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EXPERIMENTAL WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS: Title and subTitle BreakSUCCESSFUL TREATMENT WITH HYPERIMMUNE RABBIT SERUM

JOSEPH ZICHIS, Ph.D.; HOWARD J. SHAUGHNESSY, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

CHICAGO

From the Division of Laboratories, Illinois Department of Public Health.


JAMA. 1940;115(13):1071-1078. doi:10.1001/jama.1940.02810390011003
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There is a general impression that treatment of a disease in which the etiologic agent is a virus is of no value after the infection has become established. Rivers1 probably presented the opinion of other authorities as well as his own when he wrote the following in 1936: "Such a phenomenon throws light on the clinical observations that the administration of convalescent or immune serum to an individual in whom the signs and symptoms of a virus disease are already manifest is without value." It is of interest that Rivers2 has indicated (in the Lane lectures given by him in 1939) that he has modified his point of view to the extent of admitting that measles can be treated after the onset of the typical early signs and symptoms of the disease. However, the majority of clinicians and investigators hold to the view expressed by this authority in

REFERENCES

Rivers, T. M.:  Recent Advances in the Study of Viruses and Viral Diseases , J. A. M. A. 107:206-210 ( (July 18) ) 1936;.
Rivers, T. M.: Lane Medical Lectures: Viruses and Virus Diseases , Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Series M. Sc. 4:1-33, 1939;.
Rivers, T. M.; Haagen, E., and Muckenfuss, R. S.:  Observations Concerning Persistence of Living Cells in Maitland's Medium for Cultivation of Vaccine Virus , J. Exper. Med. 50:665-672 ( (Nov.) ) 1929;.
Andrewes, C. H.:  Virus III in Tissue Cultures: Further Observations on Formation of Inclusion Bodies; Experiments Bearing on Immunity . Brit. J. Exper. Path. 10:273-280 ( (Aug.) ) 1929;
 Antivaccinal Serum: Evidence of Slow Union with Virus in Vitro , J. Path. & Bact. 33:265-272 ( (April) ) 1930;.
Downie, A. W., and McGaughey, C. A.:  Experiments with Virus of Ectromelia: Action of Immune Serum in Vivo and on Growth of Virus in Culture , J. Path. & Bact. 40:297-310 ( (March) ) 1935;.
Sabin, A. B.:  Mechanism of Immunity to Filtrable Viruses; Fate of Virus in System Consisting of Susceptible Tissue, Immune Serum and Virus, and Role of Tissue in Mechanism of Immunity , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 16:84-101 ( (Feb.) ) 1935;.
Laidlaw, P. P.; Smith, Wilson; Andrewes, C. H., and Dunkin, G. W.:  Influenza: The Preparation of Immune Serum in Horses , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 16:275-291 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Levinson, S. O.:  Human Convalescent Measles Serum: Its Use in Prophylaxis and Therapy , Proc. Chicago Inst. Med. , vol. 11, No. (6) , June 15, 1936;.
Levinson, S. O., and Conner, J. A.:  The Treatment of Active Measles with Human Convalescent Serum , J. Pediat. 14:268 ( (Feb.) ) 1939;.
Kohn, J. L.; Klein, I. F., and Schwarz, Herman:  Treatment of Preemptive Measles with Convalescent Serum , J. A. M. A. 111:2361-2364 ( (Dec. 24) ) 1938;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  The Value of the Complement Fixation Test in the Diagnosis of Psittacosis , J. Infect. Dis. 65:225 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Meyer, K. F.:  A Summary of Recent Studies on Equine Encephalomyelitis , Ann. Int. Med. 6:645 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Fothergill, L. D.; Dingle, J. H.; Farber, Sidney, and Connerlev. M. L.:  Human Encephalomyelitis Caused by the Virus of the Eastern Variety of Equine Encephalomyelitis , New England J. Med. 219:411 ( (Sept. 22) ) 1938;.
Feemster, R. F.:  Outbreak of Encephalitis in Man Due to the Eastern Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis , Am. J. Pub. Health 28:1403 ( (Dec.) ) 1938;.
Wyckoff, R. W. G., and Tesar, W. C.:  Equine Encephalomyelitis in Monkeys , J. Immunol. 37:329 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
Supplied by Dr. W. G. Malcolm of the Lederle Laboratories.
Supplied by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry.
Hoyt, Anson; Holden, Margaret, and Rawson, Ruth A.:  Decreased Tolerance of Mice to Intraperitoneal Glucose Injections in Certain Neutronic Virus Infections , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 42:332 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
The Pathology Department, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, aided in preparing the slides and photomicrographs and in the interpretation of the histopathologic appearances.

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Rivers, T. M.:  Recent Advances in the Study of Viruses and Viral Diseases , J. A. M. A. 107:206-210 ( (July 18) ) 1936;.
Rivers, T. M.: Lane Medical Lectures: Viruses and Virus Diseases , Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Series M. Sc. 4:1-33, 1939;.
Rivers, T. M.; Haagen, E., and Muckenfuss, R. S.:  Observations Concerning Persistence of Living Cells in Maitland's Medium for Cultivation of Vaccine Virus , J. Exper. Med. 50:665-672 ( (Nov.) ) 1929;.
Andrewes, C. H.:  Virus III in Tissue Cultures: Further Observations on Formation of Inclusion Bodies; Experiments Bearing on Immunity . Brit. J. Exper. Path. 10:273-280 ( (Aug.) ) 1929;
 Antivaccinal Serum: Evidence of Slow Union with Virus in Vitro , J. Path. & Bact. 33:265-272 ( (April) ) 1930;.
Downie, A. W., and McGaughey, C. A.:  Experiments with Virus of Ectromelia: Action of Immune Serum in Vivo and on Growth of Virus in Culture , J. Path. & Bact. 40:297-310 ( (March) ) 1935;.
Sabin, A. B.:  Mechanism of Immunity to Filtrable Viruses; Fate of Virus in System Consisting of Susceptible Tissue, Immune Serum and Virus, and Role of Tissue in Mechanism of Immunity , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 16:84-101 ( (Feb.) ) 1935;.
Laidlaw, P. P.; Smith, Wilson; Andrewes, C. H., and Dunkin, G. W.:  Influenza: The Preparation of Immune Serum in Horses , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 16:275-291 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Levinson, S. O.:  Human Convalescent Measles Serum: Its Use in Prophylaxis and Therapy , Proc. Chicago Inst. Med. , vol. 11, No. (6) , June 15, 1936;.
Levinson, S. O., and Conner, J. A.:  The Treatment of Active Measles with Human Convalescent Serum , J. Pediat. 14:268 ( (Feb.) ) 1939;.
Kohn, J. L.; Klein, I. F., and Schwarz, Herman:  Treatment of Preemptive Measles with Convalescent Serum , J. A. M. A. 111:2361-2364 ( (Dec. 24) ) 1938;.
Meyer, K. F., and Eddie, B.:  The Value of the Complement Fixation Test in the Diagnosis of Psittacosis , J. Infect. Dis. 65:225 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1939;.
Meyer, K. F.:  A Summary of Recent Studies on Equine Encephalomyelitis , Ann. Int. Med. 6:645 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Fothergill, L. D.; Dingle, J. H.; Farber, Sidney, and Connerlev. M. L.:  Human Encephalomyelitis Caused by the Virus of the Eastern Variety of Equine Encephalomyelitis , New England J. Med. 219:411 ( (Sept. 22) ) 1938;.
Feemster, R. F.:  Outbreak of Encephalitis in Man Due to the Eastern Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis , Am. J. Pub. Health 28:1403 ( (Dec.) ) 1938;.
Wyckoff, R. W. G., and Tesar, W. C.:  Equine Encephalomyelitis in Monkeys , J. Immunol. 37:329 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
Supplied by Dr. W. G. Malcolm of the Lederle Laboratories.
Supplied by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry.
Hoyt, Anson; Holden, Margaret, and Rawson, Ruth A.:  Decreased Tolerance of Mice to Intraperitoneal Glucose Injections in Certain Neutronic Virus Infections , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 42:332 ( (Oct.) ) 1939;.
The Pathology Department, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, aided in preparing the slides and photomicrographs and in the interpretation of the histopathologic appearances.
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