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ARTICLE |

FOODS OF PLANT ORIGIN FREE

LEONARD A. MAYNARD, Ph.D.; WALTER L. NELSON, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Ithaca, N. Y.


JAMA. 1948;136(16):1043-1048. doi:10.1001/jama.1948.72890330005010
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Over 50 per cent of the American diet consists of foods of plant origin. Indirectly as foods for animals, plant products make an additional contribution to the human diet through their influence on the nutritive value of animal products.

In discussing nutritive values, it is necessary to make use of certain average figures for nutrient composition. Foods of plant origin are subject to rather wide variations in composition as influenced by genetic, soil and climatic factqrs. It is beyond the scope of this article to consider these factors. Their importance is illustrated by the reports of a number of investigators.1 Some of the factors influencing mineral composition have been reviewed by Beeson.2 Fortunately the consumer seldom gets his supply of a given food from a single agricultural source, and thus the significance of the wide variation in the composition of crops differently produced is not nearly so great

REFERENCES

Chatfield, C., and Adams, G.: Food Composition, in Food and Life: Yearbook of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1939, p. 272.
Hamner, K. C., and Maynard, L. A.: Factors Influencing the Nutritive Value of the Tomato , Miscellaneous Publication 502, United States Department of Agriculture, 1942;.
Scott, G. C., and Belkengren, R. O.:  Importance of Breeding Peas and Corn for Nutritional Quality , Food Research 9:371 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1944;.
Beeson, K. C.: The Mineral Composition of Crops with Particular Reference to the Soils in Which They Are Grown . Miscellaneous Bulletin 369, United States Department of Agriculture, (March) 1941;.
 The Cereals in Nutrition , editorial, J. A. M. A. 95:1101 ( (Oct. 11) ) 1930;.
Chatfield, C., and Adams: Proximate Composition of American Food Materials , Circular 549, United States Department of Agriculture, (June) 1940;.
 The Nutritional Significance of Bran, report of the Council on Foods . J. A. M. A. 107:874 ( (Sept. 12) ) 1936;.
McCance, R. A., and Widdowson, E. M.:  Mineral Metabolism of Healthy Adults on White and Brown Bread Dietaries , J. Physiol. 101:44 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Pringle, W. J. S., and Moran, T.:  Phytic Acid and Its Destruction in Baking , J. Soc. Chem. Indust. 61:108, 1942;.
Widdowson, E., and McCance, R. A.:  Iron Exchanges of Adults on White and Brown Bread Diets , Lancet 1:588 ( (May 16) ) 1942;.
Tables of Food Composition , Miscellaneous Publication 572, United States Department of Agriculture, 1945;.
Teply, L. J.; Strong, F. M., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Nicotinic Acid, Pantothenic Acid and Pyridoxine in Wheat and Wheat Products , J. Nutrition 24:167, 1942;.
Newman, L. H.:  The Retention of B Vitamins in Flour and Bread , J. Am. Soc. Agronomy 34:109 ( (Feb.) ) 1942;.
Harris, R. S.; Clark, M., and Lockhart, E. E.:  Nutritional Value of Bread Containing Soy Flour and Milk Solids , Arch. Biochem. 4:243 ( (May) ) 1944;.
Volz, F.; Forbes, R. M.; Nelson, W. L., and Loosli; J. K.:  The Effect of Soy Flour on the Nutritive Value of the Protein of White Bread , J. Nutrition 29:269 ( (April) ) 1945;.
Sure, B.:  Nutritional Improvement of Cereal Flours and Cereal Grains , J. Am. Dietet. A. 22:494 ( (June) ) 1946;.
Rubner, M.:  Die Verdaulichkeit von Weizenbrot , Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. , 1916;, p. 61.
Murlin, J. R.; Marshall, M. E., and Kochakian, C. D.:  Digestibility and Biological Value of Whole Wheat Breads as Compared with White Bread , J. Nutrition 22:573 ( (Dec.) ) 1941;.
Sealock, R. R.; Basinski, D. H., and Murlin, J. R.:  Apparent Digestibility of Carbohydrates, Fats, and "Indigestible Residue" in Whole Wheat and White Breads , J. Nutrition 22:589 ( (Dec.) ) 1941;.
 Enriched Corn Meal and Grits, Food and Drug Administration , Federal Register , (May 7) , 1947;, p. 3112
Elvehjem, C. A.:  Corn and Pellagra , in Conference on Corn Enrichment, Clemson, S. C., Clemson Agricultural College, July 1947 .
Aughey, E., and Daniel, E. P.:  Effect of Cooking on the Thiamine Content of Foods , J. Nutrition 19:285 ( (March) ) 1940;.
Kik, M. C., and Williams, R. R.: The Nutritional Improvement of White Rice , Bulletin 112, National Research Council, (June) 1945;.
Esselen, W. B.; Lyons, M. E., and Fellers, C. A.: The Composition and Nutritive Value of Potatoes, with Special Emphasis on Vitamin C , Bulletin 390, Massachusetts Agricultural Experimental Station, (March) 1942;.
In setting up this allowance, it was recognized that somewhat more would be required if all the units were furnished as carotene and somewhat less if all were furnished by vitamin A itself, because a unit in the form of carotene may be, under certain conditions at least, only about half as effective in human nutrition as a unit of vitamin A itself. Thus, the rating here given for sweet potatoes, while accurate for comparison with other plant sources of vitamin A, overrates the vegetable in comparison with a source of vitamin A itself. The same considerations apply to later discussions of the vitamin A value of the foods included in this paper.
Lease, E. J., and Mitchell, J. H.: Biochemical and Nutritional Studies of Dehydrated Sweet Potato , Bulletin 329, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, (June) 1940;.
Fincke, M. L.:  The Utilization of the Calcium of Cauliflower and Broccoli , J. Nutrition 22:477 ( (Nov.) ) 1941;.
Speirs, M.:  The Utilization of Calcium in Various Greens , J. Nutrition 17:557 ( (June) ) 1939;.
Gould, S.; Tressler, D. K., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C Content of Vegetables: V. Cabbage , Food Research 1:427 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1936;.
Morgan, A. F.:  A Nutritive Index of Fruits , Fruit Products J. 21:75 ( (Nov.) ) 1941;.
Burkhart, L., and Lineberry, R. A.:  Determination of Vitamin C and Its Sampling Variation in Strawberries , Food Research 7:332 ( (July) -Aug.) 1942;.

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Chatfield, C., and Adams, G.: Food Composition, in Food and Life: Yearbook of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1939, p. 272.
Hamner, K. C., and Maynard, L. A.: Factors Influencing the Nutritive Value of the Tomato , Miscellaneous Publication 502, United States Department of Agriculture, 1942;.
Scott, G. C., and Belkengren, R. O.:  Importance of Breeding Peas and Corn for Nutritional Quality , Food Research 9:371 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1944;.
Beeson, K. C.: The Mineral Composition of Crops with Particular Reference to the Soils in Which They Are Grown . Miscellaneous Bulletin 369, United States Department of Agriculture, (March) 1941;.
 The Cereals in Nutrition , editorial, J. A. M. A. 95:1101 ( (Oct. 11) ) 1930;.
Chatfield, C., and Adams: Proximate Composition of American Food Materials , Circular 549, United States Department of Agriculture, (June) 1940;.
 The Nutritional Significance of Bran, report of the Council on Foods . J. A. M. A. 107:874 ( (Sept. 12) ) 1936;.
McCance, R. A., and Widdowson, E. M.:  Mineral Metabolism of Healthy Adults on White and Brown Bread Dietaries , J. Physiol. 101:44 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Pringle, W. J. S., and Moran, T.:  Phytic Acid and Its Destruction in Baking , J. Soc. Chem. Indust. 61:108, 1942;.
Widdowson, E., and McCance, R. A.:  Iron Exchanges of Adults on White and Brown Bread Diets , Lancet 1:588 ( (May 16) ) 1942;.
Tables of Food Composition , Miscellaneous Publication 572, United States Department of Agriculture, 1945;.
Teply, L. J.; Strong, F. M., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Nicotinic Acid, Pantothenic Acid and Pyridoxine in Wheat and Wheat Products , J. Nutrition 24:167, 1942;.
Newman, L. H.:  The Retention of B Vitamins in Flour and Bread , J. Am. Soc. Agronomy 34:109 ( (Feb.) ) 1942;.
Harris, R. S.; Clark, M., and Lockhart, E. E.:  Nutritional Value of Bread Containing Soy Flour and Milk Solids , Arch. Biochem. 4:243 ( (May) ) 1944;.
Volz, F.; Forbes, R. M.; Nelson, W. L., and Loosli; J. K.:  The Effect of Soy Flour on the Nutritive Value of the Protein of White Bread , J. Nutrition 29:269 ( (April) ) 1945;.
Sure, B.:  Nutritional Improvement of Cereal Flours and Cereal Grains , J. Am. Dietet. A. 22:494 ( (June) ) 1946;.
Rubner, M.:  Die Verdaulichkeit von Weizenbrot , Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. , 1916;, p. 61.
Murlin, J. R.; Marshall, M. E., and Kochakian, C. D.:  Digestibility and Biological Value of Whole Wheat Breads as Compared with White Bread , J. Nutrition 22:573 ( (Dec.) ) 1941;.
Sealock, R. R.; Basinski, D. H., and Murlin, J. R.:  Apparent Digestibility of Carbohydrates, Fats, and "Indigestible Residue" in Whole Wheat and White Breads , J. Nutrition 22:589 ( (Dec.) ) 1941;.
 Enriched Corn Meal and Grits, Food and Drug Administration , Federal Register , (May 7) , 1947;, p. 3112
Elvehjem, C. A.:  Corn and Pellagra , in Conference on Corn Enrichment, Clemson, S. C., Clemson Agricultural College, July 1947 .
Aughey, E., and Daniel, E. P.:  Effect of Cooking on the Thiamine Content of Foods , J. Nutrition 19:285 ( (March) ) 1940;.
Kik, M. C., and Williams, R. R.: The Nutritional Improvement of White Rice , Bulletin 112, National Research Council, (June) 1945;.
Esselen, W. B.; Lyons, M. E., and Fellers, C. A.: The Composition and Nutritive Value of Potatoes, with Special Emphasis on Vitamin C , Bulletin 390, Massachusetts Agricultural Experimental Station, (March) 1942;.
In setting up this allowance, it was recognized that somewhat more would be required if all the units were furnished as carotene and somewhat less if all were furnished by vitamin A itself, because a unit in the form of carotene may be, under certain conditions at least, only about half as effective in human nutrition as a unit of vitamin A itself. Thus, the rating here given for sweet potatoes, while accurate for comparison with other plant sources of vitamin A, overrates the vegetable in comparison with a source of vitamin A itself. The same considerations apply to later discussions of the vitamin A value of the foods included in this paper.
Lease, E. J., and Mitchell, J. H.: Biochemical and Nutritional Studies of Dehydrated Sweet Potato , Bulletin 329, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, (June) 1940;.
Fincke, M. L.:  The Utilization of the Calcium of Cauliflower and Broccoli , J. Nutrition 22:477 ( (Nov.) ) 1941;.
Speirs, M.:  The Utilization of Calcium in Various Greens , J. Nutrition 17:557 ( (June) ) 1939;.
Gould, S.; Tressler, D. K., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C Content of Vegetables: V. Cabbage , Food Research 1:427 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1936;.
Morgan, A. F.:  A Nutritive Index of Fruits , Fruit Products J. 21:75 ( (Nov.) ) 1941;.
Burkhart, L., and Lineberry, R. A.:  Determination of Vitamin C and Its Sampling Variation in Strawberries , Food Research 7:332 ( (July) -Aug.) 1942;.
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