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PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF VITAMIN D

ALFRED T. SHOHL, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

BOSTON

From the Department of Pediatrics of the Harvard University Medical School and the Infants' and Children's Hospitals.


JAMA. 1938;111(7):614-619. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.72790330005007
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Published online

Vitamin D prevents or cures rickets. Until recently this factor was thought to be a single substance. The active compound formed by the irradiation of ergosterol was considered identical with the antirachitic agents present in natural products or formed in animals or foods by ultraviolet irradiation. It was found, however, that different sources of vitamin D might have different relative values, depending on whether the products were tested with rats or with chickens. It was found also that several different sterols, carefully purified, could be activated by various methods. The multiple nature of vitamin D thus became established, and Bills recently has described ten different substances which are capable of exerting a vitamin D effect. As more information becomes available regarding the chemical nature of the different forms of vitamin D, there may be afforded a clearer understanding of the physiologic and pharmacologic aspects of each active substance. At the

REFERENCES

Shohl, A. T., and Wolbach, S. B.:  Rickets in Rats: XV. The Effect of Low Calcium-High Phosphorus Diets at Various Levels and Ratios upon the Production of Rickets and Tetany , J. Nutrition 11:275 ( (March) ) 1936;.
Hess, Alfred: Rickets, Osteomalacia and Tetany , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1929;.
György, Paul:  Umsatz der Erdalkalien (Ca, Mg) und des Phosphate , Handb. d. norm. u. path. Physiol. 16:1555-1641, 1931;
Rachitis und Tetanie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929;.
Shipley, P. G.:  Healing of Rickety Bones in Vitro , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 35:304 ( (Sept.) ) 1924;.
Shipley, P. G.; Kramer, B., and Howland, J.:  Calcification in Vitro , Biochem. J. 20:379 (no. (2) ) 1926;.
Robison, Robert, and Soames, Katharine M.:  Possible Significance of Hexosephosphoric Esters in Ossification: Calcification in Vitro , Biochem. J. 24:1922 (no. (6) ) 1930;.
Harris, L. J.:  Mode of Action of Vitamin D: Parathyroid Theory; Clinical Hypervitaminosis , Lancet 1:1031 ( (May 14) ) 1932;.
Schmidt, C. L. A., and Greenberg, D. M.:  Occurrence, Transport and Regulation of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus in Animal Organism , Physiol. Rev. 15:297 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Hastings, A. B.:  Factors Governing the Calcium Equilibria in the Body , New England J. Med. 216:377 ( (March 4) ) 1937;.
McLean, F. C., and Hastings, A. B.:  The State of Calcium in the Fluids of the Body: I. The Conditions Affecting the Ionization of Calcium , J. Biol. Chem. 108:285 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Logan and Taylor: Cited by Hastings.8
Robison, Robert: The Significance of the Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism, Herter Lectures , New York, New York University Press, 1932;.
Kay, H. D.:  Plasma Phosphatase: Enzyme in Disease, Particularly in Bone Disease , J. Biol. Chem. 89:249 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Bodansky, Aaron, and Jaffe, H. L.:  Phosphatase Studies; Serum Phosphatase in Diseases of Bone; Interpretation and Significance , Arch. Int. Med. 54:88 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Morris, Noah; Stevenson, Mary M.; Pedan, Olive D., and Small, Jean M. D.:  The Significance of Plasma Phosphatase in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Rickets , Arch. Dis. Childhood 12:45 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Shohl, A. T.; Goldblatt, Harry, and Brown, H. B.:  The Pathological Effects upon Rats of Excess Irradiated Ergosterol , J. Clin. Investigation 8:505 ( (June) ) 1930;.
Shohl, A. T., and Brown, H. B.:  Rickets in Rats: XI. The Alteration of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism of Normal and Ricketic Rats Produced by Irradiated Ergosterol , J. Biol. Chem. 86:245 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.:  The Inorganic Elements in Nutrition , J. Biol. Chem. 34:131 ( (April) ) 1918;.
Shohl, A. T.; Brown, H. B.; Chapman, E. E.; Rose, C. S., and Saurwein, E. M.:  The Evaluation of the Phosphorus Deficiency of the Rickets-Producing Diet , J. Nutrition 6:271 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Mellanby, Edward: Experimental Rickets, Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, no. 61, London, His Majesty's Stat. Off., 1921.
Shohl, A. T., and Bennett, H. B.:  Rickets in Dogs: Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus , J. Biol. Chem. 76:633 ( (March) ) 1928;.
Goldblatt, Harry:  Die neuere Richtung der Experimentellen Rachitisforschung , Ergebn. d. allg. Path. u. path. Anat. 25:58, 1931;.
Gubner, Richard:  The Metabolic Background of Rickets , New England J. Med. 216:879 ( (May 20) ) 1937;.
McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N.; Shipley, P. G., and Park, E. A.:  Studies on Experimental Rickets: VIII. The Production of Rickets by Diets Low in Phosphorus and Fat-Soluble A , J. Biol. Chem. 47:507 ( (Aug.) ) 1921;.
Sherman, H. C., and Pappenheimer, A. M.:  Experimental Rickets in Rats: Diet Producing Rickets in White Rats, and Its Prevention by Addition of an Inorganic Salt , J. Exper. Med. 34:189 ( (Aug.) ) 1921;.
Steenbock, Harry, and Black, A.:  Fat-Soluble Vitamins: XXIII. Induction of Growth-Promoting and Calcifying Properties in Fats and Their Unsaponifiable Constituents by Exposure to Light , J. Biol. Chem. 64:263 ( (June) ) 1925;.
Goldblatt, Harry:  Experimental Rickets in Rats on a Purified Synthetic Diet Deficient in Phosphorus and Fat-Soluble Organic Factor , Biochem. J. 18:414 (no. (2) ) 1924;.
Brown, H. B.; Shohl, A. T.; Chapman, E. E.; Rose, C. S., and Saurwein, E. M.:  Rickets in Rats: XIII. The Effect of Various Levels and Ratios of Calcium to Phosphorus in the Diet upon the Production of Rickets , J. Biol. Chem. 98:207 ( (Oct.) ) 1932;.
Querido, Andries:  Vitamin D Requirements in Relation to the Ca and P Content of the Diet , Arch. neérl. de physiol. 20:487, 1935;.
Guyatt, B. L.; Kay, H. D., and Branion, H. D.:  Beryllium "Rickets," J. Nutrition 6:313 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Park, E. A.:  The Etiology of Rickets , Physiol. Rev. 3:106 ( (Jan.) ) 1923;.
Shipley, P. G.; Park, E. A.; McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N., and Kinney, E. M.:  Studies on Experimental Rickets: XX. The Effects of Strontium Administration on the Histological Structure of the Growing Bones , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33:216 ( (June) ) 1922;.
Diamond, L. K., and Brock, J. F.:  Rickets in Rats by Iron Feeding , J. Pediat. 4:442 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Shelling, D. H.:  Effect of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus on Toxicity of Lead in the Rat: Rationale of Phosphate Therapy , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:248 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Rominger, E.; Meyer, Hugo, and Bomskov, C.:  Rachitisstudien: die P-Stoffwechselstörung bei der experimentellen Thallium-Rachitis , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 78:272 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Hamilton, Bengt, and Schwartz, Charles:  Rôle of Acidosis and Alkalosis in the Etiology of Rickets , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:669 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;.
Hamilton, Bengt, and Dewar, M. M.:  Effect of Citrate and Tartrate on Experimental Rickets , Am. J. Dis. Child. 54:548 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Shohl, A. T.:  The Effect of the Acid-Base Content of the Diet upon the Production and Cure of Rickets with Special Reference to Citrates , J. Nutrition 14:69 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Park, E. A.; Guy, R. A., and Powers, G. F.:  A Proof of the Regulatory Influence of Cod Liver Oil on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism , Am. J. Dis. Child. 26:103 ( (Aug.) ) 1923;.
Freudenberg, E., and György, Paul:  Zur Pathogenese der Tetanie , Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 96:5 ( (Oct.) ) 1921;.
Morris, Noah; Ford, F. J., and Graham, Stanley:  The Rôle of Acidosis and Phosphate Retention in Pathogenesis of Rickets and Rachitic Tetany of Infants , Acta paediat. 18:50 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Hodgson, Amy:  Vitamin Deficiency and Factors in Metabolism Relative to Development of Rickets , Lancet 2:945 ( (Nov. 5) ) 1921;.
Orr, W. J.; Holt, L. E., Jr.; Wilkins, L., and Boone, F. H.:  The Relation of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Diet to the Absorption of These Elements from the Intestine , Am. J. Dis. Child. 28:574 ( (Nov.) ) 1924;.
Telfer, S. V.:  Studies in Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism: III. The Absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus and Their Fixation in the Skeleton , Quart. J. Med. 17:245 ( (April) ) 1924;.
Shohl, A. T., and Sato, A.:  Acid-Base Metabolism: II. Mineral Metabolism , J. Biol. Chem. 58:257 ( (Nov.) ) 1923;.
Albright, Fuller; Bauer, Walter; Ropes, M., and Aub, J. C.:  Studies of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism: IV. The Effect of the Parathyroid Hormone , J. Clin. Investigation 7:139 ( (April) ) 1929;.
Schabad, J. A.:  Der Phosphorstoffwechsel bei Rachitis , Arch. f. Kinderh. 54:83, 1910;.
Bauer, Walter; Marble, Alexander, and Claflin, Dorothy:  Studies on Mode of Action of Irradiated Ergosterol: Its Effect on Calcium, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Metabolism of Normal Individuals , J. Clin. Investigation 11:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Nicolaysen, Ragnar:  Studies on the Mode of Action of Vitamin D: II. The Influence of Vitamin D on the Fecal Output of Endogenous Calcium and Phosphorus in the Rat , Biochem. J. 31:107 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;
 III. The Influence of Vitamin D on the Absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Rat , NicolaysenBiochem. J. 31:122 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;.
Jones, J. H.; Rapoport, Milton, and Hodes, H. L.:  The Effect of Irradiated Ergosterol on the Absorption of Calcium from the Gastro-Intestinal Tract , Am. J. M. Sc. 179:729 ( (May) ) 1930;.
McGowan, J. P.:  Further Investigations into Fundamental Nature of Vitamin D Action , Biochem. J. 27:943 (no. (3) ) 1933;.
Rominger, E.; Meyer, H., and Bomskov, C.:  Bemerkungen zu der Arbeit "Experimentelle Rachitis": II. Der Calcium- und Phosphorstoffwechsel bei der Entwicklung und Heilung der Rachitis von Dr. H. Stolzberg und Dr. G. Meyer zu Hörste , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 55:206 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Collip, J. B.; Pugsley, L. I.; Selye, H., and Thomson, D. L.:  Observations Concerning the Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Action , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 15:335 ( (Dec.) ) 1934;.
Hamilton, Bengt, and Schwartz, Charles:  Rickets and Hyper-parathyroidism , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:775 ( (Oct.) ) 1933;.
Shelling, D. H.; Asher, D. E., and Jackson, D. A.:  Calcium and Phosphorus Studies: Effects of Variations in Dosage of Parathormone and of Calcium and Phosphorus in Diets on Concentrations of Calcium and Inorganic Phosphorus in Serum and on Histology and Chemical Composition of Bones of Rats , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 53:348 ( (Dec.) ) 1933;.
Waltner, Karl:  Ueber die Funktion der Nebenschilddrüse , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 40:317, 1928;.
Hoag, L. A.; Rivkin, Helen; Weigele, C. E., and Berliner, Frieda:  Effect of Potent Parathyroid Extract on Calcium Balance in Infants , Am. J. Dis. Child. 33:910 ( (June) ) 1927;.
Fine, J., and Brown, S.:  Influence of Parathormone on Bone Regeneration , New England J. Med. 198:932 ( (June 21) ) 1928;.
Pappenheimer, A. M.:  Antirachitic Action of Cod Liver Oil and Irradiated Ergosterol in Parathyroidectomized and Thymectomized Rats , J. Exper. Med. 52:805 ( (Dec.) ) 1930;.
Shelling, David H.: The Parathyroids in Health and in Disease , St. Louis. C. V. Mosby Company, 1935;.
Telfer, S. V.:  Studies in Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism: IV. The Influence of Free Fatty Acids in the Intestine on Absorption and Excretion of the Mineral Elements , Quart. J. Med. 20:1 ( (Oct.) ) 1926;.
Mellanby, May:  The Influence of Diet on the Structure of Teeth , Physiol. Rev. 8:545 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
Maslow, H. L.:  Tetany in Newborn , Arch. Pediat. 50:768 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
Light, R. F.; Wilson, L. T., and Frey, C. N.:  Vitamin D in the Blood and Milk of Cows Fed Irradiated Yeast , J. Nutrition 8:105 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Mitchell, A. G.:  A Consideration of the Pathogenesis of Renal Rickets , Acta paediat. 11:352, 1930;.

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Shohl, A. T., and Wolbach, S. B.:  Rickets in Rats: XV. The Effect of Low Calcium-High Phosphorus Diets at Various Levels and Ratios upon the Production of Rickets and Tetany , J. Nutrition 11:275 ( (March) ) 1936;.
Hess, Alfred: Rickets, Osteomalacia and Tetany , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1929;.
György, Paul:  Umsatz der Erdalkalien (Ca, Mg) und des Phosphate , Handb. d. norm. u. path. Physiol. 16:1555-1641, 1931;
Rachitis und Tetanie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929;.
Shipley, P. G.:  Healing of Rickety Bones in Vitro , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 35:304 ( (Sept.) ) 1924;.
Shipley, P. G.; Kramer, B., and Howland, J.:  Calcification in Vitro , Biochem. J. 20:379 (no. (2) ) 1926;.
Robison, Robert, and Soames, Katharine M.:  Possible Significance of Hexosephosphoric Esters in Ossification: Calcification in Vitro , Biochem. J. 24:1922 (no. (6) ) 1930;.
Harris, L. J.:  Mode of Action of Vitamin D: Parathyroid Theory; Clinical Hypervitaminosis , Lancet 1:1031 ( (May 14) ) 1932;.
Schmidt, C. L. A., and Greenberg, D. M.:  Occurrence, Transport and Regulation of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus in Animal Organism , Physiol. Rev. 15:297 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Hastings, A. B.:  Factors Governing the Calcium Equilibria in the Body , New England J. Med. 216:377 ( (March 4) ) 1937;.
McLean, F. C., and Hastings, A. B.:  The State of Calcium in the Fluids of the Body: I. The Conditions Affecting the Ionization of Calcium , J. Biol. Chem. 108:285 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Logan and Taylor: Cited by Hastings.8
Robison, Robert: The Significance of the Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism, Herter Lectures , New York, New York University Press, 1932;.
Kay, H. D.:  Plasma Phosphatase: Enzyme in Disease, Particularly in Bone Disease , J. Biol. Chem. 89:249 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Bodansky, Aaron, and Jaffe, H. L.:  Phosphatase Studies; Serum Phosphatase in Diseases of Bone; Interpretation and Significance , Arch. Int. Med. 54:88 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Morris, Noah; Stevenson, Mary M.; Pedan, Olive D., and Small, Jean M. D.:  The Significance of Plasma Phosphatase in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Rickets , Arch. Dis. Childhood 12:45 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Shohl, A. T.; Goldblatt, Harry, and Brown, H. B.:  The Pathological Effects upon Rats of Excess Irradiated Ergosterol , J. Clin. Investigation 8:505 ( (June) ) 1930;.
Shohl, A. T., and Brown, H. B.:  Rickets in Rats: XI. The Alteration of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism of Normal and Ricketic Rats Produced by Irradiated Ergosterol , J. Biol. Chem. 86:245 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.:  The Inorganic Elements in Nutrition , J. Biol. Chem. 34:131 ( (April) ) 1918;.
Shohl, A. T.; Brown, H. B.; Chapman, E. E.; Rose, C. S., and Saurwein, E. M.:  The Evaluation of the Phosphorus Deficiency of the Rickets-Producing Diet , J. Nutrition 6:271 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Mellanby, Edward: Experimental Rickets, Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, no. 61, London, His Majesty's Stat. Off., 1921.
Shohl, A. T., and Bennett, H. B.:  Rickets in Dogs: Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus , J. Biol. Chem. 76:633 ( (March) ) 1928;.
Goldblatt, Harry:  Die neuere Richtung der Experimentellen Rachitisforschung , Ergebn. d. allg. Path. u. path. Anat. 25:58, 1931;.
Gubner, Richard:  The Metabolic Background of Rickets , New England J. Med. 216:879 ( (May 20) ) 1937;.
McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N.; Shipley, P. G., and Park, E. A.:  Studies on Experimental Rickets: VIII. The Production of Rickets by Diets Low in Phosphorus and Fat-Soluble A , J. Biol. Chem. 47:507 ( (Aug.) ) 1921;.
Sherman, H. C., and Pappenheimer, A. M.:  Experimental Rickets in Rats: Diet Producing Rickets in White Rats, and Its Prevention by Addition of an Inorganic Salt , J. Exper. Med. 34:189 ( (Aug.) ) 1921;.
Steenbock, Harry, and Black, A.:  Fat-Soluble Vitamins: XXIII. Induction of Growth-Promoting and Calcifying Properties in Fats and Their Unsaponifiable Constituents by Exposure to Light , J. Biol. Chem. 64:263 ( (June) ) 1925;.
Goldblatt, Harry:  Experimental Rickets in Rats on a Purified Synthetic Diet Deficient in Phosphorus and Fat-Soluble Organic Factor , Biochem. J. 18:414 (no. (2) ) 1924;.
Brown, H. B.; Shohl, A. T.; Chapman, E. E.; Rose, C. S., and Saurwein, E. M.:  Rickets in Rats: XIII. The Effect of Various Levels and Ratios of Calcium to Phosphorus in the Diet upon the Production of Rickets , J. Biol. Chem. 98:207 ( (Oct.) ) 1932;.
Querido, Andries:  Vitamin D Requirements in Relation to the Ca and P Content of the Diet , Arch. neérl. de physiol. 20:487, 1935;.
Guyatt, B. L.; Kay, H. D., and Branion, H. D.:  Beryllium "Rickets," J. Nutrition 6:313 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Park, E. A.:  The Etiology of Rickets , Physiol. Rev. 3:106 ( (Jan.) ) 1923;.
Shipley, P. G.; Park, E. A.; McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N., and Kinney, E. M.:  Studies on Experimental Rickets: XX. The Effects of Strontium Administration on the Histological Structure of the Growing Bones , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33:216 ( (June) ) 1922;.
Diamond, L. K., and Brock, J. F.:  Rickets in Rats by Iron Feeding , J. Pediat. 4:442 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Shelling, D. H.:  Effect of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus on Toxicity of Lead in the Rat: Rationale of Phosphate Therapy , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:248 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Rominger, E.; Meyer, Hugo, and Bomskov, C.:  Rachitisstudien: die P-Stoffwechselstörung bei der experimentellen Thallium-Rachitis , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 78:272 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Hamilton, Bengt, and Schwartz, Charles:  Rôle of Acidosis and Alkalosis in the Etiology of Rickets , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:669 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;.
Hamilton, Bengt, and Dewar, M. M.:  Effect of Citrate and Tartrate on Experimental Rickets , Am. J. Dis. Child. 54:548 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Shohl, A. T.:  The Effect of the Acid-Base Content of the Diet upon the Production and Cure of Rickets with Special Reference to Citrates , J. Nutrition 14:69 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Park, E. A.; Guy, R. A., and Powers, G. F.:  A Proof of the Regulatory Influence of Cod Liver Oil on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism , Am. J. Dis. Child. 26:103 ( (Aug.) ) 1923;.
Freudenberg, E., and György, Paul:  Zur Pathogenese der Tetanie , Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 96:5 ( (Oct.) ) 1921;.
Morris, Noah; Ford, F. J., and Graham, Stanley:  The Rôle of Acidosis and Phosphate Retention in Pathogenesis of Rickets and Rachitic Tetany of Infants , Acta paediat. 18:50 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Hodgson, Amy:  Vitamin Deficiency and Factors in Metabolism Relative to Development of Rickets , Lancet 2:945 ( (Nov. 5) ) 1921;.
Orr, W. J.; Holt, L. E., Jr.; Wilkins, L., and Boone, F. H.:  The Relation of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Diet to the Absorption of These Elements from the Intestine , Am. J. Dis. Child. 28:574 ( (Nov.) ) 1924;.
Telfer, S. V.:  Studies in Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism: III. The Absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus and Their Fixation in the Skeleton , Quart. J. Med. 17:245 ( (April) ) 1924;.
Shohl, A. T., and Sato, A.:  Acid-Base Metabolism: II. Mineral Metabolism , J. Biol. Chem. 58:257 ( (Nov.) ) 1923;.
Albright, Fuller; Bauer, Walter; Ropes, M., and Aub, J. C.:  Studies of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism: IV. The Effect of the Parathyroid Hormone , J. Clin. Investigation 7:139 ( (April) ) 1929;.
Schabad, J. A.:  Der Phosphorstoffwechsel bei Rachitis , Arch. f. Kinderh. 54:83, 1910;.
Bauer, Walter; Marble, Alexander, and Claflin, Dorothy:  Studies on Mode of Action of Irradiated Ergosterol: Its Effect on Calcium, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Metabolism of Normal Individuals , J. Clin. Investigation 11:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Nicolaysen, Ragnar:  Studies on the Mode of Action of Vitamin D: II. The Influence of Vitamin D on the Fecal Output of Endogenous Calcium and Phosphorus in the Rat , Biochem. J. 31:107 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;
 III. The Influence of Vitamin D on the Absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Rat , NicolaysenBiochem. J. 31:122 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;.
Jones, J. H.; Rapoport, Milton, and Hodes, H. L.:  The Effect of Irradiated Ergosterol on the Absorption of Calcium from the Gastro-Intestinal Tract , Am. J. M. Sc. 179:729 ( (May) ) 1930;.
McGowan, J. P.:  Further Investigations into Fundamental Nature of Vitamin D Action , Biochem. J. 27:943 (no. (3) ) 1933;.
Rominger, E.; Meyer, H., and Bomskov, C.:  Bemerkungen zu der Arbeit "Experimentelle Rachitis": II. Der Calcium- und Phosphorstoffwechsel bei der Entwicklung und Heilung der Rachitis von Dr. H. Stolzberg und Dr. G. Meyer zu Hörste , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 55:206 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Collip, J. B.; Pugsley, L. I.; Selye, H., and Thomson, D. L.:  Observations Concerning the Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Action , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 15:335 ( (Dec.) ) 1934;.
Hamilton, Bengt, and Schwartz, Charles:  Rickets and Hyper-parathyroidism , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:775 ( (Oct.) ) 1933;.
Shelling, D. H.; Asher, D. E., and Jackson, D. A.:  Calcium and Phosphorus Studies: Effects of Variations in Dosage of Parathormone and of Calcium and Phosphorus in Diets on Concentrations of Calcium and Inorganic Phosphorus in Serum and on Histology and Chemical Composition of Bones of Rats , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 53:348 ( (Dec.) ) 1933;.
Waltner, Karl:  Ueber die Funktion der Nebenschilddrüse , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 40:317, 1928;.
Hoag, L. A.; Rivkin, Helen; Weigele, C. E., and Berliner, Frieda:  Effect of Potent Parathyroid Extract on Calcium Balance in Infants , Am. J. Dis. Child. 33:910 ( (June) ) 1927;.
Fine, J., and Brown, S.:  Influence of Parathormone on Bone Regeneration , New England J. Med. 198:932 ( (June 21) ) 1928;.
Pappenheimer, A. M.:  Antirachitic Action of Cod Liver Oil and Irradiated Ergosterol in Parathyroidectomized and Thymectomized Rats , J. Exper. Med. 52:805 ( (Dec.) ) 1930;.
Shelling, David H.: The Parathyroids in Health and in Disease , St. Louis. C. V. Mosby Company, 1935;.
Telfer, S. V.:  Studies in Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism: IV. The Influence of Free Fatty Acids in the Intestine on Absorption and Excretion of the Mineral Elements , Quart. J. Med. 20:1 ( (Oct.) ) 1926;.
Mellanby, May:  The Influence of Diet on the Structure of Teeth , Physiol. Rev. 8:545 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
Maslow, H. L.:  Tetany in Newborn , Arch. Pediat. 50:768 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
Light, R. F.; Wilson, L. T., and Frey, C. N.:  Vitamin D in the Blood and Milk of Cows Fed Irradiated Yeast , J. Nutrition 8:105 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Mitchell, A. G.:  A Consideration of the Pathogenesis of Renal Rickets , Acta paediat. 11:352, 1930;.
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