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April 24, 1948, Vol 136, No. 17 >
ARTICLE | April 24, 1948

SEARCH FOR EXTRAHUMAN SOURCES OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS FREE

THOMAS FRANCIS, Jr., M.D.; GORDON C. BROWN, Sc.D.; LAWRENCE R. PENNER, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

This investigation was aided by a grant from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Inc.

Read in the Symposium on Virus Diseases before the Section on Pathology and Physiology at the Ninety-Sixth Annual Session of the American Medical Association, Atlantic City, N.J., June 12, 1947.


Ann Arbor, Mich.

From the Department of Epidemiology and Virus Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Michigan.


JAMA. 1948;136(17):1088-1093. doi:10.1001/jama.1948.02890340014005
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References

The best evidence of the transmission of the virus of poliomyelitis at the present time supports a person to person transfer. In spite of the logic of this thesis. based essentially on the well known fact that virus is present in the human oropharynx and intestinal tract for varying periods, one must not forget that the evidence was arrived at through processes of elimination rather than by scientifically proved experiments. Consequently, it is difficult, if not impossible, in determining the transmission of this disease. to rule out extrahuman factors completely, especially since epidemiologic observations have emphasized for years that outbreaks of poliomyelitis are correlated with seasonal influences, such as rainfall, temperature and prevalence of insects and animals.

In reviewing the literature on this subject one is impressed by the vast number of incriminations of various extrahuman factors, based at best on epidemiologic impressions gained through observations of limited accuracy, and

REFERENCES

1 +
Neustaedter, M., and Thro, W. C.:  Experimental Poliomyelitis Produced in Monkeys from the Dust of the Sick Room: A Further Contribution , New York M. J. 94:613, 1911;.
2 +
Kling, C.:  In Search of Poliomyelitis Virus in Drinking Water , Internat. Bull. Econ. M. Research & Pub. Hyg. A 40: 161, 1939;
3 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S., and Tischer, L. A.:  Attempts to Recover Poliomyelitis Virus from Fruit, Well Water, Chicken Cords, and Dog Stools , J. Pediat. 23:168, 1943;.
4 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S., and Weaver, H. M.:  Isolation of Poliomyelitis Virus from Creek Water by Direct Transmission to the Cotton Rat , Am. J. Dis. Child. 70: 293 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1945;.
5 +
Paul, J. R.; Trask, J. D., and Culotta, C. S.:  Poliomyelitis Virus in Sewage , Science 90:258, 1939;.
6 +
Paul, J. R., and Trask, J. D.:  The Virus of Poliomyelitis in Stool and Sewage , J. A. M. A. 116:493 ( (Feb. 8) ) 1941;.
7 +
Toomey, J. A.:  Attempts to Isolate Poliomyelitis Virus from Stools of Human Beings and Experimental Animals , Arch. Pediat. 56:693, 1939;.
8 +
Kling, C.; Olin, G.; Fahraens, J., and Norlin, G.:  Sewage as a Carrier and Disseminator of Poliomyelitis Virus , Acta med. Scandinav. 112:217 and 250, 1942;.
9 +
Jungeblut, C. W., and Dalldorf, G.:  Epidemiological and Experimental Observations on the Possible Significance of Rodents in a Suburban Epidemic of Poliomyelitis , Am. J. Pub. Health 33: 169, 1943;
10 +
 Epidemiological and Experimental Observations of Poliomyelitis in New York City (1943-1944) , Am. I Hyg. 43:49, 1946;
11 +
Leake, J. P.:  Experimental Poliomyelitis , Hyg. Lab. Bull. , no. (111) , 1918;.
12 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S., and Tischer, L. A.  Attempts to Find Poliomyelitis Virus in Fish , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 58: 152, 1945;.
13 +
Hammon, W. McD.:  Studies on Possible Mammalian, Avian and Arthropod Hosts of Poliomyelitis , J. Bact. 45:89, 1943;.
14 +
Gordon, F. B.:  The Neutralization of Poliomyelitis Virus by Dog Serums , J. Infect. Dis. 76: 198, 1945;.
15 +
Brown, G. C., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Studies on the Relation of Wild Rats to Poliomyelitis , J. Infect. Dis. , 81:55, 1947;.
16 +
Rosenau, M. J.:  Poliomyelitis Transmitted by the Biting Fly. Stomoxys Calcitrans , Pub. Health Rep. 27:1593. 1912;.
17 +
Rosenau, M. J., and Brues, C. T.:  Some Experimental Observations upon Monkeys Concerning the Transmission of Poliomyelitis Through the Agency of Stomoxys Calcitrans , Tr. Internat. Cong. Hyg. (1912) 1:616, 1913;.
18 +
Anderson, J. F., and Frost, W. H.:  Transmission of Poliomyelitis by Means of the Stable Fly (Stomoxys Calcitrans) , Pub. Health Rep. 27: 1733. 1912;.
19 +
Anderson, J. F., and Frost, W. H.:  Poliomyelitis: Further Attempts to Transmit the Disease Through the Agency of the Stable Fly (Stomoxys Calcitrans) , Pub.Health Rep. 38:833, 1913;.
20 +
Sawyer, W. A., and Herms, W. B.:  Attempts to Transmit Poliomyelitis by Means of the Stable Fly (Stomoxys Calcitrans) , J. A. M. A. 61:461 ( (Aug. 16) ) 1913;.
21 +
Francis, E.:  An Attempt to Transmit Poliomyelitis by the Bite of Lyperosia Irritans , J. Infect. Dis. 15:1, 1914;.
22 +
Howard, C. W., and Clark, P. F.:  Experiments on Insect Transmission of the Virus of Poliomyelitis , J. Exper. Med. 16: 850. 1912;.
23 +
Kline. C., and Levaditi. C.:  Etudes sur la poliomvelite aigue epidemique , Ann. Inst. Pasteur 27: 718 and 839, 1913;.
24 +
Simmons, J. S.; Kelser, R. A., and Cornell, V. H.:  Attempts to Transmit Virus of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis Through. Aedes Aegypti , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:496, 1934;.
25 +
Cornell, V. H., and Davis, W. A.:  Mosquito Transmission Experiment with Poliomyelitis Virus , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 42:78, 1939;.
26 +
Flexner, S., and Clark, P. F.:  Contamination of the Fly with Poliomyelitis Virus , J. A. M. A. 56:1717 ( (June 10) ) 1911;.
27 +
Bang, F. B., and Glaser, R. W.:  Persistence of Poliomyelitis in Flies . Am. J. Hyg. 37:320, 1943;.
28 +
Rendtorff, R. C., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Survival of Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Common House Fly, Musca Domestica L. , J. Infect. Dis. 73: 198, 1943;.
29 +
Paul, J. R.; Trask, J. D.; Bishop, M. B.; Melnick, J. L., and Casey, A. E.:  The Detection of Poliomyelitis Virus in Flies , Science 94:395, 1941;.
30 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S.. and Tischer, L. A.:  Poliomyelitis Virus from Flies , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:637, 1941;.
31 +
Sabin, A. B., and Ward, R.:  Flies as Carriers of Poliomyelitis Virus in Urban Epidemics , Science 94:490, 1941;.
32 +
 Insects and the Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis , WardScience 95:169, 1942;.
33 +
Trask, J. D.; Paul. J. R., and Melnick, J. L.:  The Detection of Poliomyelitis Virus in Flies Collected During Epidemics of Poliomyelitis , J. Exper. Med. 77: 531, 1943;.
34 +
Ward, R.; Melnick, J. L., and Horstmann. D. M.:  Poliomyelitis Virus in Fly Contaminated Food Collected at an Epidemic . Science 101: 491. 1945;.
35 +
Melnick and Penner (Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 65:342, 1947;)
36 +
Pearson, H. E., and Rendtorff, R. C.:  Studies of the Distribution of Poliomyelitis Virus: I. In the Environment of Sporadic Cases , Am. J. Hyg. 41:164, 1945;
37 +
 II. In a Small Town , RendtorffAm. J. Hyg. 41:179, 1945;.
38 +
Pearson, H. E.; Brown, G. C.; Rendtorff, R. C.; Ridenour, G. M., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Studies of the Distribution of Poliomyelitis Virus: III. In an Urban Area During an Epidemic , Am. J. Hyg. 41:188, 1945;.
39 +
Brown and Francis.[ill] Pearson and Rendtorff.31 Pearson and others.32
40 +
Pearson and Rendtorff.31 Pearson and others.32
41 +
Ziutek, A. R.: Unpublished data.
42 +
Francis, T., Jr.; Krill, C. E.: Toomey, J. A., and Mack, W. N.:  Poliomyelitis Following Tonsillectomy in Five Members of a Family , J. A. M. A. 119: 1392 ( (Aug. 22) ) 1942;

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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1 +
Neustaedter, M., and Thro, W. C.:  Experimental Poliomyelitis Produced in Monkeys from the Dust of the Sick Room: A Further Contribution , New York M. J. 94:613, 1911;.
2 +
Kling, C.:  In Search of Poliomyelitis Virus in Drinking Water , Internat. Bull. Econ. M. Research & Pub. Hyg. A 40: 161, 1939;
3 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S., and Tischer, L. A.:  Attempts to Recover Poliomyelitis Virus from Fruit, Well Water, Chicken Cords, and Dog Stools , J. Pediat. 23:168, 1943;.
4 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S., and Weaver, H. M.:  Isolation of Poliomyelitis Virus from Creek Water by Direct Transmission to the Cotton Rat , Am. J. Dis. Child. 70: 293 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1945;.
5 +
Paul, J. R.; Trask, J. D., and Culotta, C. S.:  Poliomyelitis Virus in Sewage , Science 90:258, 1939;.
6 +
Paul, J. R., and Trask, J. D.:  The Virus of Poliomyelitis in Stool and Sewage , J. A. M. A. 116:493 ( (Feb. 8) ) 1941;.
7 +
Toomey, J. A.:  Attempts to Isolate Poliomyelitis Virus from Stools of Human Beings and Experimental Animals , Arch. Pediat. 56:693, 1939;.
8 +
Kling, C.; Olin, G.; Fahraens, J., and Norlin, G.:  Sewage as a Carrier and Disseminator of Poliomyelitis Virus , Acta med. Scandinav. 112:217 and 250, 1942;.
9 +
Jungeblut, C. W., and Dalldorf, G.:  Epidemiological and Experimental Observations on the Possible Significance of Rodents in a Suburban Epidemic of Poliomyelitis , Am. J. Pub. Health 33: 169, 1943;
10 +
 Epidemiological and Experimental Observations of Poliomyelitis in New York City (1943-1944) , Am. I Hyg. 43:49, 1946;
11 +
Leake, J. P.:  Experimental Poliomyelitis , Hyg. Lab. Bull. , no. (111) , 1918;.
12 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S., and Tischer, L. A.  Attempts to Find Poliomyelitis Virus in Fish , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 58: 152, 1945;.
13 +
Hammon, W. McD.:  Studies on Possible Mammalian, Avian and Arthropod Hosts of Poliomyelitis , J. Bact. 45:89, 1943;.
14 +
Gordon, F. B.:  The Neutralization of Poliomyelitis Virus by Dog Serums , J. Infect. Dis. 76: 198, 1945;.
15 +
Brown, G. C., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Studies on the Relation of Wild Rats to Poliomyelitis , J. Infect. Dis. , 81:55, 1947;.
16 +
Rosenau, M. J.:  Poliomyelitis Transmitted by the Biting Fly. Stomoxys Calcitrans , Pub. Health Rep. 27:1593. 1912;.
17 +
Rosenau, M. J., and Brues, C. T.:  Some Experimental Observations upon Monkeys Concerning the Transmission of Poliomyelitis Through the Agency of Stomoxys Calcitrans , Tr. Internat. Cong. Hyg. (1912) 1:616, 1913;.
18 +
Anderson, J. F., and Frost, W. H.:  Transmission of Poliomyelitis by Means of the Stable Fly (Stomoxys Calcitrans) , Pub. Health Rep. 27: 1733. 1912;.
19 +
Anderson, J. F., and Frost, W. H.:  Poliomyelitis: Further Attempts to Transmit the Disease Through the Agency of the Stable Fly (Stomoxys Calcitrans) , Pub.Health Rep. 38:833, 1913;.
20 +
Sawyer, W. A., and Herms, W. B.:  Attempts to Transmit Poliomyelitis by Means of the Stable Fly (Stomoxys Calcitrans) , J. A. M. A. 61:461 ( (Aug. 16) ) 1913;.
21 +
Francis, E.:  An Attempt to Transmit Poliomyelitis by the Bite of Lyperosia Irritans , J. Infect. Dis. 15:1, 1914;.
22 +
Howard, C. W., and Clark, P. F.:  Experiments on Insect Transmission of the Virus of Poliomyelitis , J. Exper. Med. 16: 850. 1912;.
23 +
Kline. C., and Levaditi. C.:  Etudes sur la poliomvelite aigue epidemique , Ann. Inst. Pasteur 27: 718 and 839, 1913;.
24 +
Simmons, J. S.; Kelser, R. A., and Cornell, V. H.:  Attempts to Transmit Virus of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis Through. Aedes Aegypti , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:496, 1934;.
25 +
Cornell, V. H., and Davis, W. A.:  Mosquito Transmission Experiment with Poliomyelitis Virus , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 42:78, 1939;.
26 +
Flexner, S., and Clark, P. F.:  Contamination of the Fly with Poliomyelitis Virus , J. A. M. A. 56:1717 ( (June 10) ) 1911;.
27 +
Bang, F. B., and Glaser, R. W.:  Persistence of Poliomyelitis in Flies . Am. J. Hyg. 37:320, 1943;.
28 +
Rendtorff, R. C., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Survival of Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Common House Fly, Musca Domestica L. , J. Infect. Dis. 73: 198, 1943;.
29 +
Paul, J. R.; Trask, J. D.; Bishop, M. B.; Melnick, J. L., and Casey, A. E.:  The Detection of Poliomyelitis Virus in Flies , Science 94:395, 1941;.
30 +
Toomey, J. A.; Takacs, W. S.. and Tischer, L. A.:  Poliomyelitis Virus from Flies , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 48:637, 1941;.
31 +
Sabin, A. B., and Ward, R.:  Flies as Carriers of Poliomyelitis Virus in Urban Epidemics , Science 94:490, 1941;.
32 +
 Insects and the Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis , WardScience 95:169, 1942;.
33 +
Trask, J. D.; Paul. J. R., and Melnick, J. L.:  The Detection of Poliomyelitis Virus in Flies Collected During Epidemics of Poliomyelitis , J. Exper. Med. 77: 531, 1943;.
34 +
Ward, R.; Melnick, J. L., and Horstmann. D. M.:  Poliomyelitis Virus in Fly Contaminated Food Collected at an Epidemic . Science 101: 491. 1945;.
35 +
Melnick and Penner (Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 65:342, 1947;)
36 +
Pearson, H. E., and Rendtorff, R. C.:  Studies of the Distribution of Poliomyelitis Virus: I. In the Environment of Sporadic Cases , Am. J. Hyg. 41:164, 1945;
37 +
 II. In a Small Town , RendtorffAm. J. Hyg. 41:179, 1945;.
38 +
Pearson, H. E.; Brown, G. C.; Rendtorff, R. C.; Ridenour, G. M., and Francis, T., Jr.:  Studies of the Distribution of Poliomyelitis Virus: III. In an Urban Area During an Epidemic , Am. J. Hyg. 41:188, 1945;.
39 +
Brown and Francis.[ill] Pearson and Rendtorff.31 Pearson and others.32
40 +
Pearson and Rendtorff.31 Pearson and others.32
41 +
Ziutek, A. R.: Unpublished data.
42 +
Francis, T., Jr.; Krill, C. E.: Toomey, J. A., and Mack, W. N.:  Poliomyelitis Following Tonsillectomy in Five Members of a Family , J. A. M. A. 119: 1392 ( (Aug. 22) ) 1942;

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