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OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS FREE

DAVID O. HARRINGTON, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Read before the Section on Ophthalmology and the Section on Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Ninety-Fifth Annual Session of the American Medical Association, San Francisco, July 5, 1946.


San Francisco

From the Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of California Medical School, San Francisco.


JAMA. 1947;133(10):669-675. doi:10.1001/jama.1947.02880100013004
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"Nearly half a millenium B. C., Socrates came back from army service to report to his Greek countrymen that in one respect the barbarian Thracians were in advance of Greek civilization: 'They knew that the body could not be cured without the mind. This,' he continued, 'is the reason why the cure of many diseases is unknown to the physicians of Hellas, because they are ignorant of the whole.' "

This quotation, the opening sentence in H. Flanders Dunbar's1 book "Emotions and Bodily Change" is, in effect, a brief of a new approach in modern medicine.

Thus the psychosomaticist frankly admits that his theories are centuries old and effectively forestalls the frequent criticism that the concept of psyche and soma as a unity has nothing new to offer the medical world.

The age of medical specialization was inevitable because, in the modern world, Socrates' "ignorance of the whole" was inevitable.

REFERENCES

Dunbar, H. F.: Emotions and Bodily Change , ed. 3, New York, Columbia University Press, 1946;.
Footnote deleted on proof.
Mittleman, B., and Wolff, H. G.:  Affective States and Skin Temperature , Psychosom. Med. 1:271, 1939;.
Gifford, S. R., and Marquardt, G.:  Central Angiospastic Retinopathy , Arch. Ophth. 21:211 ( (Feb.) ) 1939;.
Harrington, D. O.:  The Autonomic Nervous System in Ocular Disease , Am. J. Ophth. 29: 1405 ( (Nov.) ) 1946;.
Zeligs, M.: Central Angiospastic Retinopathy: A Psychosomatic Study of Its Occurrence in Military Personnel, to be published.
Wolff, H. G.:  Headache Mechanisms: A Summary , A. Research Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. (1942;) 23:173, 1943.
Wolff, H. G.:  Personality Features and Reactions of Subjects with Migraine , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 37:895 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Dunn, W. H.:  Emotional Factors in Neurocirculatory Asthenia , Psychosom. Med. 4:333, 1942;.
Horniker, E.:  Ueber eine Form von zentraler Retinitis auf angioneurotischer Grundlage , Arch. f. Ophth. 123:286, 1929;.
Cordes, F. C.:  A Type of Foveo-Macular Retinitis Observed in the U. S. Navy . Am. J. Ophth. 27: 803, 1944;.
Alkan, L.: Anatomische Organkrankheiten aus seelischer Ursache , Stuttgart, Hippokrates-Verlag, 1930;.
Raynaud, A. G. M.: De l'asphyxie locale et de la gangrène symétrique des extrémités , Paris, Rignoux, 1862;.
Dunphy, E.:  Ocular Manifestations of Raynaud's Disease , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 30: 420, 1932;.
Baillert, P.:  Un cas de maladie de Raynaud avec lésions vasculaires de la rétine , Bull. Soc. d'opht. de Paris , (April) 1936;, p. 296.
Anderson, R. G., and Gray, E. B.:  Spasm of the Central Retinal Artery in Raynaud's Disease , Arch. Ophth. 17: 662 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Inman, W. S.:  Emotion and Acute Glaucoma , Lancet 2:1188, 1929;.
Seidel, E.:  Ueber die psychische Beeinflussung des intraokularen Flüssigkeitswechsels , Ber. ü. d. Versamml. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. 49: 336, 1932;.
Sussmann, R.: Psyche und Auge, Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 81: 103, 1928;.
Janet, P. M. F.: The Major Symptoms of Hysteria , ed. 2, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1920;.
Freud, S.: Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses , ed. 2, translated by A. A. Brill, New York, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Pub. Co., 1912;.

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Dunbar, H. F.: Emotions and Bodily Change , ed. 3, New York, Columbia University Press, 1946;.
Footnote deleted on proof.
Mittleman, B., and Wolff, H. G.:  Affective States and Skin Temperature , Psychosom. Med. 1:271, 1939;.
Gifford, S. R., and Marquardt, G.:  Central Angiospastic Retinopathy , Arch. Ophth. 21:211 ( (Feb.) ) 1939;.
Harrington, D. O.:  The Autonomic Nervous System in Ocular Disease , Am. J. Ophth. 29: 1405 ( (Nov.) ) 1946;.
Zeligs, M.: Central Angiospastic Retinopathy: A Psychosomatic Study of Its Occurrence in Military Personnel, to be published.
Wolff, H. G.:  Headache Mechanisms: A Summary , A. Research Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. (1942;) 23:173, 1943.
Wolff, H. G.:  Personality Features and Reactions of Subjects with Migraine , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 37:895 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Dunn, W. H.:  Emotional Factors in Neurocirculatory Asthenia , Psychosom. Med. 4:333, 1942;.
Horniker, E.:  Ueber eine Form von zentraler Retinitis auf angioneurotischer Grundlage , Arch. f. Ophth. 123:286, 1929;.
Cordes, F. C.:  A Type of Foveo-Macular Retinitis Observed in the U. S. Navy . Am. J. Ophth. 27: 803, 1944;.
Alkan, L.: Anatomische Organkrankheiten aus seelischer Ursache , Stuttgart, Hippokrates-Verlag, 1930;.
Raynaud, A. G. M.: De l'asphyxie locale et de la gangrène symétrique des extrémités , Paris, Rignoux, 1862;.
Dunphy, E.:  Ocular Manifestations of Raynaud's Disease , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 30: 420, 1932;.
Baillert, P.:  Un cas de maladie de Raynaud avec lésions vasculaires de la rétine , Bull. Soc. d'opht. de Paris , (April) 1936;, p. 296.
Anderson, R. G., and Gray, E. B.:  Spasm of the Central Retinal Artery in Raynaud's Disease , Arch. Ophth. 17: 662 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Inman, W. S.:  Emotion and Acute Glaucoma , Lancet 2:1188, 1929;.
Seidel, E.:  Ueber die psychische Beeinflussung des intraokularen Flüssigkeitswechsels , Ber. ü. d. Versamml. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. 49: 336, 1932;.
Sussmann, R.: Psyche und Auge, Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 81: 103, 1928;.
Janet, P. M. F.: The Major Symptoms of Hysteria , ed. 2, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1920;.
Freud, S.: Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses , ed. 2, translated by A. A. Brill, New York, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Pub. Co., 1912;.
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