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ARTICLE |

THE KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN VIRUS INFECTIONS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN FREE

K. F. MEYER, M.D., Ph.D.; B. EDDIE, Dr.P.H.
[+] Author Affiliations

Read before the Section on Pediatrics at the Ninety-Fifth Annual Session of the American Medical Association, San Francisco, July 5, 1946.


San Francisco

From the George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California.


JAMA. 1947;133(12):822-828. doi:10.1001/jama.1947.02880120010005
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Present day information on the viral agents is in a state of flux; changes in fact and in point of view occur in kaleidoscopic fashion, and there is considerable hesitancy to make final conclusions. Although numerous papers have been published, they are scattered throughout scientific journals and are not always readily accessible to the clinician. A brief summary of the knowledge of virus diseases having their origin in the animal kingdom therefore seems warranted. From the increasing number of diseases which belong to this group, rabies, psittacosis and arthropod-borne encephalitides were selected for presentation in this paper because of the peculiar action of the respective inciting agents on children.

RABIES  That rabies is a major public health problem is evidenced by the continuing demand for information and advice concerning its diagnosis and postinfectional treatment with vaccine as well as the planning of effective rabies-control programs. The knowledge that rabies is

REFERENCES

Babés, V., and Vesilu, T.:  L'infection ultérieure des plaies par le virus rabique , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 70:604-606, 1911;.
Pawan, J. L.:  Infectivity of the Saliva in Paralytic Rabies , Ann. Trop. Med. 31:267-270 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Shaughnessy, H. J., and Zichis, J.:  Prevention of Experimental Rabies: Treatment of Wounds Contaminated by Rabies Virus with Fuming Nitric Acid, Soap Solution, Sulfanilamide or Tincture of Iodine , J. A. M. A. 123:528-533 ( (Oct. 30) ) 1943;.
Piringer, W.:  Myelitis post vaccinationem contra lyssam nach der Methode von Semple , Zentralbl. f. Bakt. (Abt. 1) 148:321-331 ( (March 26) ) 1942;.
Meyer, K. F.:  The Ecology of Psittacosis and Ornithosis , Medicine 21: 175-206 ( (May) ) 1942;.
Burnet, F. M.:  Enzootic Psittacosis Amongst Wild Australian Parrots , J. Hyg. 35:412-420 ( (Aug.) ) 1935;.
Haagen, E., and Mauer, G.:  Ueber eine auf den Menschen übertragbare Viruskrankheit bei Sturmvögeln und ihre Beziehung zur Psittakose , Zentralbl. f. Bakt. (Abt. 1) 143:81-88 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1938;.
Bedson, S. P.:  Virus Diseases Acquired from Animals , Lancet 2:577-579 ( (Nov. 9) ) 1940;.
Meyer, K. F.; Eddie, B., and Yanamura, H. Y.:  Ornithosis (Psittacosis) in Pigeons and Its Relation to Human Pneumonitis , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 49:609-615 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Smadel, J. E.:  Atypical Pneumonia and Psittacosis , J. Clin. Investigation 22:57-65 ( (Jan.) ) 1943;.
Andrewes, C. H., and Mills, K. C.:  Psittacosis (Ornithosis) Virus in English Pigeons , Lancet 1:292-294 ( (March 6) ) 1943;.
Cole, J. D. W. A.:  Psittacosis in Domestic Pigeons , Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sc. 15:141-148 ( (July) -Oct.) 1940;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  Spontaneous Psittacosis Infections of the Canary and Butterfly Finch , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 481-482 ( (Jan.) ) 1933;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  Spontaneous Ornithosis (Psittacosis) in Chickens the Cause of a Human Infection , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 49:522-525 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.: Unpublished data.
Nigg, C., and Eaton, M. D.:  Isolation from Normal Mice of Pneumotropic Virus Which Forms Elementary Bodies , J. Exper. Med. 79: 497-510 ( (May) ) 1944;.
Karr, H. V.:  Study of Latent Pneumotropic, Virus of Mice , J. Infect. Dis. 72:108-116 ( (March) -April) 1943;.
Hilleman, M. R.:  Immunological Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group of Viral Agents , J. Infect. Dis. 76:96-114 ( (March) -April) 1945;.
Francis, T., Jr., and Magill, T. P.:  An Unidentified Virus Producing Acute Meningitis and Pneumonitis in Experimental Animals , J. Exper. Med. 68:147-160 ( (Aug.) ) 1938;.
Baker, J. A.:  Virus Obtained from Pneumonia of Cats and Its Possible Relation to Cause of Atypical Pneumonia in Man . Science 96: 475-476 ( (Nov. 20) ) 1942;.
Eaton, M. D.; Becks, M. D., and Pearson, H. E.:  Virus from Cases of Atypical Pneumonia: Relation to Viruses of Meningopneumonitis and Psittacosis , J. Exper. Med. 73:641-654 ( (May) ) 1941;.
Olson, B. J., and Treuting, W. L.:  An Epidemic of a Severe Pneumonitis in the Bayou Region of Louisiana: I. Epidemiological Study , Pub. Health Rep. 59: 1299-1311 ( (Oct. 6) ) 1944;.
Olson, B. J., and Larson, C. L.:  An Epidemic of a Severe Pneumonitis in the Bayou Region of Louisiana: V. Etiology , Pub. Health Rep. 60: 1488-1503 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1945;.
Burnet, F. M.: Virus as Organisms , Harvard University Monograph in Medicine and Public Health, no. (8) , Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1945;.
Gerlach, F.:  Menschen als Psittakosevirusträger nach "stummer" Infektion mit Psittakosevirus , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. 118:709-723 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  The Value of the Complement Fixation Test in the Diagnosis of Psittacosis , J. Infect. Dis. 65: 225-233 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Heilman, F. R., and Herrell, W. E.:  Penicillin in Treatment of Experimental Ornithosis , Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 19:57-65 ( (Feb. 9) ) 1944;
 Penicillin in Treatment of Experimental Psittacosis , HerrellProc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 19: 204-207 ( (April 19) ) 1944;.
Parker, R. F., and Diefendorf, H. W.:  Effect of Penicillin on Certain Viruses , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 57:351-354 ( (Dec.) ) 1944;.
Bedson, S. P., and May, H. B.:  Penicillin in Experimental Psittacosis of Mice , Lancet 2:394-397 ( (Sept. 29) ) 1945;.
Turgasen, F. E.:  Human Ornithosis Treated with Penicillin , J. A. M. A. 126:1150-1151 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1944;.
Flippin, H. F.; Gaydosh, M. J., and Fittipoldi, W. V.:  Treatment of Human Psittacosis with Penicillin , J. A. M. A. 128:280-281 ( (May 26) ) 1945;.
Meyer, K. F.; Haring, C. M., and Howitt, B.:  The Etiology of Epizootic Encephalomyelitis of Horses in the San Joaquin Valley, 1930 , Science 74:227-228 ( (Aug. 28) ) 1931;.
Meyer, K. F.:  A Summary of Recent Studies on Equine Encephalomyelitis , Ann. Int. Med. 6:645-654 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Howitt, B. F.:  Recovery of the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis from the Brain of a Child , Science 88:455-456 ( (Nov. 11) ) 1938;.
Fothergill, L. D.; Dingle, J. H.; Farber, S., and Connerley, M. L.:  Human Encephalitis Caused by the Virus of the Eastern Variety of Equine Encephalomyelitis , New England J. Med. 219:411 ( (Sept. 22) ) 1938;.
Webster, L. T., and Wright, F. H.:  Recovery of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus from Brain Tissue of Human Cases of Encephalitis in Massachusetts , Science 88:305-306 ( (Sept. 30) ) 1938;.
Adamson, J. D., and Dubo, S.:  Clinical Findings in Encephalitis (Western Equine) , Canad. Pub. Health J. 33:288-300 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Donovan, C. R., and Bowman, M.:  Some Epidemiological Features of Poliomyelitis and Encephalitis, Manitoba, 1941 , Canad. Pub. Health J. 33:246-257 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Medovy, H.:  Western Equine Encephalomyelitis in Infants , Canad. Pub. Health J. 33: 307-312 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Hammon, W. M.:  Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley: Mixed St. Louis and Western Equine Types , J. A. M. A. 117:161-167 ( (July 19) ) 1941;
correction, Hammon Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley: Mixed St. Louis and Western Equine Types J. A. M. A. 117:802 ( (Aug. 30) ) 1941;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C.; Benner, S. R., and Brookman, B.:  Human Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington, 1942 , J. A. M. A. 128: 1133-1139 ( (Aug. 18) ) 1945;.
Buss, W. C., and Howitt, B. F.:  Human Equine Encephalomyelitis in Kern County, California, 1938, 1939 and 1940 , Am. J. Pub. Health 31:935-944 ( (Sept.) ) 1941;.
Howitt, B. F.:  Viruses of Equine and of St. Louis Encephalitis in Relationship to Human Infections in California, 1937-1938 , Am. J. Pub. Health 29: 1083-1097 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
Hammon, W. M.; Lundy, H. W.; Gray, F. A.; Evans, F. C.; Bang, F., and lzumi, E. M.:  A Large-Scale Serum-Neutralization Survey of Certain Vertebrates as Part of an Epidemiological Study of Encephalitis of the Western Equine and St. Louis Types , J. Immunol. 44: 75-86 ( (May) ) 1942;.
Hammon, W. M., and Reeves, W. C.:  Laboratory Transmission of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Mosquitoes of the Genera Culex and Culiseta , J. Exper. Med. 78:425-434 ( (Dec.) ) 1943;
 Culex Tarsalis Coquillett a Proved Vector of St. Louis Encephalitis , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 51:142-143 ( (Oct.) ) 1942;
 Laboratory Transmission of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus by Three Genera of Mosquitoes , J. Exper. Med. 78:241-253 ( (Oct.) ) 1943;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C., and Gray, M.:  Mosquito Vectors and Inapparent Animal Reservoirs of St. Louis and Western Equine Encephalitis Virus , Am. J. Pub. Health 33: 201-207 ( (March) ) 1943;.
Bang, F. B., and Reeves, W. C.: Mosquitoes and Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley , Washington: III.
 Feeding Habits of Culex Tarsalis Coquillett, a Mosquito Host of the Viruses of Western Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis , J. Infect. Dis. 70:273-274 ( (May) -June) 1942;.
Reeves, W. C., and Hammon, W. M.:  Feeding Habits of the Proved and Possible Mosquito Vectors of Western Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington , Am. J. Trop. Med. 24:131-134 ( (March) ) 1944;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C.; Brookman, B., and Gjullin, C. M.: Mosquitoes and Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley , Washington: V.
 Summary of Case Against Culex Tarsalis Coquillett as a Vector of the St. Louis and Western Equine Viruses , J. Infect. Dis. 70:278-283 ( (May) -June) 1942;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C., and Galindo, P.:  Epidemiologic Studies of Encephalitis in the San Joaquin Valley of California 1943, with the Isolation of Viruses from Mosquitoes , Am. J. Hyg. 42:299-306 ( (Nov.) ) 1945;.
Hammon, W. M.:  The Epidemic Encephalitides of North America , M. Clin. North America 27:632-650 ( (May) ) 1943;.

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Babés, V., and Vesilu, T.:  L'infection ultérieure des plaies par le virus rabique , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 70:604-606, 1911;.
Pawan, J. L.:  Infectivity of the Saliva in Paralytic Rabies , Ann. Trop. Med. 31:267-270 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Shaughnessy, H. J., and Zichis, J.:  Prevention of Experimental Rabies: Treatment of Wounds Contaminated by Rabies Virus with Fuming Nitric Acid, Soap Solution, Sulfanilamide or Tincture of Iodine , J. A. M. A. 123:528-533 ( (Oct. 30) ) 1943;.
Piringer, W.:  Myelitis post vaccinationem contra lyssam nach der Methode von Semple , Zentralbl. f. Bakt. (Abt. 1) 148:321-331 ( (March 26) ) 1942;.
Meyer, K. F.:  The Ecology of Psittacosis and Ornithosis , Medicine 21: 175-206 ( (May) ) 1942;.
Burnet, F. M.:  Enzootic Psittacosis Amongst Wild Australian Parrots , J. Hyg. 35:412-420 ( (Aug.) ) 1935;.
Haagen, E., and Mauer, G.:  Ueber eine auf den Menschen übertragbare Viruskrankheit bei Sturmvögeln und ihre Beziehung zur Psittakose , Zentralbl. f. Bakt. (Abt. 1) 143:81-88 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1938;.
Bedson, S. P.:  Virus Diseases Acquired from Animals , Lancet 2:577-579 ( (Nov. 9) ) 1940;.
Meyer, K. F.; Eddie, B., and Yanamura, H. Y.:  Ornithosis (Psittacosis) in Pigeons and Its Relation to Human Pneumonitis , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 49:609-615 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Smadel, J. E.:  Atypical Pneumonia and Psittacosis , J. Clin. Investigation 22:57-65 ( (Jan.) ) 1943;.
Andrewes, C. H., and Mills, K. C.:  Psittacosis (Ornithosis) Virus in English Pigeons , Lancet 1:292-294 ( (March 6) ) 1943;.
Cole, J. D. W. A.:  Psittacosis in Domestic Pigeons , Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sc. 15:141-148 ( (July) -Oct.) 1940;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  Spontaneous Psittacosis Infections of the Canary and Butterfly Finch , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 481-482 ( (Jan.) ) 1933;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  Spontaneous Ornithosis (Psittacosis) in Chickens the Cause of a Human Infection , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 49:522-525 ( (April) ) 1942;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.: Unpublished data.
Nigg, C., and Eaton, M. D.:  Isolation from Normal Mice of Pneumotropic Virus Which Forms Elementary Bodies , J. Exper. Med. 79: 497-510 ( (May) ) 1944;.
Karr, H. V.:  Study of Latent Pneumotropic, Virus of Mice , J. Infect. Dis. 72:108-116 ( (March) -April) 1943;.
Hilleman, M. R.:  Immunological Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group of Viral Agents , J. Infect. Dis. 76:96-114 ( (March) -April) 1945;.
Francis, T., Jr., and Magill, T. P.:  An Unidentified Virus Producing Acute Meningitis and Pneumonitis in Experimental Animals , J. Exper. Med. 68:147-160 ( (Aug.) ) 1938;.
Baker, J. A.:  Virus Obtained from Pneumonia of Cats and Its Possible Relation to Cause of Atypical Pneumonia in Man . Science 96: 475-476 ( (Nov. 20) ) 1942;.
Eaton, M. D.; Becks, M. D., and Pearson, H. E.:  Virus from Cases of Atypical Pneumonia: Relation to Viruses of Meningopneumonitis and Psittacosis , J. Exper. Med. 73:641-654 ( (May) ) 1941;.
Olson, B. J., and Treuting, W. L.:  An Epidemic of a Severe Pneumonitis in the Bayou Region of Louisiana: I. Epidemiological Study , Pub. Health Rep. 59: 1299-1311 ( (Oct. 6) ) 1944;.
Olson, B. J., and Larson, C. L.:  An Epidemic of a Severe Pneumonitis in the Bayou Region of Louisiana: V. Etiology , Pub. Health Rep. 60: 1488-1503 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1945;.
Burnet, F. M.: Virus as Organisms , Harvard University Monograph in Medicine and Public Health, no. (8) , Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1945;.
Gerlach, F.:  Menschen als Psittakosevirusträger nach "stummer" Infektion mit Psittakosevirus , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. 118:709-723 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  The Value of the Complement Fixation Test in the Diagnosis of Psittacosis , J. Infect. Dis. 65: 225-233 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Heilman, F. R., and Herrell, W. E.:  Penicillin in Treatment of Experimental Ornithosis , Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 19:57-65 ( (Feb. 9) ) 1944;
 Penicillin in Treatment of Experimental Psittacosis , HerrellProc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 19: 204-207 ( (April 19) ) 1944;.
Parker, R. F., and Diefendorf, H. W.:  Effect of Penicillin on Certain Viruses , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 57:351-354 ( (Dec.) ) 1944;.
Bedson, S. P., and May, H. B.:  Penicillin in Experimental Psittacosis of Mice , Lancet 2:394-397 ( (Sept. 29) ) 1945;.
Turgasen, F. E.:  Human Ornithosis Treated with Penicillin , J. A. M. A. 126:1150-1151 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1944;.
Flippin, H. F.; Gaydosh, M. J., and Fittipoldi, W. V.:  Treatment of Human Psittacosis with Penicillin , J. A. M. A. 128:280-281 ( (May 26) ) 1945;.
Meyer, K. F.; Haring, C. M., and Howitt, B.:  The Etiology of Epizootic Encephalomyelitis of Horses in the San Joaquin Valley, 1930 , Science 74:227-228 ( (Aug. 28) ) 1931;.
Meyer, K. F.:  A Summary of Recent Studies on Equine Encephalomyelitis , Ann. Int. Med. 6:645-654 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Howitt, B. F.:  Recovery of the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis from the Brain of a Child , Science 88:455-456 ( (Nov. 11) ) 1938;.
Fothergill, L. D.; Dingle, J. H.; Farber, S., and Connerley, M. L.:  Human Encephalitis Caused by the Virus of the Eastern Variety of Equine Encephalomyelitis , New England J. Med. 219:411 ( (Sept. 22) ) 1938;.
Webster, L. T., and Wright, F. H.:  Recovery of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus from Brain Tissue of Human Cases of Encephalitis in Massachusetts , Science 88:305-306 ( (Sept. 30) ) 1938;.
Adamson, J. D., and Dubo, S.:  Clinical Findings in Encephalitis (Western Equine) , Canad. Pub. Health J. 33:288-300 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Donovan, C. R., and Bowman, M.:  Some Epidemiological Features of Poliomyelitis and Encephalitis, Manitoba, 1941 , Canad. Pub. Health J. 33:246-257 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Medovy, H.:  Western Equine Encephalomyelitis in Infants , Canad. Pub. Health J. 33: 307-312 ( (June) ) 1942;.
Hammon, W. M.:  Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley: Mixed St. Louis and Western Equine Types , J. A. M. A. 117:161-167 ( (July 19) ) 1941;
correction, Hammon Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley: Mixed St. Louis and Western Equine Types J. A. M. A. 117:802 ( (Aug. 30) ) 1941;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C.; Benner, S. R., and Brookman, B.:  Human Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington, 1942 , J. A. M. A. 128: 1133-1139 ( (Aug. 18) ) 1945;.
Buss, W. C., and Howitt, B. F.:  Human Equine Encephalomyelitis in Kern County, California, 1938, 1939 and 1940 , Am. J. Pub. Health 31:935-944 ( (Sept.) ) 1941;.
Howitt, B. F.:  Viruses of Equine and of St. Louis Encephalitis in Relationship to Human Infections in California, 1937-1938 , Am. J. Pub. Health 29: 1083-1097 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
Hammon, W. M.; Lundy, H. W.; Gray, F. A.; Evans, F. C.; Bang, F., and lzumi, E. M.:  A Large-Scale Serum-Neutralization Survey of Certain Vertebrates as Part of an Epidemiological Study of Encephalitis of the Western Equine and St. Louis Types , J. Immunol. 44: 75-86 ( (May) ) 1942;.
Hammon, W. M., and Reeves, W. C.:  Laboratory Transmission of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Mosquitoes of the Genera Culex and Culiseta , J. Exper. Med. 78:425-434 ( (Dec.) ) 1943;
 Culex Tarsalis Coquillett a Proved Vector of St. Louis Encephalitis , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 51:142-143 ( (Oct.) ) 1942;
 Laboratory Transmission of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus by Three Genera of Mosquitoes , J. Exper. Med. 78:241-253 ( (Oct.) ) 1943;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C., and Gray, M.:  Mosquito Vectors and Inapparent Animal Reservoirs of St. Louis and Western Equine Encephalitis Virus , Am. J. Pub. Health 33: 201-207 ( (March) ) 1943;.
Bang, F. B., and Reeves, W. C.: Mosquitoes and Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley , Washington: III.
 Feeding Habits of Culex Tarsalis Coquillett, a Mosquito Host of the Viruses of Western Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis , J. Infect. Dis. 70:273-274 ( (May) -June) 1942;.
Reeves, W. C., and Hammon, W. M.:  Feeding Habits of the Proved and Possible Mosquito Vectors of Western Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley, Washington , Am. J. Trop. Med. 24:131-134 ( (March) ) 1944;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C.; Brookman, B., and Gjullin, C. M.: Mosquitoes and Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley , Washington: V.
 Summary of Case Against Culex Tarsalis Coquillett as a Vector of the St. Louis and Western Equine Viruses , J. Infect. Dis. 70:278-283 ( (May) -June) 1942;.
Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C., and Galindo, P.:  Epidemiologic Studies of Encephalitis in the San Joaquin Valley of California 1943, with the Isolation of Viruses from Mosquitoes , Am. J. Hyg. 42:299-306 ( (Nov.) ) 1945;.
Hammon, W. M.:  The Epidemic Encephalitides of North America , M. Clin. North America 27:632-650 ( (May) ) 1943;.
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