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HUMAN REQUIREMENTS OF VITAMIN C

SYBIL L. SMITH, A.M.
[+] Author Affiliations

WASHINGTON, D. C.


JAMA. 1938;111(19):1753-1764. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.72790450005011
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It was early found that about twice as much vitamin C is required to prevent the first appearance of microscopic alterations in the teeth as to prevent the outward symptoms of scurvy in guinea pigs. It was also observed that in infants and children receiving enough vitamin C for protection against scurvy there may still develop a condition of latent or subacute scurvy accompanied by more or less severe injury to the teeth. It then became apparent that considerably larger quantities of vitamin C are required for good nutrition than for the prevention of scurvy.1

The first attempt at using human beings as subjects for the determination of requirements of vitamin C was made in Sweden in 1931 by Göthlin,2 who measured the capillary resistance or fragility of two forcibly fed schizophrenic subjects during a period on a liquid diet which at first was devoid of vitamin C

REFERENCES

Sherman, H. C., and Smith, Sybil L.: The Vitamins , ed. 2, New York, Chemical Catalog Company, 1931;,  chapt. IV .
Göthlin, G. F.:  A Method of Establishing the Vitamin C Standard and Requirement of Physically Healthy Individuals by Testing the Strength of Their Capillaries , Skandinav. Arch. f. Physiol. 61:225 ( (May) ) 1931;.
Höjer, J. A.:  Method for Determining the Antiscorbutic Value of a Foodstuff by Means of Histological Examination of the Teeth of Young Guinea Pigs , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 7:356 ( (Dec.) ) 1926;.
Göthlin, G. F.:  Human Daily Requirements of Dietary Ascorbic Acid , Nature 134:569 ( (Oct. 13) ) 1934;.
Harris, L. J.; Ray, S. N., and Ward, A.:  The Excretion of Vitamin C in Human Urine and Its Dependence on the Dietary Intake , Biochem. J. 27:2011, 1933;.
Johnson, S. W., and Zilva, S. S.:  The Urinary Excretion of Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acids in Man , Biochem. J. 28:1393, 1934;.
Hess, A. F., and Benjamin, Helen R.:  Urinary Excretion of Vitamin C , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:856 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Yavorsky, M.; Almaden, Philip, and King, C. G.:  The Vitamin C Content of Human Tissue , J. Biol. Chem. 106:525 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Gabbe, E.:  Bestimmung von Vitamin C im Blutserum , Klin. Wchnschr. 13:1389 ( (Sept. 29) ) 1934;.
Farmer, C. J., and Abt, A. F.:  Ascorbic Acid Content of Blood , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:1625 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Bessey, O. A.:  Vitamin C: Methods of Assay and Dietary Sources , J. A. M. A. 111:1290 ( (Oct. 1) ) 1938;.
Göthlin, G. F.:  Outline of a Method for the Determination of the Strength of the Skin Capillaries and the Indirect Estimation of the Individual Vitamin C Standard , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 18:484 ( (Feb.) ) 1933;.
Dalldorf, Gilbert:  A Sensitive Test for Subclinical Scurvy in Man , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:794 ( (Oct.) ) 1933;.
Dalldorf, Gilbert, and Russell, Hollis:  The Effect of Cevitamic Acid Injections on Capillary Resistance , J. A. M. A. 104:1701 ( (May 11) ) 1935;.
Youmans, J. B.:  The Present Status of Vitamin Deficiencies in Practice , J. A. M. A. 108:15 ( (Jan. 2) ) 1937;.
Göthlin, G. F.:  When Is Capillary Fragility a Sign of Vitamin C Subnutrition in Man? Lancet 2:703 ( (Sept. 18) ) 1937;.
Sloan, R. A.:  A Comparison of Methods for Detecting and Grading Subclinical Scurvy , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 23:1015 ( (July) ) 1938;.
Tillmans, J.; Hirsch, P., and Hirsch, W.:  Das Reduktionsvermögen pflanzlicher Lebensmittel und seine Beziehung zum Vitamin C: I. Der reduzierende Stoff des Citronensaftes , Ztschr. f. Untersuch. d. Lebensmitt. 63:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Harris, Ray and Ward.5 Bessey, O. A., and King, C. G.:  The Distribution of Vitamin C in Plant and Animal Tissues and Its Determination , J. Biol. Chem. 103:687 ( (Dec.) ) 1933;.
Abbasy, M. A.; Harris, L. J.; Ray, S. N., and Marrack, J. R.:  Diagnosis of Vitamin C Subnutrition by Urine Analysis: Quantitative Data , Lancet 2:1399 ( (Dec. 21) ) 1935;.
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Ralli, Elaine P.; Friedman, G. J., and Kaslow, M.:  An Excretory Test for Vitamin C Deficiency and Subnutrition , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 36:52 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Wright, I. S.; Lillenfeld, Alfred, and MacLenathen, Elizabeth:  Determination of Vitamin C Saturation: A Five Hour Test After an Intravenous Test Dose , Arch. Int. Med. 60:264 ( (Aug.) ) 1937;.
Faulkner, J. M., and Taylor, F. H. L.:  Observations on the Renal Threshold for Ascorbic Acid in Urine , J. Clin. Investigation 17:69 ( (Jan.) ) 1938;.
Baumann, T.:  Die Bestimmung der physiologischen Spanne der C-Vitamin Sättigung des Organismus , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1246 ( (Sept. 4) ) 1937;.
Hamel, P.:  Ueber die Vitamin C-Bilanz des Menschen: II. Belastungsversuche zur Bestimmung des täglichen Verbrauches und des Sättigungsdefizits , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1105 ( (Aug. 7) ) 1937;.
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Gander, J., and Niederberger, W.:  Ueber den Vitamin C-Bedarf alter Leute , München. med. Wchnschr. 83:1387 ( (Aug. 21) ) 1936;.
O'Hara, Patricia H., and Hauck, Hazel M.:  Storage of Vitamin C by Normal Adults Following a Period of Low Intake , J. Nutrition 12:413 ( (Oct. 10) ) 1936;.
Widenbauer, F.:  Der Vitamin C Haushalt des Menschen unter verschiedenen Verhältnissen , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:600 ( (April 24) ) 1937;.
van Eekelen, Marie:  On the Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) , Acta brev. Neerland. 5:165 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1935;.
van Eekelen, Marie; Heinemann, M., and van Wersch, H. J.:  On the Daily Requirements for Ascorbic Acid of Man , Acta brev. Neerland. 6:107 ( (June 20) ) 1936;.
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Baumann.24 Hamel.25
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van Wersch, H. J.:  Determinations of the Daily Requirements for Ascorbic Acid of Man , Acta brev. neerland. 6:86 ( (July 4) ) 1936;.
Heinemann, M.:  On Human Requirements for Vitamin C Under Different Conditions , Acta brev. neerland. 6:144 ( (Oct. 15) ) 1936;.
Heinemann, M.:  I. On the Relation Between Diet and Urinary Output of Thiosulfate (and Ascorbic Acid): II. Human Requirements for Vitamin C , Biochem. J. 30:2299 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Harris, Abbasy and Yudkin.19 Gander and Niederberger.27
Mitchell, Helen S.; Merriam, Oreana A., and Batchelder, Esther L.:  The Vitamin C Status of College Women as Determined by Urinary Excretion , J. Home Econ. , to be published.
Richardson, Jessie E.; Fincke, Margaret L.; Todhunter, E. Neige, and Brown, Almeda P.: Personal communications to the author.
Gaehtgens, G.:  Der Tagesverbrauch an Vitamin C in der Schwangerschaft , Arch. f. Gynäk. 164:571 ( (Aug. 26) ) 1937;.
Neuweiler, W.:  Ueber den Bedarf an Vitamin C während Gravidität und Lactation , Klin. Wchnschr. 14:1793 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1935;.
Gaehtgens, G., and Werner, E.:  Das Vitamin C-Defizit in der Gravidität , Arch. f. Gynak. 163:475 ( (March 5) ) 1937;
 Zur Frage des Vitamin C-Defizits in der Gravidität und während der Lactation , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:843 ( (June 12) ) 1937;.
Chu, F. T., and Sung, C.:  Effect of Vitamin C Administration on Vitamin C of Milk and Urine of Lactating Mothers , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:171 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Baumann, T.:  Untersuchungen über den C-Vitaminstoffwechsel bei laktierenden Frauen und über den Grad der physiologischen und pathologischen C-Vitaminsättigung des menschlichen Organismus , Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 150:193, 1937;
Nutrition Abstr. & Rev. 7:1083, 1937;.
Gaehtgens, G., and Werner, E.:  Vitamin C-Belastungen bei Stillenden Wöchnerinnen , Arch. f. Gynäk. 165:63, 1937;.
Martin, G. J., and Heise, F. H.:  Vitamin C Nutrition in Pulmonary Tuberculosis , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 4:368 ( (Aug.) ) 1937;.
Daniel and Munsell.52 Boas Fixsen, Margaret A., and Roscoe, Margaret H.:  Tables of the Vitamin Content of Human and Animal Foods , Nutrition Abstr. & Rev. 7:823 ( (April) ) 1938;.
Booher, Lela E.:  Vitamin A Requirements and Practical Recommendations for Vitamin A Intake , J. A. M. A. 110:1920 ( (June 4) ) 1938;.
Stiebeling, Hazel K., and Phipard, Esther F.: Diets of Families of Employed Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Cities , U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 507, 1938;.

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Sherman, H. C., and Smith, Sybil L.: The Vitamins , ed. 2, New York, Chemical Catalog Company, 1931;,  chapt. IV .
Göthlin, G. F.:  A Method of Establishing the Vitamin C Standard and Requirement of Physically Healthy Individuals by Testing the Strength of Their Capillaries , Skandinav. Arch. f. Physiol. 61:225 ( (May) ) 1931;.
Höjer, J. A.:  Method for Determining the Antiscorbutic Value of a Foodstuff by Means of Histological Examination of the Teeth of Young Guinea Pigs , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 7:356 ( (Dec.) ) 1926;.
Göthlin, G. F.:  Human Daily Requirements of Dietary Ascorbic Acid , Nature 134:569 ( (Oct. 13) ) 1934;.
Harris, L. J.; Ray, S. N., and Ward, A.:  The Excretion of Vitamin C in Human Urine and Its Dependence on the Dietary Intake , Biochem. J. 27:2011, 1933;.
Johnson, S. W., and Zilva, S. S.:  The Urinary Excretion of Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acids in Man , Biochem. J. 28:1393, 1934;.
Hess, A. F., and Benjamin, Helen R.:  Urinary Excretion of Vitamin C , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:856 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Yavorsky, M.; Almaden, Philip, and King, C. G.:  The Vitamin C Content of Human Tissue , J. Biol. Chem. 106:525 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Gabbe, E.:  Bestimmung von Vitamin C im Blutserum , Klin. Wchnschr. 13:1389 ( (Sept. 29) ) 1934;.
Farmer, C. J., and Abt, A. F.:  Ascorbic Acid Content of Blood , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:1625 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Bessey, O. A.:  Vitamin C: Methods of Assay and Dietary Sources , J. A. M. A. 111:1290 ( (Oct. 1) ) 1938;.
Göthlin, G. F.:  Outline of a Method for the Determination of the Strength of the Skin Capillaries and the Indirect Estimation of the Individual Vitamin C Standard , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 18:484 ( (Feb.) ) 1933;.
Dalldorf, Gilbert:  A Sensitive Test for Subclinical Scurvy in Man , Am. J. Dis. Child. 46:794 ( (Oct.) ) 1933;.
Dalldorf, Gilbert, and Russell, Hollis:  The Effect of Cevitamic Acid Injections on Capillary Resistance , J. A. M. A. 104:1701 ( (May 11) ) 1935;.
Youmans, J. B.:  The Present Status of Vitamin Deficiencies in Practice , J. A. M. A. 108:15 ( (Jan. 2) ) 1937;.
Göthlin, G. F.:  When Is Capillary Fragility a Sign of Vitamin C Subnutrition in Man? Lancet 2:703 ( (Sept. 18) ) 1937;.
Sloan, R. A.:  A Comparison of Methods for Detecting and Grading Subclinical Scurvy , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 23:1015 ( (July) ) 1938;.
Tillmans, J.; Hirsch, P., and Hirsch, W.:  Das Reduktionsvermögen pflanzlicher Lebensmittel und seine Beziehung zum Vitamin C: I. Der reduzierende Stoff des Citronensaftes , Ztschr. f. Untersuch. d. Lebensmitt. 63:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Harris, Ray and Ward.5 Bessey, O. A., and King, C. G.:  The Distribution of Vitamin C in Plant and Animal Tissues and Its Determination , J. Biol. Chem. 103:687 ( (Dec.) ) 1933;.
Abbasy, M. A.; Harris, L. J.; Ray, S. N., and Marrack, J. R.:  Diagnosis of Vitamin C Subnutrition by Urine Analysis: Quantitative Data , Lancet 2:1399 ( (Dec. 21) ) 1935;.
Harris, L. J.; Abbasy, M. A., and Yudkin, J.:  Vitamins in Human Nutrition: Vitamin-C Reserves of Subjects of the Voluntary Hospital Class , Lancet 1:1488 ( (June 27) ) 1936;.
van Eekelen, Marie; Emmerie, Adrianus, and Wolff, L. K.:  Ueber die Diagnostik der Hypovitaminosen A und C durch die Bestimmung dieser Vitamine im Blut , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 6:150 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Jezler, A., and Kapp, H.:  Zur Frage des Vitamin C-Defizits , Ztschr. f. klin. Med. 130:178 ( (June 10) ) 1936;.
Hawley, Estelle E., and Stephens, D. J.:  Rate of Urinary Excretion of Test Doses of Ascorbic Acid , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 34:854 ( (June) ) 1936;.
van Eekelen, Marie, and Heinemann, M.:  Critical Remarks on the Determination of Urinary Excretion of Ascorbic Acid , J. Clin. Investigation 17:293 ( (May) ) 1938;.
Ralli, Elaine P.; Friedman, G. J., and Kaslow, M.:  An Excretory Test for Vitamin C Deficiency and Subnutrition , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 36:52 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Wright, I. S.; Lillenfeld, Alfred, and MacLenathen, Elizabeth:  Determination of Vitamin C Saturation: A Five Hour Test After an Intravenous Test Dose , Arch. Int. Med. 60:264 ( (Aug.) ) 1937;.
Faulkner, J. M., and Taylor, F. H. L.:  Observations on the Renal Threshold for Ascorbic Acid in Urine , J. Clin. Investigation 17:69 ( (Jan.) ) 1938;.
Baumann, T.:  Die Bestimmung der physiologischen Spanne der C-Vitamin Sättigung des Organismus , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1246 ( (Sept. 4) ) 1937;.
Hamel, P.:  Ueber die Vitamin C-Bilanz des Menschen: II. Belastungsversuche zur Bestimmung des täglichen Verbrauches und des Sättigungsdefizits , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1105 ( (Aug. 7) ) 1937;.
Harris, L. J., and Abbasy, M. A.:  Nutrition Surveys: A Simplified Procedure for the Vitamin-C Urine Test , Lancet 2:1429 ( (Dec. 18) ) 1937;.
Gander, J., and Niederberger, W.:  Ueber den Vitamin C-Bedarf alter Leute , München. med. Wchnschr. 83:1387 ( (Aug. 21) ) 1936;.
O'Hara, Patricia H., and Hauck, Hazel M.:  Storage of Vitamin C by Normal Adults Following a Period of Low Intake , J. Nutrition 12:413 ( (Oct. 10) ) 1936;.
Widenbauer, F.:  Der Vitamin C Haushalt des Menschen unter verschiedenen Verhältnissen , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:600 ( (April 24) ) 1937;.
van Eekelen, Marie:  On the Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) , Acta brev. Neerland. 5:165 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1935;.
van Eekelen, Marie; Heinemann, M., and van Wersch, H. J.:  On the Daily Requirements for Ascorbic Acid of Man , Acta brev. Neerland. 6:107 ( (June 20) ) 1936;.
van Eekelen, Marie:  On the Amount of Ascorbic Acid in Blood and Urine: The Daily Human Requirement for Ascorbic Acid , Biochem. J. 30:2291 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Göthlin, G. F.; Frisell, E., and Rundquist, N.:  Experimental Determinations of the Indispensable Requirements of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) of the Physically Healthy Adult , Acta med. Scandinav. 92:1 ( (June 6) ) 1937;.
Hauck, Hazel M.: Unpublished data.
Abt, A. F.; Farmer, C. J., and Epstein, I. M.:  Normal Cevitamic (Ascorbic) Acid Determinations in Blood Plasma and Their Relationship to Capillary Resistance , J. Pediat. 8:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1936;.
Taylor, F. H. L.; Chase, D., and Faulkner, J. M.:  The Estimation of Reduced Ascorbic Acid in Blood Serum and Plasma , Biochem. J. 30:1119 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Deggeller, J. C.:  Researches on the Vitamin C Content of the Blood , Acta brev. Neerland. 6:64 ( (July 4) ) 1936;.
Stephens, D. J., and Hawley, Estelle E.:  The Partition of Reduced Ascorbic Acid in Blood , J. Biol. Chem. 115:653 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Greenberg, L. D.; Rinehart, J. F., and Phatak, N. M.:  Studies on Reduced Ascorbic Acid Content of the Blood Plasma , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:135 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Ingalls, T. H.:  Studies on the Urinary Excretion and Blood Concentration of Ascorbic Acid in Infantile Scurvy , J. Pediat. 10:577 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Pijoan, M., and Eddy, E.:  Ascorbic Acid Content of Red Cells and Plasma , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 22:1227 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Abt, A. F., and Farmer, C. J.:  Cevitamic Acid Content of the Blood Plasma , Am. J. Dis. Child. 54:682 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Portnoy, B., and Wilkinson, J. F.:  Vitamin C Deficiency in Peptic Ulceration and Hematemesis , Brit. M. J. 1:554 ( (March 12) ) 1938;.
Lund, H.:  Eine quantitative und spezifische Methode zur Ascorbinsäuretitration im Harn und zur Bestimmung des Schwellenwertes , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1085 ( (July 31) ) 1937;.
Wachholder, K., and Hamel, P.:  Ueber die Vitamin C-Bilanz des Menschen: III. Täglicher Bedarf und Güte des Versorgungszustandes nach den Beziehungen des Blutgehaltes zu Ausscheidung und Gewebssättigung , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1740 ( (Dec. 11) ) 1937;.
Neuweiler, W.:  Ueber den Nachweis des Vitamin C-Sättigungsgrades des Organismus , Ztschr. Vitaminforsch. 7:128, 1938;.
Baumann.24 Hamel.25
Wright, I. S., and MacLenathan, Elizabeth:  Vitamin C Saturation —Kidney Retention After an Intravenous Test Dose of Ascorbic Acid , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 38:55 ( (Feb.) ) 1938;.
Abt, Farmer and Epstein.33a Wahren, H., and Rundquist, O.:  Ueber den Ascorbinsäuregehalt des Blutes von Mutter und Frucht , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1498 ( (Oct. 23) ) 1937;.
Braestrup, P. W.:  Studies of Latent Scurvy in Infants: 1. Capillary Resistance of Newly-Born Children and During the First Year of Life; 2. Content of Ascorbic (Cevitamic) Acid in the Blood-Serum of Women in Labour and in Children at Birth , Acta paediat. 19:320, 328, 1937;.
Nielsen, H. E.:  Serumascorbinsyren under Normale og Forskellige Pathologiske Forhold , Bibliot. f. læger. 130:20 ( (Jan.) ) 1938;.
Braestrup, P. W.:  Studies of Latent Scurvy in Infants: III. The Content of Reduced Ascorbic Acid in Blood Plasma in Infants, Especially at Birth and in the First Days of Life , J. Nutrition 16:363 ( (Oct.) ) 1938;.
Mindlin, R. L.:  The Relation Between Plasma Ascorbic Acid Concentration and Diet in the Newborn Infant , J. Pediat. 13:309 ( (Sept.) ) 1938;.
Neuweiler, W.:  Vitamin C—Stoffwechsel bei Neugeborene , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 6:75 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;.
 Report by Technical Commission on Nutrition on Work of the Third Session , Bull. Health Organ., League Nations 7:475, 1938;.
Ley, L.:  Die Bedeutung des Vitamin C für das Neugeborene , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:1425 ( (Oct. 9) ) 1937;.
Ingalls, T. H.:  Ascorbic Acid Requirements in Early Infancy , New England J. Med. 218:872 ( (May 26) ) 1938;.
Szent-Györgi, Albert:  Die medizinische Bedeutung des Vitamins C , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 60:556 ( (April 13) ) 1934;.
Szent-Györgi, Albert:  Les propriétés thérapeutiques des vitamines , Presse méd. 51:995 ( (June 25) ) 1938;.
Neuweiler, W.:  Ueber den Gehalt der Frauenmilch an Vitamin C , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 4:39 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Harris, L. J., and Ray, S. N.:  Diagnosis of Vitamin-C Subnutrition by Urine Analysis, with a Note on the Antiscorbutic Value of Human Milk , Lancet 1:71 ( (Jan. 12) ) 1935;
Wachholder. K.:  Die Versorgung des Sauglings mit Vitamin C , Klin. Wchnschr. 15:593 ( (April 25) ) 1936;.
Selleg, Iva, and King, C. G.:  The Vitamin C Content of Human Milk and Its Variation with Diet , J. Nutrition 11:599 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Widenbauer, F., and Kühner, A.:  Ascorbinsäurestudien an stillenden Frauen , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 6:50 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;.
Baumann, T., and Rappolt, L.:  Untersuchungen zum C-Vitaminstoffwechsel: II. Ueber die C-Vitaminausscheidung und den C-Vitaminbedarf laktierender Frauen , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 6:8 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;.
Widenbauer, F.:  Der Vitamin C-Haushalt stillender Mütter , Ernährung 2:64 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Daniel, Esther P., and Munsell, Hazel E.: Vitamin Content of Foods , U. S. Dept. Agr., miscellaneous publication 275, (June) 1937;, p. 175.
Hawley, Estelle E.:  Vitamin C Content of Milks: Raw, Pasteurized and Baby Formulae , J. Am. Dietet. A. 14:275 ( (April) ) 1938;.
Chu, F. T., and Sung, C.:  The Vitamin C Content of the Blood Plasma in Normal and Sick Children , Chinese M. J. 52:791 ( (Dec.) ) 1937;.
 The Vitamin C Content of Commercially Canned Tomato Juice and Other Fruit Juices as Determined by Chemical Titration, Council on Foods , J. A. M. A. 110:650 ( (Feb. 26) ) 1938;.
Maclinn, W. A.; Fellers, C. R., and Buck, R. E.:  Tomato Variety and Strain Differences in Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Content , Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sc. 34:543 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Tripp, Francis; Satterfield, G. H., and Holmes, A. D.:  Varietal Differences in the Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Content of Tomatoes , J. Home Econ. 29:258 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Hawley, Estelle E.:  The Vitamin C Content of Fruit Juices , J. Am. Dietet. A. 13:261 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Everson, Gladys J., and Daniels, Amy L.:  Vitamin C Studies with Children of Preschool Age , J. Nutrition 12:15 ( (July 10) ) 1936;.
Harris, Abbasy and Yudkin.19 Sendroy, J., Jr., and Schultz, M. P.:  Studies of Ascorbic Acid and Rheumatic Fever: I. Quantitative Index of Ascorbic Acid Utilization in Human Beings and Its Application to the Study of Rheumatic Fever , J. Clin. Investigation 15:369 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Schultz, M. P.:  Studies of Ascorbic Acid and Rheumatic Fever: II. Test of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Action of Ascorbic Acid , J. Clin. Investigation 15:385 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Abbasy, M. A.; Hill, N. G., and Harris, L. J.:  Vitamin C and Juvenile Rheumatism, with Some Observations on the Vitamin-C Reserves in Surgical Tuberculosis , Lancet 2:1413 ( (Dec. 12) ) 1936;.
Abbasy, M. A.; Harris, L. J., and Gray Hill, N.:  Excretion of Vitamin C in Osteomyelitis , Lancet 2:177 ( (July 24) ) 1937;.
Keith, J. D., and Hickmans, Evelyn M.:  Vitamin C Excretion in Children with Particular Reference to Rheumatic Fever , Arch. Dis. Child. 13:125 ( (June) ) 1938;.
Bumbalo, T. S.:  Urinary Output of Vitamin C of Normal and of Sick Children , Am. J. Dis. Child. 55:1212 ( (June) ) 1938;.
Baumann, T., and Rappolt, L.:  Untersuchungen zum C-Vitaminstoffwechsel: 3. Ueber den C-Vitaminstoffwechsel bei Kindern , Ztschr. Vitaminforsch. 6:24 ( (Jan.) ) 1937;.
Chapin, H. D.:  Vitamins C and D (in Pound Table Discussion on Vitamins) , J. Pediat. 12:529 ( (April) ) 1938;.
Wachholder, K.:  Ueber die Vitamin C-Bilanz des Menschen: IV. Einschränkung des Bedarfes bei mangelhafter Zufuhr und deren ernährungsphysiologische Bedeutung , Klin. Wchnschr. 17:5 ( (Jan. 1) ) 1938;.
van Wersch, H. J.:  Determinations of the Daily Requirements for Ascorbic Acid of Man , Acta brev. neerland. 6:86 ( (July 4) ) 1936;.
Heinemann, M.:  On Human Requirements for Vitamin C Under Different Conditions , Acta brev. neerland. 6:144 ( (Oct. 15) ) 1936;.
Heinemann, M.:  I. On the Relation Between Diet and Urinary Output of Thiosulfate (and Ascorbic Acid): II. Human Requirements for Vitamin C , Biochem. J. 30:2299 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Harris, Abbasy and Yudkin.19 Gander and Niederberger.27
Mitchell, Helen S.; Merriam, Oreana A., and Batchelder, Esther L.:  The Vitamin C Status of College Women as Determined by Urinary Excretion , J. Home Econ. , to be published.
Richardson, Jessie E.; Fincke, Margaret L.; Todhunter, E. Neige, and Brown, Almeda P.: Personal communications to the author.
Gaehtgens, G.:  Der Tagesverbrauch an Vitamin C in der Schwangerschaft , Arch. f. Gynäk. 164:571 ( (Aug. 26) ) 1937;.
Neuweiler, W.:  Ueber den Bedarf an Vitamin C während Gravidität und Lactation , Klin. Wchnschr. 14:1793 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1935;.
Gaehtgens, G., and Werner, E.:  Das Vitamin C-Defizit in der Gravidität , Arch. f. Gynak. 163:475 ( (March 5) ) 1937;
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Chu, F. T., and Sung, C.:  Effect of Vitamin C Administration on Vitamin C of Milk and Urine of Lactating Mothers , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:171 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Baumann, T.:  Untersuchungen über den C-Vitaminstoffwechsel bei laktierenden Frauen und über den Grad der physiologischen und pathologischen C-Vitaminsättigung des menschlichen Organismus , Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 150:193, 1937;
Nutrition Abstr. & Rev. 7:1083, 1937;.
Gaehtgens, G., and Werner, E.:  Vitamin C-Belastungen bei Stillenden Wöchnerinnen , Arch. f. Gynäk. 165:63, 1937;.
Martin, G. J., and Heise, F. H.:  Vitamin C Nutrition in Pulmonary Tuberculosis , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 4:368 ( (Aug.) ) 1937;.
Daniel and Munsell.52 Boas Fixsen, Margaret A., and Roscoe, Margaret H.:  Tables of the Vitamin Content of Human and Animal Foods , Nutrition Abstr. & Rev. 7:823 ( (April) ) 1938;.
Booher, Lela E.:  Vitamin A Requirements and Practical Recommendations for Vitamin A Intake , J. A. M. A. 110:1920 ( (June 4) ) 1938;.
Stiebeling, Hazel K., and Phipard, Esther F.: Diets of Families of Employed Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Cities , U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 507, 1938;.
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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