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ARTICLE |

THE PRESERVATION OF THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FOODS IN PROCESSING FREE

EDWARD F. KOHMAN, Ph.D.
JAMA. 1942;120(11):831-838. doi:10.1001/jama.1942.82830460006006a
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The prodigious increase in the consumption of succulent vegetables and fruits makes an interesting statistical study. A century ago most of the people of the United States regarded tomatoes as poisonous, and when children ate them inadvertently medication to counteract their "toxin" was not unusual. In 1918 Hess1 recommended tomato juice as an antiscorbutic for 3 month old infants, and in later publications he stated that infants can tolerate twice as much tomato juice as orange juice. Today tomato juice is the leader in volume of an array of ever available fruit juices. Many a middle aged person who takes for breakfast a glass of orange juice comprising two or three normal size fruits can well remember when one such fruit in his Christmas stocking was his annual quota. Samuel Pepys once drank a whole glass of orange juice and was surprised that he did not become ill.

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REFERENCES

Hess, A. F., and Unger, L. J.:  Canned Tomatoes as an Anticorbutic , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 16:1-2 ( (Oct. 16) ) 1918;.
Kohman, E. F.:  Comparative Food Sources of Thiamine , J. A. M. A. 117:881 ( (Sept. 6) ) 1941;.
Eheart, Mary S.: Factors Which Affect the Vitamin C Content of Apples , Virginia Agric. Exper. Sta., technical bulletin 69, (March) 1941;, pp. 1-16
Kohman, E. F., and Sanborn, N. H.:  The Nature of Corrosion in Canned Fruits , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 16:290 ( (March) ) 1924;.
Kohman, E. F.; Eddy, W. H., and Carlson, Victoria:  Vitamin C in Canned Foods: II. The Vitamin C Destructive Factor in Apples , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 16:1261 ( (Dec.) ) 1924;.
Eddy, W. H.; Kohman, E. F., and Carlson, Victoria:  Vitamins in Canned Foods: III. Peas , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 18:85-89 ( (Jan.) ) 1926;.
Kohman, E. F., and Sanborn, N. H.:  Vegetal Reduction of Dehydroascorbic Acid , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 29:1195 ( (Oct.) ) 1937;.
Floyd, W. W., and Fraps, G. S.:  Changes in Vitamin C Content During Boiling of Turnip Greens in Various Waters in Covered and Uncovered Containers , Food Research 5:33-41 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1940;.
Rolf, Lydia A.:  The Effect of Cooking and Storage on Ascorbic Acid Content of Potatoes , J. Agric. Research 61:381 ( (Sept.) ) 1940;.
Clagett, C. O., and Tottingham, W. E.:  The Reducing Substance and Phenolic Compound Content of Potato Tubers in Relation to Discoloration After Cooking , J. Agric. Research 62:349 ( (March) ) 1941;.
Schuenert, A.; Reschke, J., and Kohlemann, E.:  Ueber den Vitamin C-Gehalt der Kartoffelen , Biochem. Ztschr. 305:1 ( (June) ) 1940;.
Mayfield, Helen L., and Richardson, Jessie E.: The Effect of Winter Storage on the Vitamin C Content of Cabbage and Onions , Montana State Bull. 379, (February) 1940;, pp. 1-12.
Wellington, Mary Elizabeth, and Tressler, D. K.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: IX. Influence of Method of Cooking on Vitamin C Content of Cabbage , Food Research 3:311 ( (May) -June) 1938;.
Fenton, Faith; Tressler, D. K.; Camp. S. C., and King, C. G.:  Losses of Vitamin C During Boiling and Steaming Carrots , Food Research 3:403 ( (July) -Aug.) 1938;.
Mayfield, Helen L., and Richardson, Jessie E.:  Ascorbic Acid Content of Parsnips , Food Research 5:361 ( (July) -Aug.) 1940;.
Harris, R. S.; Wissmann, H. B., and Greenlie, David:  The Effect of Reduced Evaporation on the Vitamin Content of Fresh Vegetables in Refrigerated Storage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 25:538 ( (May) ) 1940;.
Fitzgerald, G. A., and Fellers, C. R.:  Carotene and Ascorbic Acid Content of Fresh Market and Commercially Frozen Fruits and Vegetables , Food Research 3:109 ( (Jan.) -April) 1938;.
Tressler, D. K.; Mack, G. L., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C Content of Vegetables: I. Spinach , Food Research 1:3 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1936;.
Mack, G. L.; Tressler, D. K., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C Content of Vegetables: II. Peas , Food Research 1:231 ( (May) -June) 1936;.
Tressler, D. K.; Mack, J. L.; Jenkins, R. R., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: VII. Lima Beans , Food Research 2:175 ( (March) -April) 1937;.
Dunker, C. F.; Fellers, C. R., and Fitzgerald, G. A.:  Stability of Vitamin C in Sweet Corn to Shipping, Freezing and Canning , Food Research 2:41 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1937;.
Mack, G. L.; Tapley, W. T., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: X. Snap Beans , Food Research 4:309 ( (July) -Aug.) 1939;.
Wheeler, Katherine; Tressler, D. K., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: XII. Broccoli, Cauliflower, Endive, Cantaloupe, Parsnips, New Zealand Spinach, Kohlrabi, Lettuce and Kale , Food Research 4:593 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Richardson, Jessie E., and Mayfield, Helen L.: The Vitamin C Content of Winter Fruits and Vegetables , Montana State Bull. 390, 1941;, pp. 1-16.
Gould, Stella, and Tressler, D. K.:  The Vitamin Content of Vegetables , Food Research 1:429 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1938;.
Leverton, Ruth:  Ascorbic Acid Content of Bananas at Three Stages During Ripening , Food Research 2:59 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1937;.
House, Margaret C.; Nelson, P. Mabel, and Haber, E. S.:  The Vitamin A, B and C Content of Artificially versus Naturally Ripened Tomatoes , J. Biol. Chem. 81:495 ( (March) ) 1929;.
Tressler, D. K., and Moyer, J. C.:  Changes in Vitamin C Content of Bartlett Pears in Cold and Gas Storage , Food Research 6:273 ( (July) -Aug.) 1941;.
Benoy, Marjorie, P.:  The Respiration Factor in the Deterioration of Fresh Vegetables at Room Temperature , J. Agric. Research 39:75 ( (July) ) 1929;.
Olliver, Mamie:  The Effect of Cooking on the Nutritive Value of Vegetables , Chem. & Indust. 60:586 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Fenton, Faith:  Vitamin C Retention as a Criterion of Quality and Nutritive Value in Vegetables , J. Am. Dietet. A. , (June) -July, 1940;, pp. 524-535.
Aughey, Elizabeth, and Daniel, Esther P.:  Effect of Cooking upon the Thiamine Contents of Foods , J. Nutrition 19:285 ( (March) ) 1940;.
Kelly, Eunice, and Porter, Thelma:  Effect of Cooking upon the Vitamin B1 Content of Two Types of Beans Grown in Michigan , Food Research 6:85 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1941;.
Lantz, E. M.: Effect of Cooking on Riboflavin and Vitamin Bo Content of Pinto Beans , New Mexico State Bull. 268, (December) 1939;, pp. 1-16.
Oldham, Helen; Schlutz, F. W., and Morse, Minerva:  Utilization of Organic and Inorganic Iron by the Normal Infant , Am. J. Dis. Child. 54:252 ( (Aug.) ) 1937;.
Mickelsen, O.; Waisman, K. A., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Recent Studies on the Vitamin Content of Meats and Meat Products , J. Am. Dietet. A. 15:529 ( (Aug.) -Sept.) 1937;.
Hodson, A. Z.:  Effect of Cooking on Riboflavin Content of Chicken Meat , Food Research 6:175 ( (March) -April) 1941;.
Magoon, C. A., and Culpepper, C. W.: Scalding, Precooking and Chilling as Preliminary Canning Operations , U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 1265, (November) 1924;, p. 48.
Horner, G.: Progress Report on the Mineral Content of Canned Vegetables , University of Bristol Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station, Campden, Ann., (Sept.) 1936;-1937, pp. 51-56.
Todhunter, Elizabeth-Neige, and Sparling, B. L.:  Vitamin Values of Garden Type Peas Preserved by the Frozen Pack Method , Food Research 3:489 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1938;.
Finke, Margaret L.:  Vitamin Value of Garden Type Peas Preserved by Frozen Pack Method: III. Thiamine , Food Research 4:605 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Rose, Mary Swartz:  The Effect of Quick Freezing on the Nutritive Value of Foods , J. A. M. A. 114:1356 ( (April 6) ) 1940;.
Fellers, C. R., and Stepat, W.:  Effect of Shipping, Freezing and Canning on the Ascorbic Acid Content of Peas , Proc. Am. Soc. Horticultural Science 33:627, 1935;.
Jenkins, R. R.; Tressler, D. K.; Moyer, J., and McIntosh, Jennie:  Vitamin C Experiments , Refrig. Engin. 39:381 ( (June) ) 1940;.
McIntosh, Jennie A., and Tressler, D. K.:  The Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Vitamin C Content of Quick Frozen Vegetables , J. Home Econ. 32:692 ( (Dec.) ) 1940;.
Blair, J. S.: Color Stabilization of Green Vegetables, U. S. Patent 2,186,003, Jan. 9, 1940.
Fixsen, Margaret A. Boas:  The Vitamin Content of Human Foods as Affected by Processes of Cooking and Canning , Nutrition Abstr. & Rev. 8:281-307 ( (Oct.) ) 1938;.
Steenbock, H. A., and Boutwell, P. W.:  Fat-Soluble Vitamin , J. Biol. Chem. 41:163 ( (Feb.) ) 1920;.
Arnold, A., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Processing and Thiamine , Food Research 4:547 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Schlutz, F. W., and Knott, Elizabeth M.:  Factors Affecting the Vitamin B1 Content of Evaporated Milk , Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 40:532 ( (April) ) 1939;.
McHenry, E. W., and Graham, Murray:  Observations on the Estimation of Ascorbic Acid by Titration , Biochem. J. 29:2013 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Kohman, E. F.; Eddy, W. H., and Guerin, Celia Zall:  Canning of Tomato Juice Without Vitamin C Loss , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 25:682 ( (June) ) 1933;.
Kohman, E. F.; Eddy, W. H.; White, Mary Elizabeth, and Sanborn, N. H.:  Comparative Experiments with Raw, Home Cooked and Canned Food Diets , J. Nutrition 14:9 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Cheftel, H.:  Nutritional Value of Canned Foods , Food 7:47 ( (Nov.) ) 1937;.
Godden, W.:  Nutritive Value of Canned Foods in Great Britain , Food 7:48 ( (Nov.) ) 1937;.
Godden, W., and Thomson, W.:  The Nutritive Value of Canned Foods , J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 58:81 ( (March) ) 1939;.
Daniels, Esther P., and Rutherford, M. B.:  Effect of Home Canning and Storage on Ascorbic Acid Content of Tomatoes , Food Research 1:341 ( (July) -Aug.) 1936;.
Fellers, C. R., and Buck, R. E.:  Retention of Vitamins C and A in Glass Packed Foods , Food Research 6:135 ( (March) -April) 1941;.
Morgan, Agnes Fay, Field, Anna, and Nichols, P. F.:  The Effect of Cooking on the Vitamin A and C Content of Fresh and Dried Apricots , J. Agric. Research 46:841 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Fraps, G. S., and Kemmerer, A. R.: Losses of Vitamin A and Carotene from Feeds During Storage , Texas Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 557, 1937;, pp. 1-27.
Taylor, M. W., and Russel, W. C.:  The Stability of Carotene in Plant Tissues , J. Nutrition 16:1 ( (July) ) 1938;.
Crist, J. W., and Dye, Marie:  The Association of Vitamin A with Greenness in Plant Tissue , J. Biol. Chem. 81:525 ( (March) ) 1929;.
Hoagland, R., and Snider, G. G.:  Nutritive Properties of Steam-Rendered Lard and Hydrogenated Cotton Seed Oil , J. Nutrition 22:65 ( (July) ) 1941;.
Sherman, W. C.:  The Effect of Certain Fats and Unsaturated Fatty Acids upon the Utilization of Carotene , J. Nutrition 22:153 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Hoffman, Charles; Schweitzer, T. R., and Dalby, Gaston:  The Loss of Thiamine in Bread in Baking and Toasting , Cereal Chemistry 17:737 ( (Nov.) ) 1940;.

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Hess, A. F., and Unger, L. J.:  Canned Tomatoes as an Anticorbutic , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 16:1-2 ( (Oct. 16) ) 1918;.
Kohman, E. F.:  Comparative Food Sources of Thiamine , J. A. M. A. 117:881 ( (Sept. 6) ) 1941;.
Eheart, Mary S.: Factors Which Affect the Vitamin C Content of Apples , Virginia Agric. Exper. Sta., technical bulletin 69, (March) 1941;, pp. 1-16
Kohman, E. F., and Sanborn, N. H.:  The Nature of Corrosion in Canned Fruits , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 16:290 ( (March) ) 1924;.
Kohman, E. F.; Eddy, W. H., and Carlson, Victoria:  Vitamin C in Canned Foods: II. The Vitamin C Destructive Factor in Apples , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 16:1261 ( (Dec.) ) 1924;.
Eddy, W. H.; Kohman, E. F., and Carlson, Victoria:  Vitamins in Canned Foods: III. Peas , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 18:85-89 ( (Jan.) ) 1926;.
Kohman, E. F., and Sanborn, N. H.:  Vegetal Reduction of Dehydroascorbic Acid , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 29:1195 ( (Oct.) ) 1937;.
Floyd, W. W., and Fraps, G. S.:  Changes in Vitamin C Content During Boiling of Turnip Greens in Various Waters in Covered and Uncovered Containers , Food Research 5:33-41 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1940;.
Rolf, Lydia A.:  The Effect of Cooking and Storage on Ascorbic Acid Content of Potatoes , J. Agric. Research 61:381 ( (Sept.) ) 1940;.
Clagett, C. O., and Tottingham, W. E.:  The Reducing Substance and Phenolic Compound Content of Potato Tubers in Relation to Discoloration After Cooking , J. Agric. Research 62:349 ( (March) ) 1941;.
Schuenert, A.; Reschke, J., and Kohlemann, E.:  Ueber den Vitamin C-Gehalt der Kartoffelen , Biochem. Ztschr. 305:1 ( (June) ) 1940;.
Mayfield, Helen L., and Richardson, Jessie E.: The Effect of Winter Storage on the Vitamin C Content of Cabbage and Onions , Montana State Bull. 379, (February) 1940;, pp. 1-12.
Wellington, Mary Elizabeth, and Tressler, D. K.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: IX. Influence of Method of Cooking on Vitamin C Content of Cabbage , Food Research 3:311 ( (May) -June) 1938;.
Fenton, Faith; Tressler, D. K.; Camp. S. C., and King, C. G.:  Losses of Vitamin C During Boiling and Steaming Carrots , Food Research 3:403 ( (July) -Aug.) 1938;.
Mayfield, Helen L., and Richardson, Jessie E.:  Ascorbic Acid Content of Parsnips , Food Research 5:361 ( (July) -Aug.) 1940;.
Harris, R. S.; Wissmann, H. B., and Greenlie, David:  The Effect of Reduced Evaporation on the Vitamin Content of Fresh Vegetables in Refrigerated Storage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 25:538 ( (May) ) 1940;.
Fitzgerald, G. A., and Fellers, C. R.:  Carotene and Ascorbic Acid Content of Fresh Market and Commercially Frozen Fruits and Vegetables , Food Research 3:109 ( (Jan.) -April) 1938;.
Tressler, D. K.; Mack, G. L., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C Content of Vegetables: I. Spinach , Food Research 1:3 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1936;.
Mack, G. L.; Tressler, D. K., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C Content of Vegetables: II. Peas , Food Research 1:231 ( (May) -June) 1936;.
Tressler, D. K.; Mack, J. L.; Jenkins, R. R., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: VII. Lima Beans , Food Research 2:175 ( (March) -April) 1937;.
Dunker, C. F.; Fellers, C. R., and Fitzgerald, G. A.:  Stability of Vitamin C in Sweet Corn to Shipping, Freezing and Canning , Food Research 2:41 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1937;.
Mack, G. L.; Tapley, W. T., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: X. Snap Beans , Food Research 4:309 ( (July) -Aug.) 1939;.
Wheeler, Katherine; Tressler, D. K., and King, C. G.:  Vitamin C in Vegetables: XII. Broccoli, Cauliflower, Endive, Cantaloupe, Parsnips, New Zealand Spinach, Kohlrabi, Lettuce and Kale , Food Research 4:593 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Richardson, Jessie E., and Mayfield, Helen L.: The Vitamin C Content of Winter Fruits and Vegetables , Montana State Bull. 390, 1941;, pp. 1-16.
Gould, Stella, and Tressler, D. K.:  The Vitamin Content of Vegetables , Food Research 1:429 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1938;.
Leverton, Ruth:  Ascorbic Acid Content of Bananas at Three Stages During Ripening , Food Research 2:59 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1937;.
House, Margaret C.; Nelson, P. Mabel, and Haber, E. S.:  The Vitamin A, B and C Content of Artificially versus Naturally Ripened Tomatoes , J. Biol. Chem. 81:495 ( (March) ) 1929;.
Tressler, D. K., and Moyer, J. C.:  Changes in Vitamin C Content of Bartlett Pears in Cold and Gas Storage , Food Research 6:273 ( (July) -Aug.) 1941;.
Benoy, Marjorie, P.:  The Respiration Factor in the Deterioration of Fresh Vegetables at Room Temperature , J. Agric. Research 39:75 ( (July) ) 1929;.
Olliver, Mamie:  The Effect of Cooking on the Nutritive Value of Vegetables , Chem. & Indust. 60:586 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Fenton, Faith:  Vitamin C Retention as a Criterion of Quality and Nutritive Value in Vegetables , J. Am. Dietet. A. , (June) -July, 1940;, pp. 524-535.
Aughey, Elizabeth, and Daniel, Esther P.:  Effect of Cooking upon the Thiamine Contents of Foods , J. Nutrition 19:285 ( (March) ) 1940;.
Kelly, Eunice, and Porter, Thelma:  Effect of Cooking upon the Vitamin B1 Content of Two Types of Beans Grown in Michigan , Food Research 6:85 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1941;.
Lantz, E. M.: Effect of Cooking on Riboflavin and Vitamin Bo Content of Pinto Beans , New Mexico State Bull. 268, (December) 1939;, pp. 1-16.
Oldham, Helen; Schlutz, F. W., and Morse, Minerva:  Utilization of Organic and Inorganic Iron by the Normal Infant , Am. J. Dis. Child. 54:252 ( (Aug.) ) 1937;.
Mickelsen, O.; Waisman, K. A., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Recent Studies on the Vitamin Content of Meats and Meat Products , J. Am. Dietet. A. 15:529 ( (Aug.) -Sept.) 1937;.
Hodson, A. Z.:  Effect of Cooking on Riboflavin Content of Chicken Meat , Food Research 6:175 ( (March) -April) 1941;.
Magoon, C. A., and Culpepper, C. W.: Scalding, Precooking and Chilling as Preliminary Canning Operations , U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 1265, (November) 1924;, p. 48.
Horner, G.: Progress Report on the Mineral Content of Canned Vegetables , University of Bristol Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station, Campden, Ann., (Sept.) 1936;-1937, pp. 51-56.
Todhunter, Elizabeth-Neige, and Sparling, B. L.:  Vitamin Values of Garden Type Peas Preserved by the Frozen Pack Method , Food Research 3:489 ( (Sept.) -Oct.) 1938;.
Finke, Margaret L.:  Vitamin Value of Garden Type Peas Preserved by Frozen Pack Method: III. Thiamine , Food Research 4:605 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Rose, Mary Swartz:  The Effect of Quick Freezing on the Nutritive Value of Foods , J. A. M. A. 114:1356 ( (April 6) ) 1940;.
Fellers, C. R., and Stepat, W.:  Effect of Shipping, Freezing and Canning on the Ascorbic Acid Content of Peas , Proc. Am. Soc. Horticultural Science 33:627, 1935;.
Jenkins, R. R.; Tressler, D. K.; Moyer, J., and McIntosh, Jennie:  Vitamin C Experiments , Refrig. Engin. 39:381 ( (June) ) 1940;.
McIntosh, Jennie A., and Tressler, D. K.:  The Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Vitamin C Content of Quick Frozen Vegetables , J. Home Econ. 32:692 ( (Dec.) ) 1940;.
Blair, J. S.: Color Stabilization of Green Vegetables, U. S. Patent 2,186,003, Jan. 9, 1940.
Fixsen, Margaret A. Boas:  The Vitamin Content of Human Foods as Affected by Processes of Cooking and Canning , Nutrition Abstr. & Rev. 8:281-307 ( (Oct.) ) 1938;.
Steenbock, H. A., and Boutwell, P. W.:  Fat-Soluble Vitamin , J. Biol. Chem. 41:163 ( (Feb.) ) 1920;.
Arnold, A., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Processing and Thiamine , Food Research 4:547 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Schlutz, F. W., and Knott, Elizabeth M.:  Factors Affecting the Vitamin B1 Content of Evaporated Milk , Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 40:532 ( (April) ) 1939;.
McHenry, E. W., and Graham, Murray:  Observations on the Estimation of Ascorbic Acid by Titration , Biochem. J. 29:2013 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Kohman, E. F.; Eddy, W. H., and Guerin, Celia Zall:  Canning of Tomato Juice Without Vitamin C Loss , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 25:682 ( (June) ) 1933;.
Kohman, E. F.; Eddy, W. H.; White, Mary Elizabeth, and Sanborn, N. H.:  Comparative Experiments with Raw, Home Cooked and Canned Food Diets , J. Nutrition 14:9 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Cheftel, H.:  Nutritional Value of Canned Foods , Food 7:47 ( (Nov.) ) 1937;.
Godden, W.:  Nutritive Value of Canned Foods in Great Britain , Food 7:48 ( (Nov.) ) 1937;.
Godden, W., and Thomson, W.:  The Nutritive Value of Canned Foods , J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 58:81 ( (March) ) 1939;.
Daniels, Esther P., and Rutherford, M. B.:  Effect of Home Canning and Storage on Ascorbic Acid Content of Tomatoes , Food Research 1:341 ( (July) -Aug.) 1936;.
Fellers, C. R., and Buck, R. E.:  Retention of Vitamins C and A in Glass Packed Foods , Food Research 6:135 ( (March) -April) 1941;.
Morgan, Agnes Fay, Field, Anna, and Nichols, P. F.:  The Effect of Cooking on the Vitamin A and C Content of Fresh and Dried Apricots , J. Agric. Research 46:841 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Fraps, G. S., and Kemmerer, A. R.: Losses of Vitamin A and Carotene from Feeds During Storage , Texas Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 557, 1937;, pp. 1-27.
Taylor, M. W., and Russel, W. C.:  The Stability of Carotene in Plant Tissues , J. Nutrition 16:1 ( (July) ) 1938;.
Crist, J. W., and Dye, Marie:  The Association of Vitamin A with Greenness in Plant Tissue , J. Biol. Chem. 81:525 ( (March) ) 1929;.
Hoagland, R., and Snider, G. G.:  Nutritive Properties of Steam-Rendered Lard and Hydrogenated Cotton Seed Oil , J. Nutrition 22:65 ( (July) ) 1941;.
Sherman, W. C.:  The Effect of Certain Fats and Unsaturated Fatty Acids upon the Utilization of Carotene , J. Nutrition 22:153 ( (Aug.) ) 1941;.
Hoffman, Charles; Schweitzer, T. R., and Dalby, Gaston:  The Loss of Thiamine in Bread in Baking and Toasting , Cereal Chemistry 17:737 ( (Nov.) ) 1940;.
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