffith, W. H.:  The Nutritional Importance of Choline , J. Nutrition 22:239 ( (Sept.) ) 1941;.
du Vigneaud, V.; Chandler, J. P.; Moyer, A. W., and Keppel, D. M.:  The Effect of Choline on the Ability of Homocystine to Replace Methionine in the Diet , J. Biol. Chem. 131:57 ( (Nov.) ) 1939;.
du Vigneaud, V.:  The Interrelationship Between Choline and Other Methylated Compounds , Biol. Symposia 5:234, 1941;.
Best, C. H., and Lucas, C. C.:  Choline—Chemistry and Significance as a Dietary Factor , in Harris, R. S., and Thimann, V. K.: Vitamins and Hormones: Advances in Research and Applications , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1943;, vol. 1, p. 1.
Jukes, T. H.:  Choline , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 16:193, 1947;.
du Vigneaud, V.:  The Significance of Labile Methyl Groups in the Diet and Their Relation to Transmethylation , in Harvey Lectures, 1942-1943 , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1943;, p. 39.
Jukes, T. H.:  Prevention of Perosis by Choline , J. Biol. Chem. 134:789 ( (July) ) 1940;.
Sure, B.:  The Essential Nature of Choline for Lactation and Growth of the Albino Rat , J. Nutrition 19:71 ( (Jan.) ) 1940;.
Richardson, L. R.; Hogan, A. G.; Long, B., and Itschner, K. I.:  The Number of Vitamins Required by the Rat , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 46:530 ( (April) ) 1941;.
Hegsted, D. M.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Choline in the Nutrition of Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 138:459 ( (April) ) 1941;.
Schaefer, A. E.; McKibbin, J.M., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Importance of Choline in Synthetic Rations for Dogs , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 47:365 ( (June) ) 1941;.
Handler, P.:  The Determination of Choline in Biological Material , Biol. Symposia 12:361, 1947;.
Kögl, F., and Tonnis, B.:  Plant Growth Substances: XX. The Bios Problem; Isolation of Crystalline Biotin from Egg Yolk , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 242:43 ( (Aug.) ) 1936;.
du Vigneaud, V.; Melville, D. B.; György, P., and Rose, C. S.:  On the Identity of Vitamin H with Biotin , Science 92:62 ( (July 19) ) 1940;.
du Vigneaud, V.; Hofmann, K.; Melville, D. B., and György, P.:  Isolation of Biotin (Vitamin H) from Liver , J. Biol. Chem. 140:643 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
du Vigneaud, V.; Hofmann, K., and Melville, D. B.:  On the Structure of Biotin , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64:188 ( (Jan.) ) 1942;.
Harris, S. A.; Wolf, D. E.; Mozingo, R., and Folkers, K.:  Synthetic Biotin , Science 97:447 ( (May 14) ) 1943;.
Lease, J. G.; Parsons, H. T., and Kelly, E.:  A Comparison in Five Types of Animals of the Effects of Dietary Egg White and of a Specific Factor Given Orally or Parenterally , Biochem. J. 31:433 ( (March) ) 1937;.
Parsons, H. T.; Lease, J. G., and Kelly, E.:  The Cure of Dermatitis Due to Egg White by Various Foodstuffs , J. Biol. Chem. 100:lxxvii ( (May) ) 1933;.
György, P.; Rose, C. S.; Eakin, R. E.; Snell, E. E., and Williams, R. J.:  Egg White Injury as the Result of Nonabsorption in Inactivation of Biotin , Science 93:477 ( (May 16) ) 1941;.
Nielsen, E., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Cure of Spectacle Eye Condition in Rats with Biotin Concentrates , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:349 ( (Oct.) ) 1941;.
Hegsted, D. M.; Oleson, J. J.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Studies on a Dermatitis in Chicks Distinct from Pantothenic Acid Deficiency , J. Nutrition 20:599 ( (Dec.) ) 1940;.
Patrick, H.; Boucher, R. V.; Dutcher, R. A., and Knandel, H. C.:  Biotin and Prevention of Dermatitis in Turkey Poults , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:456 ( (Nov.) ) 1941;.
Waisman, H. A.; McCall, K. B., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Acute and Chronic Biotin Deficiencies in the Monkey , J. Nutrition 29:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1945;.
Shive, W., and Rogers. L. L.:  Involvement of Biotin in the Biosynthesis of Oxalacetic and α-Ketoglutaric Acids , J. Biol. Chem. 169:453 ( (July) ) 1947;.
Lardy, H. A.; Potter, R. L., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Role of Biotin in Bicarbonate Utilization by Bacteria , J. Biol. Chem. 169:451 ( (July) ) 1947;.
Potter, R. L., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Biotin and the Metabolism of Lactobacillus Arabinosus , J. Biol. Chem. 172:531 ( (Feb.) ) 1948;.
Oppel, T. W.:  Studies of Biotin Metabolism in Man , Am. J. M. Sc. 204:856 ( (Dec.) ) 1942;.
Sydenstricker, V. P.; Singal, S. A.; Briggs, A. P.; DeVaughn, N. M., and Isbell, H.:  Observations on the "Egg White Injury" in Man , J. A. M. A. 118:1199 ( (April 4) ) 1942;.
Snell, E. E.; Eakin, R. E., and Williams, R. J.:  Quantitative Test for Biotin and Observation Regarding Its Occurrence and Properties , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62:175 ( (Jan.) ) 1940;.
Shull, G. M.; Hutchings, B. L., and Peterson, W. H.:  A Microbiological Assay for Biotin , J. Biol. Chem. 142:913 ( (Feb.) ) 1942;.
Wright, L. D.:  The Microbiological Determination of Biotin , Biol. Symposia 12:290, 1947;.
Woolley, D. W.:  The Nature of the Antialopecia Factor , Science 92:384 ( (Oct. 25) ) 1940;.
Pavcek, P. L., and Baum, H. M.:  Inositol and Spectacled Eye in Rats , Science 93:502 ( (May 23) ) 1941;.
Lindley, D. C., and Cunha, T. J.:  Nutritional Significance of Inositol and Biotin for the Pig , J. Nutrition 32:47 ( (July) ) 1946;.
Sure, B.:  Dietary Requirements for Fertility and Lactation: XXX. Role of p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Inositol in Lactation , Science 94:167 ( (Aug. 15) ) 1941;.
Martin, G. J.; Thompson, M. R., and de Carvajal-Forero, J.:  Influence of Inositol and Other B Complex Factors upon the Motility of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract , Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8:290 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Hegsted, D. M.; Briggs, G. M., Jr.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Inositol in Chick Nutrition , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 47:376 ( (Jan.) ) 1941;.
Gavin, G., and McHenry, E. W.:  Inositol: A Lipotropic Factor , J. Biol. Chem. 139:485 ( (May) ) 1941;.
Woolley, D. W.:  A Method for the Estimation of Inositol , J. Biol. Chem. 140:453 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Williams, R. J.; King, A.; Mitchell, H. K., and McMahan, J. R.: Assay Method for Inositol: Studies on the Vitamin Content of Tissues: I , Publication 4137, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1941;, p. 27.
Milhorat, A. T., and Bartels, W. E.:  The Defect in Utilization of Tocopherol in Progressive Muscular Dystrophy , Science 101:93 ( (Jan. 26) ) 1945;.
Woods, D. D.:  The Relation of p-Aminobenzoic Acid to the Mechanism of Action of Sulphanilamide , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 21:74 ( (April) ) 1940;.
Rubbo, S. D., and Gillespie, J. M.:  Para-Aminobenzoic Acid as a Bacterial Growth Factor , Nature 146:838 ( (Dec. 28) ) 1940;.
Welch, A. D.:  Interference with Biological Processes Through the Use of Analogs of Essential Metabolites , Physiol. Rev. 25:687 ( (Oct.) ) 1945;.
Ansbacher, S.:  P-Aminobenzoic Acid, Vitamin , Science 93:164 ( (Feb. 14) ) 1941;.
Briggs, G. M., Jr.; Luckey, T. D.; Mills, R. C.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Effect of p-Aminobenzoic Acid when Added to Purified Chick Diets Deficient in Unknown Vitamins , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 52:7 ( (Jan.) ) 1943;.
Brandaleone, H.; Main, E., and Steele, J. M.:  Effect of Calcium Pantothenate and Para-Aminobenzoic Acid on the Gray Hair of Humans , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 53:47 ( (May) ) 1943;.
Yeomans, A.; Snyder, J. C.; Murray, E. S.; Zarafonetis, C. J. D., and Ecke, R. S.:  The Therapeutic Effect of Para-Aminobenzoic Acid in Louse Borne Typhus Fever , J. A. M. A. 126:349 ( (Oct. 7) ) 1944;.
Flinn, L. B.; Howard, J. W.; Todd, C. W., and Scott, E. G.:  Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Treatment of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever , J. A. M. A. 132:911 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1946;.
Angier, R. B.; Boothe, J. H.; Hutchings, B. L.; Mowat, J. H.; Semb, J.; Stockstad, E. L. R.; SubbaRow, Y.; Waller, C. W.; Cosulich, D. B.; Fahrenbach, M. J.; Hultquist, M. E.; Kuh, E.; Northey, E. H.; Seeger, D. R.; Sickels, J. P., and Smith, J. M., Jr.:  Synthesis of a Compound Identical with the L. Casei Factor Isolated from Liver , Science 102:227 ( (Aug. 31) ) 1945;.
Pfiffner, J. J.; Binkley, S. B.; Bloom, E. S.; Brown, R. A.; Bird, O. D.; Emmett, A. D.; Hogan, A. G., and O'Dell, B. L.:  Isolation of the Antianemia Factor (Vitamin B6) in Crystalline Form from Liver , Science 97:404 ( (April 30) ) 1943;.
Pfiffner, J. J., and Hogan, A. G.:  The Newer Hematopoietic Factors of the Vitamin B Complex , in Harris, R. S., and Thimann, K. V.: Vitamins and Hormones , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1946;, vol. 4, p. 1.
Day, P. L.; Langston, W. C.; Darby, W. J.; Wahlen, J. G., and Mims, V.:  Nutritional Cytopenia in Monkeys Receiving the Goldberger Diet , J. Exper. Med. 72:463 ( (Oct.) ) 1940;.
Hogan, A. G., and Parrott, E. M.:  Anemia in Chicks Caused by Vitamin Deficiency , J. Biol. Chem. 132:507 ( (Feb.) ) 1940;.
Snell, E. E., and Peterson, W. H.:  Growth Factors for Bacteria: X. Additional Factors Required by Certain Lactic Acid Bacteria , J. Bact. 39:273 ( (March) ) 1940;.
Mitchell, H. K.; Snell, E. E, and Williams, R. J.:  The Concentration of "Folic Acid," Communications to the Editor , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63:2284 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Hutchings, B. L.; Bohonos, N.; Hegsted, D. M.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Peterson, W. H.:  Relation of a Growth Factor Required by Lactobacillus Casei to the Nutrition of the Chick , J. Biol. Chem. 140:681 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Nimmo Smith, R. H., and Woods, D. D.:  P-Aminobenzoic Acid and Folic Acid in Bacterial Growth , in Abstracts of Communications, Seventeenth International Physiological Congress , p. 328.
Stokes, J. L.:  Substitution of Thymine for Folic Acid in the Nutrition of Lactic Acid Bacteria , J. Bact. 48:201 ( (Aug.) ) 1944;.
Lampen, J. O., and Jones, M. J.:  The Growth-Promoting and Antisulfonamide Activity of p-Aminobenzoic Acid, Pteroylglutamic Acid, and Related Compounds for Lactobacillus Arabinosus and Streptobacterium Plantarum , J. Biol. Chem. 170:133 ( (Sept.) ) 1947;.
Luckey, T. D.; Moore, P. R.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  The Activity of Synthetic Folic Acid in Purified Rations for the Chick , Science 103:682 ( (June 7) ) 1946;.
Day, P. L.; Minis, V.; Totter, J. R.; Stokstad, E. L. R.; Hutchings, B. L., and Sloane, N. H.:  The Successful Treatment of Vitamin M Deficiency in the Monkey with Highly Purified Lactobacillus Casei Factor , J. Biol. Chem. 157:423 ( (Jan.) ) 1945;.
Cooperman, J. M.; Elvehjem, C. A.; McCall, K. B., and Ruegamer, W. R.:  "Folic Acid" Active Compounds in the Nutrition of the Monkey , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 61:92 ( (Jan.) ) 1946;.
Schaefer, A. E.; Whitehair, C. K., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Purified Rations and the Importance of Folic Acid in Mi k Nutrition , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 62:169 ( (June) ) 1946;.
 Purified Rations and the Requirement of Folic Acid for Foxes , Arch. Biochem. 12:349 ( (March) ) 1947;.
Nielsen, E., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Growth Promoting Effect of Folic Acid and Biotin in Rats Fed Succinylsulfathiazole , J. Biol. Chem. 145:713 ( (July) ) 1942;.
Welch, A. F., and Wright, L. D.:  The Role of "Folic Acid" and Biotin in the Nutrition of the Rat , J. Nutrition 25:555 ( (June) ) 1943;.
Krehl, W. A.; Torbet, N.; de la Huerga, J., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Relation of Synthetic Folic Acid to Niacin Deficiency in Dogs , Arch. Biochem. 11:363 ( (Oct.) ) 1946;.
Welch, A. D.; Heinle, R. W.; Sharpe, G.; George, W. L., and Epstein, M.:  Chemical Antagonism of Pteroylglutamic Acid on a Pig: Hematopoietic Effect of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 65:364 ( (June) ) 1947;.
Franklin, A. L.; Stokstad, E. L. R., and Jukes, T. H.:  Acceleration of Pteroylglutamic Acid Deficiency in Mice and Chicks by a Chemical Antagonist , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 65:368 ( (June) ) 1947;.
Spies, T. D.:  The Use of Pteroylglutamic Acid (Liver L. Casei Factor, Folic Acid) in Clinical Studies , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 16:387, 1947;.
Berry, L. J., and Spies, T. D.:  The Present Status of Folic Acid , Blood 1:271 ( (July) ) 1946;.
Darby, W. J.:  The Physiological Effect of the Pteroyl Glutamates in Man—With Particular Reference to Pteroylglutamic Acid (P.G.A.)  in Harris, R. S., and Thimann, K. V.: Vitamins and Hormones , New York Academic Press, Inc., 1947;, vol. 6, p. 119.
Darby, W. J.: The Treatment of Nutritional Anemias with Folic Acid in Symposia on Nutrition of the Robert Gould Research Foundation , Cincinnati, Ohio., 1947;, vol. 1, p. 61.
Cartwright, G. E.:  Dietary Factors Concerned in Erythropoiesis , Blood 2:111 ( (March) ); 256 (May) 1947;.
Stokstad, E. L. R., and Jukes, T. H.:  Absence of Appreciable L. Casei Factor Effect of Antipernicious Anemia Liver Extract , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 62:112 ( (June) ) 1946;.
Rickes, E. L.; Brink, N. G.; Koniuszy, F. R.; Wood, T. R., and Folkers, K.:  Crystalline Vitamin B12 , Science 107:396 ( (April 16) ) 1948;.
Ruegamer, W. R.; Brickson, W. L.; Torbet, N. J., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Response of Dogs to Liver Extracts Containing the Pernicious Anemia Factor , J. Nutrition , to be published.
Binkley, S. B.; Bird, O. D.; Bloom, E. S.; Brown, R. A.; Calkins, D. G.; Campbell, C. J.; Emmett, A. D., and Pfiffner, J. J.:  On the Vitamin C Conjugate in Yeast , Science 100:36 ( (July 14) ) 1944;.
Cheldelin, V. H., and Williams, R. J.: Studies on the Vitamin Content of Tissues: II. The B Vitamin Content of Foods , Publication 4237, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1942;, p. 105.
Cheldelin, V. H.; Eppright, M. A.; Snell, E. E., and Guirard, B. M.: Studies on the Vitamin Content of Tissues: II. Enzymatic Liberation of B Vitamins from Plant and Animal Tissues , Publication 4237, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1942;, p. 15.
Bird, O. D.; Bressler, F.; Brown, R. A.; Campbell, C. J., and Emmett, A. D.:  The Microbiological Assay of Vitamin B6 Conjugate , J. Biol. Chem. 159:631 ( (Aug.) ) 1945;.
Olson, O. E.; Fager, E. E. C.; Burris, R. H., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Folic Acid Activity in Homogenates of Rat Liver , J. Biol. Chem. 174:319 ( (May) ) 1948;.
Olson, O. E.; Burris, R. H., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  A Preliminary Report of the Folic Acid Content of Certain Foods , J. Am. Dietet. A. 23:200 ( (March) ) 1947;.
Briggs, G. M., Jr.; Luckey, T. D.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Studies on Two Chemically Unidentified Water-Soluble Vitamins Necessary for the Chick , J. Biol. Chem. 148:163 ( (April) ) 1943;.
West, R.:  Activity of Vitamin B12 in Addisonian Pernicious Anemia , Science 107:398 ( (April 16) ) 1948;.
Shorb, M. S.:  Activity of Vitamin B12 for the Growth of Lactobacillus lactis , Science 107:397 ( (April 16) ) 1948;.
Sporn, E. M.; Ruegamer, W. R., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Growth and Reproduction in Rats on Synthetic Rations , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 65:5 ( (May) ) 1947;.
Ershoff, B. H.:  Effects of Liver Feeding on Growth and Ovarian Development in the Hyperthyroid Rat , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 64:500 ( (April) ) 1947;.
Betheil, J. J.; Wiebelhaus, V. D., and Lardy, H. A.:  Studies of Thyroid Toxicity: I. A Nutritional Factor Which Alleviates the Toxicity of Ingested Thyroid Substance , J. Nutrition 34:431 ( (Oct.) ) 1947;.
Cary, C. A.; Hartman, A. M.; Dryden, L. P., and Likely, G. D.:  An Unidentified Factor Essential for Rat Growth , Fed. Proc. 5:128 ( (Feb.) ) 1946;.
Berry, E. P.; Carrick, C. W.; Roberts, R. E., and Hauge, S. M.:  Condensed Fish Press Water and Fish Liver Meal in Chick Rations , Poultry Sc. 24:270 ( (May) ) 1945;.
Rubin, M., and Bird, H. R.:  A Chick Growth Factor in Cow Manure: Its Non-Identity with Chick Growth Factors Previously Described , J. Biol. Chem. 163:393 ( (May) ) 1946;.
Nichol, C. A.; Robblee, A. R.; Cravens, W. W., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Activity of Anti-Pernicious Anemia Preparations in Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 170:419 ( (Sept.) ) 1947;.
Ruegamer, W. R.; Sporn, E. M.; Register, U. D., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Distribution and. Fractionation of the Monkey Anti-Anemia, Factor , J. Nutrition , to be published.
Schaefer, A. E.; Whitehair, C. K., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Unidentified Factors Essential for Growth and Hemoglobin Production in Foxes , J. Nutrition 35:147 ( (Feb.) ) 1948;.
Schaefer, A. E.; Tove, S. B.; Whitehair, C. K., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  The Requirement of Unidentified Factors for Mink , J. Nutrition 35:157 ( (Feb.) ) 1948;.
CME Course for:


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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
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For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
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NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
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