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PASTEURIZATION AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH FREE

JOHN ANDREWS, M.P.H.; A. W. FUCHS, C.E.
[+] Author Affiliations

Washington, D. C.

Sanitary Engineer (R) (Mr. Andrews) and Sanitary Engineer Director (Mr. Fuchs), Milk and Food Section, United States Public Health Service.


JAMA. 1948;138(2):128-131. doi:10.1001/jama.1948.62900020003008
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The importance of pasteurization in safeguarding milk supplies has been demonstrated conclusively over a long period of years. That raw milk can and does transmit disease and that pasteurization prevents such transmission has been proved to the satisfaction of health authorities by laboratory and commercial scale experimental work, by epidemiologic methods, by statistical methods and by animal experimentation.1 More than five hundred and fifty American municipalities now require the pasteurization of all milk or of all except certified milk,2 and action on a statewide basis recently has been taken by Utah, Michigan and Colorado.

REVIEW OF REPORTS  From time to time, however, the merits of pasteurization are challenged. One of the most recent attacks was embodied in a series of three articles in The Rural New Yorker and reprinted at the request of the Pennsylvania Raw Milk Producer-Distributors Association.3 As such attacks may do harm to the

REFERENCES

Fuchs, A. W.: Milk and Its Relation to Disease , Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, 1940;.
List of American Communities with Compulsory Pasteurization , Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, (October) 1946;.
Darlington, J. B.: Why Milk Pasteurization? New York, The Rural New Yorker, 1947;.
Armstrong, C., and Parran, T.: Further Studies on the Importance of Milk and Milk Products, as a Factor in the Causation of Outbreaks of Disease in the United States , (Supplement 62) , Public Health Reports, United States Treasury Department. Public Health Service, 1927;.
Summary of Milk-Borne Disease Outbreaks Reported by State and Local Health Authorities as Having Occurred in the United States During the Years 1923-1945 , Inclusive, Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, (April) 1947;.
Frank, L. C.:  Disease Outbreaks Resulting from Faulty Environmental Sanitation , Pub. Health Rep. 55:1373-1383 ( (Aug. 2) ) 1940;.
Fuchs, A. W.:  Disease Outbreaks from Water, Milk and Other Foods in 1939 , Pub. Health Rep. 56:2277-2284 ( (Nov. 28) ) 1941;.
Rosenau, M. J.: Preventive Medicine and Hygiene , ed. 6, New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1940;.
 Preliminary Report of Committee on Milk Production and Control, White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Public Health Service and Administration , Pub. Health Rep. 46:769-811 ( (April 3) ) 1931;.
Babcock, C. J.: The Pasteurization of Milk , Leaflet 177, United States Department of Agriculture, (January) 1939;.
Godfrey, E. S.: Pasteurization of Milk , Bulletin M. S. 53, New York State Department of Health, 1945;.
Frank, L. C.: What Every Person Should Know About Milk , (Supplement 150) , Public Health Reports, United States Treasury Department, Public Health Service, 1939;.
Fuchs.1 Milk Ordinance and Code Recommended by the U. S. Public Health Service, 1939 , Public Health Bulletin 220, Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, 1940;.
Fuchs, A. W., and Frank, L. C.: Milk Supplies and Their Control in American Urban Communities of Over 1,000 Population in 1936 , Public Health Bulletin 245, United States Treasury Department, Public Health Service, 1939;.
 Status of Pasteurization of Milk and Milk Products: Report of the Milk and Dairy Products Committee, Food and Nutrition Section, American Public Health Association , Am. J. Pub. Health ( (supp.) ) 29: 36-41 (Feb.) 1939;.
Elvehjem, C. A.: Pasteurization and the Nutritive Value of Milk , University of Wisconsin, mimeographed.
Rogers, L. A., and others: Fundamentals of Dairy Science , New York, Reinhold Publishing Company, 1935;.
Magee, H. E., and Glennie, A. E.:  II. Studies on the Effect of Heat on Milk: IV. The Iodine Content , Biochem. J. 22:11-14, 1928;.
 Food Values of Dairy Products as Affected by Methods of Handling in Production, Distribution and Use: Report of Committee on Milk and Dairy Products, Food and Nutrition Section, American Public Health Association , Am. J. Pub. Health 37:1113-1120 ( (Sept.) ) 1947;.
Holmes, A. D.; Lindquist, H. G.; Jones, C. P., and Wertz, A. W.:  Effect of High-Temperature Short-Timed Pasteurization on the Ascorbic Acid, Riboflavin, and Thiamine Content of Milk , J. Dairy Sc. 28:29-33, 1945;.
Zeigler, J. A., and Keevil, N. B.:  Photochemical Destruction of Riboflavin in Milk and Losses During Processing , J. Biol. Chem. 155:605-606 ( (Oct.) ) 1944;.
Wilson, G. S.: The Pasteurization of Milk , London, Edward Arnold & Co., 1942;.
Rogers and others.12 Wilson.17a
Anderson, H. D.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Gonce, J. E., Jr.:  Comparison of Nutritive Values of Raw, Pasteurized, and Evaporated Milks for the Dog , J. Nutrition 20:433-443 ( (Nov.) ) 1940;.
McCollum, E. V.:  The Nutritional Aspects of Milk Pasteurization , Am. J. Pub. Health 24:956-958 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.

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Fuchs, A. W.: Milk and Its Relation to Disease , Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, 1940;.
List of American Communities with Compulsory Pasteurization , Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, (October) 1946;.
Darlington, J. B.: Why Milk Pasteurization? New York, The Rural New Yorker, 1947;.
Armstrong, C., and Parran, T.: Further Studies on the Importance of Milk and Milk Products, as a Factor in the Causation of Outbreaks of Disease in the United States , (Supplement 62) , Public Health Reports, United States Treasury Department. Public Health Service, 1927;.
Summary of Milk-Borne Disease Outbreaks Reported by State and Local Health Authorities as Having Occurred in the United States During the Years 1923-1945 , Inclusive, Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, (April) 1947;.
Frank, L. C.:  Disease Outbreaks Resulting from Faulty Environmental Sanitation , Pub. Health Rep. 55:1373-1383 ( (Aug. 2) ) 1940;.
Fuchs, A. W.:  Disease Outbreaks from Water, Milk and Other Foods in 1939 , Pub. Health Rep. 56:2277-2284 ( (Nov. 28) ) 1941;.
Rosenau, M. J.: Preventive Medicine and Hygiene , ed. 6, New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1940;.
 Preliminary Report of Committee on Milk Production and Control, White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, Public Health Service and Administration , Pub. Health Rep. 46:769-811 ( (April 3) ) 1931;.
Babcock, C. J.: The Pasteurization of Milk , Leaflet 177, United States Department of Agriculture, (January) 1939;.
Godfrey, E. S.: Pasteurization of Milk , Bulletin M. S. 53, New York State Department of Health, 1945;.
Frank, L. C.: What Every Person Should Know About Milk , (Supplement 150) , Public Health Reports, United States Treasury Department, Public Health Service, 1939;.
Fuchs.1 Milk Ordinance and Code Recommended by the U. S. Public Health Service, 1939 , Public Health Bulletin 220, Federal Security Agency, United States Public Health Service, 1940;.
Fuchs, A. W., and Frank, L. C.: Milk Supplies and Their Control in American Urban Communities of Over 1,000 Population in 1936 , Public Health Bulletin 245, United States Treasury Department, Public Health Service, 1939;.
 Status of Pasteurization of Milk and Milk Products: Report of the Milk and Dairy Products Committee, Food and Nutrition Section, American Public Health Association , Am. J. Pub. Health ( (supp.) ) 29: 36-41 (Feb.) 1939;.
Elvehjem, C. A.: Pasteurization and the Nutritive Value of Milk , University of Wisconsin, mimeographed.
Rogers, L. A., and others: Fundamentals of Dairy Science , New York, Reinhold Publishing Company, 1935;.
Magee, H. E., and Glennie, A. E.:  II. Studies on the Effect of Heat on Milk: IV. The Iodine Content , Biochem. J. 22:11-14, 1928;.
 Food Values of Dairy Products as Affected by Methods of Handling in Production, Distribution and Use: Report of Committee on Milk and Dairy Products, Food and Nutrition Section, American Public Health Association , Am. J. Pub. Health 37:1113-1120 ( (Sept.) ) 1947;.
Holmes, A. D.; Lindquist, H. G.; Jones, C. P., and Wertz, A. W.:  Effect of High-Temperature Short-Timed Pasteurization on the Ascorbic Acid, Riboflavin, and Thiamine Content of Milk , J. Dairy Sc. 28:29-33, 1945;.
Zeigler, J. A., and Keevil, N. B.:  Photochemical Destruction of Riboflavin in Milk and Losses During Processing , J. Biol. Chem. 155:605-606 ( (Oct.) ) 1944;.
Wilson, G. S.: The Pasteurization of Milk , London, Edward Arnold & Co., 1942;.
Rogers and others.12 Wilson.17a
Anderson, H. D.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Gonce, J. E., Jr.:  Comparison of Nutritive Values of Raw, Pasteurized, and Evaporated Milks for the Dog , J. Nutrition 20:433-443 ( (Nov.) ) 1940;.
McCollum, E. V.:  The Nutritional Aspects of Milk Pasteurization , Am. J. Pub. Health 24:956-958 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
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