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VITAMIN B1: Title and subTitle BreakMETHODS OF ASSAY AND FOOD SOURCES

HAZEL E. MUNSELL, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

WASHINGTON, D. C.


JAMA. 1938;111(10):927-934. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.72790360013008
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The importance of vitamin B1 in physiology and pathology has emphasized markedly the need of devising accurate methods for the quantitative determination of this substance in foods. Until recently the chemical identity of vitamin B1 was unknown, rendering it impossible to develop chemical methods of analysis, and accordingly recourse was had to biologic methods of assay using rats and pigeons as test animals. Much information regarding the vitamin B1 content of foods has been gained in this way, especially by the method in which the growth of rats was used as the measure of potency. This paper presents the technical aspects of various methods of bio-assay for vitamin B1 from the point of view of quantitative interpretation of the results obtained and discusses briefly the chemical methods that are being developed. It concludes with an evaluation of foods as sources of the vitamin.

BIOLOGIC METHODS WITH 

REFERENCES

Emmett, A. D., and Peacock, G. E.:  Adequacy of Pigeons and Rats for Vitamin B Studies , J. Biol. Chem. 63:xxiii ( (Feb.) ) 1925;.
Seidell, Atherton:  A Physiological Test for the Activity of Vitamin Preparations , Pub. Health Rep. 37:1519 ( (June 23) ) 1922;.
Plimmer, R. H. A.; Raymond, W. H., and Lowndes, John:  Comparative Vitamin B1 Values of Foodstuffs: Fruits and Vegetables , Biochem. J. 25:1788, 1931;.
Block, R. J.; Cowgill, G. R., and Klotz, B. H.:  The Antineuritic Vitamin: I. The Method of Assay, Concentration of the Vitamin with Silver Under Various Conditions, and Its Solubility in Certain Organic Solvents , J. Biol. Chem. 94:765 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Smith, M. I.:  A New Method of Evaluating the Potency of Antineuritic Concentrates , Pub. Health Rep. 45:116 ( (Jan. 17) ) 1930;.
Arnold, Aaron, and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Studies on the Vitamin B1 Requirements of Growing Chicks , J. Nutrition 15:403 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Carter, C. W., and O'Brien, J. R.:  Maintenance Nutrition in the Pigeon: The Effect of Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 31:2264 ( (Dec.) ) 1937;.
Waterman, R. E., and Ammerman, Marion:  Studies of Crystalline Vitamin B: VI. The Effect of Graduated Doses on Pigeons , J. Nutrition 10:161 ( (Aug.) ) 1935;.
Kinnersley, H. W.; O'Brien, J. R., and Peters, R. A.:  Crystalline Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 29:701 ( (March) ) 1935;.
Coward, K. H.; Burn, J. H.; Ling, H. W., and Morgan, B. G. E.:  The Determination of the Antineuritic Vitamin , Biochem. J. 27:1719 (No. (5) ) 1933;.
Kinnersley, H. W.; Peters, R. A., and Reader, Vera:  Antineuritic Yeast Concentrates: III. The Curative Pigeon Test: A Critique , Biochem. J. 22:276 (No. (1) ) 1928;.
Kinnersley, H. W.; Peters, R. A., and Reader, Vera:  A Quantitative Comparison of the Curative Activity of Torulin (Vitamin B1) upon the Adult Pigeon and the Adult White Rat , Biochem. J. 24:1820 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
Passmore, Reginald; Peters, R. A., and Sinclair, H. M.:  On Catatorulin: A New Method of Comparing the Oxidative Factor in Vitamin B1 Concentrates , Biochem. J. 27:842, 1933;.
Peters, R. A.; Rydin, Hakan, and Thompson, R. H. S.:  Brain Respiration, a Chain of Reactions, as Revealed by Experiments upon the Catatorulin Effect , Biochem. J. 29:53 (No. (1) ) 1935;.
Sherman, H. C., and Spohn, Adelaide:  A Critical Investigation and an Application of the Rat Growth Method for the Study of Vitamin B , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45:2719 ( (Nov.) ) 1923;.
Chase, E. F., and Sherman, H. C.:  A Quantitative Study of the Determination of the Antineuritic Vitamin B , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 53:3506 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
British Pharmacopeia, Biological Assay of Antineuritic Vitamin (Vitamin B1), 1932, p. 91.
Coward, K. H.: The Biological Standardization of the Vitamins , London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1938;.
Sherman, H. C., and MacArthur, E. H.:  A Quantitative Study of the Determination of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 74:107 ( (July) ) 1927;.
Light, R. F., and Cracas, L. J.:  Vitamin B1 Requirements of Different Strains of White Rats , Science 87:90 ( (Jan. 28) ) 1938;.
Sherman, H. C., and Smith, S. L.: The Vitamins , New York, Chemical Catalog Company, 1931;, p. 103.
Coward, K. H.:  The Influence of the Length of the Test Period on the Accuracy Obtainable in a Vitamin B1 Test , Biochem. J. 30:2012 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Schlutz, F. W., and Knott, E. M.:  The Use of a Ten-Day Period for the Assay of Vitamin B by Rat Growth Technic , J. Nutrition 12:583 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Waterman, R. E., and Ammerman, Marion:  Studies of Crystalline Vitamin B: V. The Effect of Graduated Doses on Growing Rats , J. Nutrition 10:35 ( (July 10) ) 1935;.
Unpublished data of Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Steenbock, Harry; Sell, M. T., and Nelson, E. M.:  Vitamin B: I. A Modified Technic in the Use of the Rat for Determination of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 55:399 ( (March) ) 1923;.
Dutcher, R. A., and Francis, Emma:  Vitamin Studies: X. Feeding Technic in Vitamin Studies , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 21:189 ( (Jan.) ) 1924;.
Fridericia, L. S.; Freudenthal, P.; Gudjonnsson, S.; Johansen, G., and Schoubye, N.:  Refection, A Transmissible Change in the Intestinal Content, Enabling Rats to Grow and Thrive Without Vitamin B in the Food , J. Hyg. 27:70 ( (Nov.) ) 1927;.
Guerrant, N. B.; Dutcher, R. A., and Tomey, L. F.:  The Effect of the Type of Carbohydrate on the Synthesis of the B Vitamins in the Digestive Tract of the Rat , J. Biol. Chem. 110:233 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Griffith, W. H.:  Studies on Growth: III. B and G Avitaminosis in Cecectomized Rats , J. Nutrition 10:667 ( (Dec.) ) 1935;.
Kon, S. K.:  Potato Starch and Refection , J. Hyg. 31:543 ( (Oct.) ) 1931;.
Bliss, Sidney, with the technical assistance of Green, Fred:  Refection in the Rat: With an Appendix on Methods of Preparing Basic Materials for Deficient Diets , J. Nutrition 11:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1936;.
Roscoe, M. H.:  Spontaneous Cures in Rats Reared upon a Diet Devoid of Vitamin B and Antineuritic Vitamin , J. Hyg. 27:103 ( (Nov.) ) 1927;.
Hofmeister, Franz:  Studien über qualitative Unterernährung: II. Mitteilung der experimentelle Nachweis des Antineuritins , Biochem. Ztschr. 129:477, 1922;.
Sandels, M. R.:  Experimental Nutritional Polyneuritis in the Rat , J. Nutrition 2:409 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Sebrell, W. H., and Elvove, E.:  Observations on the Assay of the Antineuritic Vitamin: Some of the Factors Involved in the Use of the Rat Method , Pub. Health Rep. 46:917 ( (April 17) ) 1931;.
Smith, M. I.:  A New Method of Evaluating the Potency of Antineuritic Concentrates . Pub. Health Rep. 45:116 ( (Jan. 17) ) 1930;.
Heyroth, F. F.:  The Evaluation of Vitamin B1 Concentrates by the Rat Cure Method , Bull. Basic Science Research 4:1, 1932;.
Ammerman, Marion, and Waterman, R. E.:  Studies of Crystalline Vitamin B: IV. Injection Method of Assay , J. Nutrition 10:25 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Dann, Flemintine P.:  Vitamin B Assay Using Rat Curative Method with Modified Diets and Oral Administration of Addenda , J. Nutrition 12:461 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
McHenry, E. W.:  An Effect of Choline on the Vitamin B1 Sparing Action of Fats , Biochem. J. 31:1616 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Salmon, W. D., and Goodman, J. G.:  Alleviation of Vitamin B Deficiency in the Rat by Certain Natural Fats and Synthetic Esters , J. Nutrition 13:477 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Kline, O. L.; Tolle, C. D., and Nelson, E. M.:  Vitamin B1 Assay by a Rat-Curative Procedure , J. A. Off. Agric. Chem. 21:305 ( (May) ) 1938;.
Heyroth, F. F.:  The Use of Various Rat Assay Methods in Comparing Crystalline Vitamin B1 Preparations , Biochem. J. 30:645 ( (April) ) 1936;.
Drury, A. N.; Harris, L. J., and Maudsley, Cecil:  Vitamin B Deficiency in the Rat: Bradycardia as a Distinctive Feature , Biochem. J. 24:1632 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
An autolyzed yeast preparation (Marmite) was used.
Birch, T. W., and Harris, L. J.:  Bradycardia in the Vitamin B1 Deficient Rat and Its Use in Vitamin B1 Determinations , Biochem. J. 28:602 (No. (2) ) 1934;.
Baker, A. Z., and Wright, M. D.:  The Vitamin B1 Content of Foods , Biochem. J. 29:1802 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Harris, L. J., and Leong, P. C.:  Vitamins in Human Nutrition: The Excretion of Vitamin B1 in Human Urine and Its Dependence on the Dietary Intake , Lancet 1:886 ( (April 18) ) 1936;.
Leong, P. C., and Harris, L. J.:  Antineuritic Potency of Synthetic and Natural Crystalline Vitamin B1 as Determined by the "Bradycardia" Method with a Statistical Study of the Degree of Accuracy of the "Bradycardia" Method , Biochem. J. 31:672 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Robertson, E. C., and Doyle, M. E.:  Difficulties in the Use of Bradycardia Method of Assaying Vitamin B1 , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 37:139 ( (Oct.) ) 1937;.
Harris, R. S.: Personal communication to the author, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition , ed. 3, New York, Macmillan Company, 1926;, p. 406.
Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition , ed. 5, New York, Macmillan Company, 1937;, p. 395.
Roscoe, M. H.:  The Distribution of the Vitamin B Complex: I. Leafy Vegetables , Biochem. J. 24:17542 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
Keresztesy, J. C., and Sampson, W. L.:  Utilization of Vitamin B1 from Fullers' Earth Adsorbates , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 36:686 ( (June) ) 1937;.
Munsell, Hazel E.:  Vitamin A: Methods of Assay and Food Sources , J. A. M. A. 111:245 ( (July 16) ) 1938;.
Peters, R. A.:  Vitamin B1 and Blue Fluorescent Compounds , Nature 135:107 ( (Jan. 19) ) 1935;.
Barger, G.; Bergel, F., and Todd, A. R.:  A Crystalline Fluorescent Dehydrogenation Product from Vitamin B1 , Nature 136:259 ( (Aug. 17) ) 1935;.
Kuhn, Richard; Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor; Van Klaveren, F. W., and Vetter, Hellmuth:  Ueber einen gelben, schroefelhaltigen Farbstoff aus Hefe , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 234:196, 1935;.
Jansen, B. C. P.:  A Chemical Determination of Aneurin (Vitamin B1) by the Thiochrome Reaction , Rec. trav. chim. 55:1046, 1936;.
Goudsmit, J., and Westenbrink, H. G. K.:  Determination of Aneurin (Vitamin B1) in Urine by the Thiochrome Method , Nature 139:1108 ( (June 26) ) 1937;.
Westenbrink, H. G. K., and Goudsmit, J.:  The Determination of Aneurin (Vitamin B1) in Urine by the Thiochrome Reaction , Rec. trav. chim. 56:803, 1937;.
Pyke, M. A.:  The Chemical Measurement of Vitamin B1 in Foodstuffs and Biological Material by Means of the Thiochrome Reaction , Biochem. J. 31:1958 ( (Nov.) ) 1937;.
Karrer, Walter, and Kubli, Ulrich:  Zur Bestimmung von Vitamin B1 (Aneurin) , Helv. chim. acta. 20:369, 1937;.
Hennessy, D. J., and Cerecedo, L. R.:  The Use of Synthetic Zeolites in the Estimation of Vitamin B1 by the Thiochrome Reaction , read before Division of Biological Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Dallas, Texas, during 1938 .
Prebluda, H. J., and McCollum, E. V.:  A Chemical Reagent for the Detection and Estimation of Vitamin B , Science 84:488, 1936;.
Naimans, Barnet:  A Reagent for Vitamin B1 , Science 85:290 ( (March 19) ) 1937;.
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.:  The Formaldehyde-Azo Test for Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 28:667 (No. (2) ) 1934;.
Daniel, E. P., and Munsell, H. E.: Vitamin Content of Foods , Miscellaneous Publication 275, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Unpublished data, Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

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Emmett, A. D., and Peacock, G. E.:  Adequacy of Pigeons and Rats for Vitamin B Studies , J. Biol. Chem. 63:xxiii ( (Feb.) ) 1925;.
Seidell, Atherton:  A Physiological Test for the Activity of Vitamin Preparations , Pub. Health Rep. 37:1519 ( (June 23) ) 1922;.
Plimmer, R. H. A.; Raymond, W. H., and Lowndes, John:  Comparative Vitamin B1 Values of Foodstuffs: Fruits and Vegetables , Biochem. J. 25:1788, 1931;.
Block, R. J.; Cowgill, G. R., and Klotz, B. H.:  The Antineuritic Vitamin: I. The Method of Assay, Concentration of the Vitamin with Silver Under Various Conditions, and Its Solubility in Certain Organic Solvents , J. Biol. Chem. 94:765 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Smith, M. I.:  A New Method of Evaluating the Potency of Antineuritic Concentrates , Pub. Health Rep. 45:116 ( (Jan. 17) ) 1930;.
Arnold, Aaron, and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Studies on the Vitamin B1 Requirements of Growing Chicks , J. Nutrition 15:403 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Carter, C. W., and O'Brien, J. R.:  Maintenance Nutrition in the Pigeon: The Effect of Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 31:2264 ( (Dec.) ) 1937;.
Waterman, R. E., and Ammerman, Marion:  Studies of Crystalline Vitamin B: VI. The Effect of Graduated Doses on Pigeons , J. Nutrition 10:161 ( (Aug.) ) 1935;.
Kinnersley, H. W.; O'Brien, J. R., and Peters, R. A.:  Crystalline Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 29:701 ( (March) ) 1935;.
Coward, K. H.; Burn, J. H.; Ling, H. W., and Morgan, B. G. E.:  The Determination of the Antineuritic Vitamin , Biochem. J. 27:1719 (No. (5) ) 1933;.
Kinnersley, H. W.; Peters, R. A., and Reader, Vera:  Antineuritic Yeast Concentrates: III. The Curative Pigeon Test: A Critique , Biochem. J. 22:276 (No. (1) ) 1928;.
Kinnersley, H. W.; Peters, R. A., and Reader, Vera:  A Quantitative Comparison of the Curative Activity of Torulin (Vitamin B1) upon the Adult Pigeon and the Adult White Rat , Biochem. J. 24:1820 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
Passmore, Reginald; Peters, R. A., and Sinclair, H. M.:  On Catatorulin: A New Method of Comparing the Oxidative Factor in Vitamin B1 Concentrates , Biochem. J. 27:842, 1933;.
Peters, R. A.; Rydin, Hakan, and Thompson, R. H. S.:  Brain Respiration, a Chain of Reactions, as Revealed by Experiments upon the Catatorulin Effect , Biochem. J. 29:53 (No. (1) ) 1935;.
Sherman, H. C., and Spohn, Adelaide:  A Critical Investigation and an Application of the Rat Growth Method for the Study of Vitamin B , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45:2719 ( (Nov.) ) 1923;.
Chase, E. F., and Sherman, H. C.:  A Quantitative Study of the Determination of the Antineuritic Vitamin B , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 53:3506 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
British Pharmacopeia, Biological Assay of Antineuritic Vitamin (Vitamin B1), 1932, p. 91.
Coward, K. H.: The Biological Standardization of the Vitamins , London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1938;.
Sherman, H. C., and MacArthur, E. H.:  A Quantitative Study of the Determination of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 74:107 ( (July) ) 1927;.
Light, R. F., and Cracas, L. J.:  Vitamin B1 Requirements of Different Strains of White Rats , Science 87:90 ( (Jan. 28) ) 1938;.
Sherman, H. C., and Smith, S. L.: The Vitamins , New York, Chemical Catalog Company, 1931;, p. 103.
Coward, K. H.:  The Influence of the Length of the Test Period on the Accuracy Obtainable in a Vitamin B1 Test , Biochem. J. 30:2012 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Schlutz, F. W., and Knott, E. M.:  The Use of a Ten-Day Period for the Assay of Vitamin B by Rat Growth Technic , J. Nutrition 12:583 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Waterman, R. E., and Ammerman, Marion:  Studies of Crystalline Vitamin B: V. The Effect of Graduated Doses on Growing Rats , J. Nutrition 10:35 ( (July 10) ) 1935;.
Unpublished data of Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Steenbock, Harry; Sell, M. T., and Nelson, E. M.:  Vitamin B: I. A Modified Technic in the Use of the Rat for Determination of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 55:399 ( (March) ) 1923;.
Dutcher, R. A., and Francis, Emma:  Vitamin Studies: X. Feeding Technic in Vitamin Studies , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 21:189 ( (Jan.) ) 1924;.
Fridericia, L. S.; Freudenthal, P.; Gudjonnsson, S.; Johansen, G., and Schoubye, N.:  Refection, A Transmissible Change in the Intestinal Content, Enabling Rats to Grow and Thrive Without Vitamin B in the Food , J. Hyg. 27:70 ( (Nov.) ) 1927;.
Guerrant, N. B.; Dutcher, R. A., and Tomey, L. F.:  The Effect of the Type of Carbohydrate on the Synthesis of the B Vitamins in the Digestive Tract of the Rat , J. Biol. Chem. 110:233 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Griffith, W. H.:  Studies on Growth: III. B and G Avitaminosis in Cecectomized Rats , J. Nutrition 10:667 ( (Dec.) ) 1935;.
Kon, S. K.:  Potato Starch and Refection , J. Hyg. 31:543 ( (Oct.) ) 1931;.
Bliss, Sidney, with the technical assistance of Green, Fred:  Refection in the Rat: With an Appendix on Methods of Preparing Basic Materials for Deficient Diets , J. Nutrition 11:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1936;.
Roscoe, M. H.:  Spontaneous Cures in Rats Reared upon a Diet Devoid of Vitamin B and Antineuritic Vitamin , J. Hyg. 27:103 ( (Nov.) ) 1927;.
Hofmeister, Franz:  Studien über qualitative Unterernährung: II. Mitteilung der experimentelle Nachweis des Antineuritins , Biochem. Ztschr. 129:477, 1922;.
Sandels, M. R.:  Experimental Nutritional Polyneuritis in the Rat , J. Nutrition 2:409 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Sebrell, W. H., and Elvove, E.:  Observations on the Assay of the Antineuritic Vitamin: Some of the Factors Involved in the Use of the Rat Method , Pub. Health Rep. 46:917 ( (April 17) ) 1931;.
Smith, M. I.:  A New Method of Evaluating the Potency of Antineuritic Concentrates . Pub. Health Rep. 45:116 ( (Jan. 17) ) 1930;.
Heyroth, F. F.:  The Evaluation of Vitamin B1 Concentrates by the Rat Cure Method , Bull. Basic Science Research 4:1, 1932;.
Ammerman, Marion, and Waterman, R. E.:  Studies of Crystalline Vitamin B: IV. Injection Method of Assay , J. Nutrition 10:25 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Dann, Flemintine P.:  Vitamin B Assay Using Rat Curative Method with Modified Diets and Oral Administration of Addenda , J. Nutrition 12:461 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
McHenry, E. W.:  An Effect of Choline on the Vitamin B1 Sparing Action of Fats , Biochem. J. 31:1616 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Salmon, W. D., and Goodman, J. G.:  Alleviation of Vitamin B Deficiency in the Rat by Certain Natural Fats and Synthetic Esters , J. Nutrition 13:477 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Kline, O. L.; Tolle, C. D., and Nelson, E. M.:  Vitamin B1 Assay by a Rat-Curative Procedure , J. A. Off. Agric. Chem. 21:305 ( (May) ) 1938;.
Heyroth, F. F.:  The Use of Various Rat Assay Methods in Comparing Crystalline Vitamin B1 Preparations , Biochem. J. 30:645 ( (April) ) 1936;.
Drury, A. N.; Harris, L. J., and Maudsley, Cecil:  Vitamin B Deficiency in the Rat: Bradycardia as a Distinctive Feature , Biochem. J. 24:1632 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
An autolyzed yeast preparation (Marmite) was used.
Birch, T. W., and Harris, L. J.:  Bradycardia in the Vitamin B1 Deficient Rat and Its Use in Vitamin B1 Determinations , Biochem. J. 28:602 (No. (2) ) 1934;.
Baker, A. Z., and Wright, M. D.:  The Vitamin B1 Content of Foods , Biochem. J. 29:1802 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Harris, L. J., and Leong, P. C.:  Vitamins in Human Nutrition: The Excretion of Vitamin B1 in Human Urine and Its Dependence on the Dietary Intake , Lancet 1:886 ( (April 18) ) 1936;.
Leong, P. C., and Harris, L. J.:  Antineuritic Potency of Synthetic and Natural Crystalline Vitamin B1 as Determined by the "Bradycardia" Method with a Statistical Study of the Degree of Accuracy of the "Bradycardia" Method , Biochem. J. 31:672 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Robertson, E. C., and Doyle, M. E.:  Difficulties in the Use of Bradycardia Method of Assaying Vitamin B1 , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 37:139 ( (Oct.) ) 1937;.
Harris, R. S.: Personal communication to the author, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition , ed. 3, New York, Macmillan Company, 1926;, p. 406.
Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition , ed. 5, New York, Macmillan Company, 1937;, p. 395.
Roscoe, M. H.:  The Distribution of the Vitamin B Complex: I. Leafy Vegetables , Biochem. J. 24:17542 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
Keresztesy, J. C., and Sampson, W. L.:  Utilization of Vitamin B1 from Fullers' Earth Adsorbates , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 36:686 ( (June) ) 1937;.
Munsell, Hazel E.:  Vitamin A: Methods of Assay and Food Sources , J. A. M. A. 111:245 ( (July 16) ) 1938;.
Peters, R. A.:  Vitamin B1 and Blue Fluorescent Compounds , Nature 135:107 ( (Jan. 19) ) 1935;.
Barger, G.; Bergel, F., and Todd, A. R.:  A Crystalline Fluorescent Dehydrogenation Product from Vitamin B1 , Nature 136:259 ( (Aug. 17) ) 1935;.
Kuhn, Richard; Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor; Van Klaveren, F. W., and Vetter, Hellmuth:  Ueber einen gelben, schroefelhaltigen Farbstoff aus Hefe , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 234:196, 1935;.
Jansen, B. C. P.:  A Chemical Determination of Aneurin (Vitamin B1) by the Thiochrome Reaction , Rec. trav. chim. 55:1046, 1936;.
Goudsmit, J., and Westenbrink, H. G. K.:  Determination of Aneurin (Vitamin B1) in Urine by the Thiochrome Method , Nature 139:1108 ( (June 26) ) 1937;.
Westenbrink, H. G. K., and Goudsmit, J.:  The Determination of Aneurin (Vitamin B1) in Urine by the Thiochrome Reaction , Rec. trav. chim. 56:803, 1937;.
Pyke, M. A.:  The Chemical Measurement of Vitamin B1 in Foodstuffs and Biological Material by Means of the Thiochrome Reaction , Biochem. J. 31:1958 ( (Nov.) ) 1937;.
Karrer, Walter, and Kubli, Ulrich:  Zur Bestimmung von Vitamin B1 (Aneurin) , Helv. chim. acta. 20:369, 1937;.
Hennessy, D. J., and Cerecedo, L. R.:  The Use of Synthetic Zeolites in the Estimation of Vitamin B1 by the Thiochrome Reaction , read before Division of Biological Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Dallas, Texas, during 1938 .
Prebluda, H. J., and McCollum, E. V.:  A Chemical Reagent for the Detection and Estimation of Vitamin B , Science 84:488, 1936;.
Naimans, Barnet:  A Reagent for Vitamin B1 , Science 85:290 ( (March 19) ) 1937;.
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.:  The Formaldehyde-Azo Test for Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 28:667 (No. (2) ) 1934;.
Daniel, E. P., and Munsell, H. E.: Vitamin Content of Foods , Miscellaneous Publication 275, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Unpublished data, Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
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