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VITAMIN A: Title and subTitle BreakMETHODS OF ASSAY AND SOURCES IN FOOD

HAZEL E. MUNSELL, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

WASHINGTON, D. C.


JAMA. 1938;111(3):245-252. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.72790290007008
Text Size: A A A
Published online

The early recognition of the significance of vitamin A as an essential constituent of the diet of man made the quantitative as well as the qualitative identification of food sources an important problem for investigators engaged in research on nutrition. Although vitamin A was one of the first, if not the first, of the vitamins to be discovered, accurate quantitative methods of analysis have been slow of development. This can be explained by the fact that, although its chemical identity had been established with reasonable certainty, synthesis of the vitamin and its separation in crystalline form was accomplished only recently.1 The situation has been further complicated by the necessity for adopting a device for expressing vitamin A potency, since obviously the values could not be expressed in terms of vitamin A. In some of the early studies attempts were made to find some product that might serve as a

REFERENCES

Wilke, Carl:  Vitamin A Has Been Synthesized by Kuhn , Indust. & Engin. Chem. , News. Ed. 29:291 ( (July 10) ) 1937;.
League of Nations, Health Organisation: Second Conference on Vitamin Standardisation, London, June 12-14, 1934
Quart. Bull. Health Organ., League of Nations 3:428 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention: The Pharmacopeia of the United States of America , Eleventh Decennial Revision, 1935;.
Drummond, J. C., and Coward, Katharine H.:  Researches on the Fat-Soluble Accessory Factor (Vitamin A): VI. Effect of Heat and Oxygen on the Nutritive Value of Butter , Biochem. J. 14:734 (no. (6) ) 1920;.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.:  Nutritive Factors in Plant Tissues: IV. Fat-Soluble Vitamine , J. Biol. Chem. 41:549 ( (April) ) 1920;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Key, Kathleen M.; Dyer, F. J., and Morgan, Barbara G. E.:  The Determination of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 24:1952 (no. (6) ) 1930;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  The Relation of the Growth Response to Dosage of Vitamin A: Confirmation of a Curve Relating Response to Dose of Vitamin A Given , Biochem. J. 28:865 (no. (3) ) 1934;.
Todhunter, E. N.:  A Comparison of Heated Casein with Extracted Casein in the Basal Diet for the Determination of Vitamin A , J. Nutrition 13:469 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Evans, H. M., and Lepkovsky, Samuel:  Vital Need of the Body for Certain Unsaturated Fatty Acids: III. Inability of the Rat Organism to Synthesize the Essential Unsaturated Fatty Acids , J. Biol. Chem. 99:231 ( (Dec.) ) 1932;.
Nelson, E. M.:  Regulating the Storage of Vitamin A in Animals That Are to Be Used for the Determination of This Vitamin , Science 68:212 ( (Aug. 31) ) 1928;.
Unpublished data, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Home Economics.
Nelson.8 U. S. Pharmacopeia.3
Sherman, H. C., and Burtis, M. P.:  Factors Affecting the Accuracy of the Quantitative Determination of Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 78:671 ( (Aug.) ) 1928;.
Norris and Church.43 U. S. Pharmacopoeia.3
Irwin, Margaret H.; Brandt, A. E., and Nelson, P. Mabel:  Applications of Statistical Method to the Data of Vitamin Feeding Experiments: I. The per Cent Effect of Measured Variables , J. Biol. Chem. 88:449 ( (Sept.) ) 1930;
Coward, Katharine H.; Dyer, F. J.; Morton, R. A., and Gaddum, J. H.:  The Determination of Vitamin A in Cod Liver Oils (a) Biologically, (b) Chemically, (c) Physically, with a Statistical Examination of the Results , Biochem. J. 25:1102 (no. (4) ) 1931;.
Sherman, H. C., and Batchelder, E. L.:  Further Investigation of Quantitative Measurement of Vitamin A Values , J. Biol. Chem. 91:505 ( (May) ) 1931;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  The Influence of the Length of the Test Period on the Accuracy Obtainable in a Vitamin A Test , Biochem. J. 27:445 (no. (2) ) 1933;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  Variation in Growth Response of Rats in Vitamin A Tests Compared with the Variation in Rats Growing Normally , Biochem. J. 26:691 (no. (3) ) 1932;.
Coward, Katharine H., and Key, Kathleen M.:  Simplification of Vitamin Tests: The Effect of Giving Doses Half-Weekly for Vitamin A Tests, and Once Only for Vitamin D Tests, Instead of Giving Doses Daily , Biochem. J. 28:870 (no. (3) ) 1934;.
Sherman, H. C., and Munsell, Hazel E.:  The Quantitative Determination of Vitamin A , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47:1639 ( (June) ) 1925;.
E. V. McCollum ( The Fat-Soluble Vitamins , in Luck, J. M.: Annual Review of Biochemistry , Stanford University, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1936;, p. 379).
 The Permanent Commission on Biological Standardisation of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations at its 1931 conference  (Report of the Conference on Vitamin Standards, London, June 17-20, 1931, Geneva , 1931;, p. 68)
Daniel, Esther P., and Munsell, Hazel E.: Vitamin Content of Foods: A Summary of the Chemistry of Vitamins, Units of Measurement, Quantitative Aspects in Human Nutrition, and Occurrence in Foods , Misc. Pub. 275, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Home Economics, 1937;.
Unpublished data, Bureau of Home Economics, United States Department of Agriculture.
Sherman, H. C., and Cammack, M. L.:  A Quantitative Study of the Storage of Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 68:69 ( (April) ) 1926;.
Nelson, E. M.; Walker, Reed, and Jones, D. B.:  Determination of Vitamin A by a Preventative Method , J. Biol. Chem. 92:vi ( (June) ) 1931;.
Sherman, H. C., and Todhunter, E. N.:  The Determination of Vitamin A Values by a Method of Single Feedings , J. Nutrition 8:347 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Hodgson, R. E., and Knott, J. C.:  The Method of Single Feeding as Used in Measuring the Vitamin A Activity of Pasture Grass Artificially Dehydrated at Different Temperatures , Am. Dairy Sc. A. West. Div. 22d Annual Meeting Proc., 1936 , p. 41.
Evans, H. M., and Bishop, K. S.:  On the Existence of a Hitherto Unrecognized Dietary Factor Essential for Reproduction , Science 56:650 ( (Dec. 8) ) 1922;.
Macy, Icie G.; Outhouse, Julia; Long, M. Louisa, and Graham, Alice:  Human Milk Studies: I. Technique Employed in Vitamin Studies , J. Biol. Chem. 73:153 ( (May) ) 1927;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  The Influence of Vitamin A Deficiency on the Oestrous Cycle of the Rat , J. Physiol. 67:26 ( (Feb. 28) ) 1929;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Morgan, Barbara G. E., and Dyer, F. J.: II.,  The Influence of Vitamin A Deficiency on the Oestrous Cycle of the Rat J. Physiol. 69:349 ( (May) ) 1930;.
Baumann, C. A., and Steenbock, Harry:  The Vaginal Smear Method of Determining Vitamin A , Science 76:417 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1932;.
Rosenheim, Otto, and Drummond, J. C.:  On the Relation of the Lipochrome Pigments to the Fat-Soluble Accessory Food Factor , Lancet 1:862 ( (April 17) ) 1920;.
Rosenheim, Otto, and Drummond, J. C.:  A Delicate Colour Reaction for the Presence of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 19:753 (no. (4) ) 1925;.
Carr, T. H., and Price, E. A.:  Colour Reactions Attributed to Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 20:497 (no. (3) ) 1926;.
 Antimony Trichloride Test for Cod Liver Oil , British Pharmacopeia , 1932;, p. 596.
Wokes, F., and Willimott, S. G.:  A Study of Antimony Trichloride as a Possible Quantitative Reagent for Vitamin A , Analyst 52:515, 1927;.
Norris, E. R., and Danielson, I. S.:  Comparison of Biological and Colorimetric Assays for Vitamin A as Applied to Fish Oils , J. Biol. Chem. 83:469 ( (Aug.) ) 1929;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  A Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Reaction for Vitamin A: II. The Dilution Curve of Cod Liver Oil with Antimony Trichloride Reagent , J. Biol. Chem. 87:139 ( (May) ) 1930;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  A Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Reaction for Vitamin A: I. J. Biol. Chem. 85:477 ( (Jan.) ) 1930;.
Smith, E. L., and Hazley, Violet:  The Reaction of Antimony Trichloride with Cod Liver Oil and Its Unsaponifiable Fraction , Biochem. J. 24:1942 (no. (6) ) 1930;.
Wise, E. C., and Heyl, F. W.:  Vitamin A Colorimetric and Biological Assay , J. Am. Pharm. A. 21:1142 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Andersen, A., and Nightingale, E.:  Test for Vitamin A in Margarine, Butter, and Other Fatty Foods , J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 48:139T ( (June 14) ) 1929;.
Andersen, A. C., and Levine, V. E.:  Reaction to Differentiate Vitamin A from Carotene by Means of Antimony Trichloride , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:737 ( (Feb.) ) 1935;.
Ender, Fredrik:  The Reaction of Fish-Liver Oils with Antimony Trichloride , Biochem. J. 26:1118 (no. (4) ) 1932;.
Huston, R. C.; Lightbody, H. D., and Ball, C. D., Jr.:  Some Biochemical Relations of Phenols: II. The Effect of Hydroquinone on the Vitamin A Content of Stored Oils , J. Biol. Chem. 79:507 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
Rosenthal, Eugene, and Erdelyi, John:  Some Remarks Concerning the New Colour Reaction of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 29:2112 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Corbet, Ruth E.; Geisinger, Helen H., and Holmes, H. N.:  Substances Which Interfere with the Antimony Trichloride Test for Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 100:657 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  A Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Reaction for Vitamin A: V. Evaluation of a Colorimetric Unit on the Basis of the Biological Unit for Vitamin A , J. Nutrition 5:495 ( (Sept.) ) 1932;.
Carr, F. H., and Jewell, William:  Characteristics of Highly Active Vitamin A , Nature 131:92 ( (Jan. 21) ) 1933;.
Lathbury, Kathleen C.:  Vitamin A Determination: Relation Between the Biological, Chemical and Physical Methods of Test , Biochem. J. 28:2254 (no. (6) ) 1934;.
Holmes, N. H., and Corbet, Ruth E.:  A Crystalline Vitamin A Concentrate , Science 85:103 ( (Jan. 22) ) 1937;.
Drummond, J. C., and Morton, R. A.:  Observations on the Assay of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 23:785 (no. (4) ) 1929;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Dyer, F. J., and Morton, R. A.:  The Determination of Vitamin A in Cod Liver Oils, (a) Biologically, (b) Chemically, (c) Physically, with a Statistical Examination of the Results: II. Further Evidence That the Intensity of Absorption at 328 Millimicrons Gives the Best Agreement with the Biological Measure of Vitamin A in Cod Liver Oils , Biochem. J. 26:1593 (no. (5) ) 1932;.
Morton, R. A.; Heilbron, I. M., and Thompson, Albert:  Spectrographic Data Concerning Vitamin A and Liver Oils , Biochem. J. 25:20 (no. (1) ) 1931;.
Heilbron, I. M.; Heslop, R. N.; Morton, R. A.; Webster, E. T.; Rea, J. L., and Drummond, J. C.;  Characteristics of Highly Active Vitamin A Preparations , Biochem. J. 26:1178 (no. (4) ) 1932;.
Gillam, A. E., and Morton, R. A..  The Antimony Trichloride Colour Test and the Ultraviolet Absorption of Liver Oils and Concentrates , Biochem. J. 25:1346 (no. (4) ) 1931;.
Heilbron, I. M.; Gillam, A. E., and Morton,R. A.:  Specificity in Tests for Vitamin A: A New Conception of the Chromogenic Constituents of Fresh and Aged Liver Oils , Biochem. J. 25:1352 (no. (4) ) 1931;.
Brode, W. R., and Magill, Mary A.:  A Critical Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Test for Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 92:87 ( (June) ) 1931;.
Magill, Mary A., and Brode, W. R.:  A Comparison Between the Spectrophotometric and Biological Assay for the Vitamin A Content of Fish Liver Oils , Ohio J. Science 33:127 ( (March) ) 1933;.
Morton, R. A.:  The use of 7-Methylindole in the Antimony Trichloride Colour Test for Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 26:1197 (no. (4) ) 1932;.
Takahashi, K.; Nakamiya, Z.; Kawakami, K., and Kitasato, T.:  On the Physical and Chemical Properties of Biosterin (a Name Given to Fat-Soluble A) and on Its Physiological Significance , Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. (Tokyo) Sc. Papers 3:81 (no. (32) ) 1925;.
Morton, R. A., and Heilbron, I. M.:  The Absorption Spectrum of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 22:987 (no. (4) ) 1928;.
Macwalter, R. J.:  Some Factors Which Affect the Assay of Vitamin A by the Spectrographic Method , Biochem. J. 28:472 (no. (2) ) 1934;.
Crews, S. K., and Cox, S. J.:  The Relationship between the CarrPrice Value and the 328 Millimicron Absorption Coefficient of Preparations Containing Vitamin A , Analyst 59:85 ( (Feb.) ) 1934;.
Morgan, R. S.; Edisbury, J. R., and Morton, R. S.:  A Discrepancy Between Biological Assays and Other Methods of Determining Vitamin A: I. Biochem. J. 29:1645 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Pritchard, Harry; Wilkinson, Harry; Edisbury, J. R., and Morton, R. A.: II.  A Discrepancy Between Biological Assays and Other Methods of Determining Vitamin A: I. Biochem. J. 31:258 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Hume, E. Margaret, and Chick, Harriette: Reports on Biological Standards: IV. The Standardisation and Estimation of Vitamin A, Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, no. 202, London, His Majesty's Stat. Off., 1935.
Hume, E. M.:  Estimation of Vitamin A , Nature 139:467 ( (March 13) ) 1937;.
Emmett, A. D., and Bird, O. D.:  Comparative Biological Value of Vitamin A as an Alcohol and Ester , J. Biol. Chem. 119:xxxi ( (June) ) 1937;.
Wilkie, J. B.:  Report on Vitamin A: Determinations with the Hilger Vitameter , J. A. Off. Agric. Chem. 20:208 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Morton, R. A., and Heilbron, I. M.:  Vitamin A of Butter , Biochem. J. 24:870 (no. (4) ) 1930;.
Gillam, A. E.; Heilbron, I. M.; Morton, R. A.; Bishop, Gerald, and Drummond, J. C.:  Variations in the Quality of Butter, Particularly in Relation to the Vitamin A, Carotene, and Xanthophyll Content as Influenced by Feeding Artificially Dried Grass to Stall-Fed Cattle , Biochem. J. 27:878 (no. (3) ) 1933;.
Gillam, A. E.; Heilbron, I. M.; Ferguson, W. S., and Watson, S. J.:  Variations in the Carotene and Vitamin A Values of the Milk Fat (Butter) of Cattle of Typical English Breeds , Biochem. J. 30:1728 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
Irish, F. W.:  Report on Vitamin A: Determinations with the Hilger Vitameter , J. A. Off. Agric. Chem. 19:244 ( (May) ) 1936;.
McFarlan, R. L.; Reddie, J. W., and Merrill, E. C.:  A New Photoelectric Method for Measuring Vitamin A , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 29:324 ( (July 15) ) 1937;.
Fraps, G. S.; Copeland, O. C., and Treichler, R.: The Vitamin A Requirements of Dairy Cows , Bull. 495, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1934;.
Sherwood, R. M., and Fraps, G. S.: The Amount of Vitamin A Potency Required by Hens for Egg Production , Bull. 493, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1934;.
Watson, S. J.; Bishop, Gerald, and Drummond, J. C.:  The Relation of the Colour and Vitamin A Content of Butter to the Nature of the Ration Fed: I. Influence of the Ration on the Yellow Colour of the Butter , Biochem. J. 28:1076 (no. (3) ) 1934;.
Wilbur, J. W.; Hilton, J. H., and Hauge, S. M.:  The Vitamin A Activity of Butter Produced by Guernsey and Ayrshire Cows , J. Dairy Sc. 16:153, 1933;.
Moore, Thomas:  Vitamin A and Carotene: IX. Notes on the Conversion of Carotene to Vitamin A in the Cow , Biochem. J. 26:1 (no. (1) ) 1932;.
Booth, R. G.; Kon, S. K., and Gillam, A. E.:  The Relative Biological Efficiencies of the Vitamin A and Carotene of Butter , Biochem. J. 28:2169 (no. (6) ) 1934;.
Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition , ed. 5, New York, The MacMillan Company, p. 366.

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Wilke, Carl:  Vitamin A Has Been Synthesized by Kuhn , Indust. & Engin. Chem. , News. Ed. 29:291 ( (July 10) ) 1937;.
League of Nations, Health Organisation: Second Conference on Vitamin Standardisation, London, June 12-14, 1934
Quart. Bull. Health Organ., League of Nations 3:428 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention: The Pharmacopeia of the United States of America , Eleventh Decennial Revision, 1935;.
Drummond, J. C., and Coward, Katharine H.:  Researches on the Fat-Soluble Accessory Factor (Vitamin A): VI. Effect of Heat and Oxygen on the Nutritive Value of Butter , Biochem. J. 14:734 (no. (6) ) 1920;.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.:  Nutritive Factors in Plant Tissues: IV. Fat-Soluble Vitamine , J. Biol. Chem. 41:549 ( (April) ) 1920;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Key, Kathleen M.; Dyer, F. J., and Morgan, Barbara G. E.:  The Determination of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 24:1952 (no. (6) ) 1930;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  The Relation of the Growth Response to Dosage of Vitamin A: Confirmation of a Curve Relating Response to Dose of Vitamin A Given , Biochem. J. 28:865 (no. (3) ) 1934;.
Todhunter, E. N.:  A Comparison of Heated Casein with Extracted Casein in the Basal Diet for the Determination of Vitamin A , J. Nutrition 13:469 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Evans, H. M., and Lepkovsky, Samuel:  Vital Need of the Body for Certain Unsaturated Fatty Acids: III. Inability of the Rat Organism to Synthesize the Essential Unsaturated Fatty Acids , J. Biol. Chem. 99:231 ( (Dec.) ) 1932;.
Nelson, E. M.:  Regulating the Storage of Vitamin A in Animals That Are to Be Used for the Determination of This Vitamin , Science 68:212 ( (Aug. 31) ) 1928;.
Unpublished data, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Home Economics.
Nelson.8 U. S. Pharmacopeia.3
Sherman, H. C., and Burtis, M. P.:  Factors Affecting the Accuracy of the Quantitative Determination of Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 78:671 ( (Aug.) ) 1928;.
Norris and Church.43 U. S. Pharmacopoeia.3
Irwin, Margaret H.; Brandt, A. E., and Nelson, P. Mabel:  Applications of Statistical Method to the Data of Vitamin Feeding Experiments: I. The per Cent Effect of Measured Variables , J. Biol. Chem. 88:449 ( (Sept.) ) 1930;
Coward, Katharine H.; Dyer, F. J.; Morton, R. A., and Gaddum, J. H.:  The Determination of Vitamin A in Cod Liver Oils (a) Biologically, (b) Chemically, (c) Physically, with a Statistical Examination of the Results , Biochem. J. 25:1102 (no. (4) ) 1931;.
Sherman, H. C., and Batchelder, E. L.:  Further Investigation of Quantitative Measurement of Vitamin A Values , J. Biol. Chem. 91:505 ( (May) ) 1931;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  The Influence of the Length of the Test Period on the Accuracy Obtainable in a Vitamin A Test , Biochem. J. 27:445 (no. (2) ) 1933;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  Variation in Growth Response of Rats in Vitamin A Tests Compared with the Variation in Rats Growing Normally , Biochem. J. 26:691 (no. (3) ) 1932;.
Coward, Katharine H., and Key, Kathleen M.:  Simplification of Vitamin Tests: The Effect of Giving Doses Half-Weekly for Vitamin A Tests, and Once Only for Vitamin D Tests, Instead of Giving Doses Daily , Biochem. J. 28:870 (no. (3) ) 1934;.
Sherman, H. C., and Munsell, Hazel E.:  The Quantitative Determination of Vitamin A , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47:1639 ( (June) ) 1925;.
E. V. McCollum ( The Fat-Soluble Vitamins , in Luck, J. M.: Annual Review of Biochemistry , Stanford University, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1936;, p. 379).
 The Permanent Commission on Biological Standardisation of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations at its 1931 conference  (Report of the Conference on Vitamin Standards, London, June 17-20, 1931, Geneva , 1931;, p. 68)
Daniel, Esther P., and Munsell, Hazel E.: Vitamin Content of Foods: A Summary of the Chemistry of Vitamins, Units of Measurement, Quantitative Aspects in Human Nutrition, and Occurrence in Foods , Misc. Pub. 275, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Home Economics, 1937;.
Unpublished data, Bureau of Home Economics, United States Department of Agriculture.
Sherman, H. C., and Cammack, M. L.:  A Quantitative Study of the Storage of Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 68:69 ( (April) ) 1926;.
Nelson, E. M.; Walker, Reed, and Jones, D. B.:  Determination of Vitamin A by a Preventative Method , J. Biol. Chem. 92:vi ( (June) ) 1931;.
Sherman, H. C., and Todhunter, E. N.:  The Determination of Vitamin A Values by a Method of Single Feedings , J. Nutrition 8:347 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Hodgson, R. E., and Knott, J. C.:  The Method of Single Feeding as Used in Measuring the Vitamin A Activity of Pasture Grass Artificially Dehydrated at Different Temperatures , Am. Dairy Sc. A. West. Div. 22d Annual Meeting Proc., 1936 , p. 41.
Evans, H. M., and Bishop, K. S.:  On the Existence of a Hitherto Unrecognized Dietary Factor Essential for Reproduction , Science 56:650 ( (Dec. 8) ) 1922;.
Macy, Icie G.; Outhouse, Julia; Long, M. Louisa, and Graham, Alice:  Human Milk Studies: I. Technique Employed in Vitamin Studies , J. Biol. Chem. 73:153 ( (May) ) 1927;.
Coward, Katharine H.:  The Influence of Vitamin A Deficiency on the Oestrous Cycle of the Rat , J. Physiol. 67:26 ( (Feb. 28) ) 1929;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Morgan, Barbara G. E., and Dyer, F. J.: II.,  The Influence of Vitamin A Deficiency on the Oestrous Cycle of the Rat J. Physiol. 69:349 ( (May) ) 1930;.
Baumann, C. A., and Steenbock, Harry:  The Vaginal Smear Method of Determining Vitamin A , Science 76:417 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1932;.
Rosenheim, Otto, and Drummond, J. C.:  On the Relation of the Lipochrome Pigments to the Fat-Soluble Accessory Food Factor , Lancet 1:862 ( (April 17) ) 1920;.
Rosenheim, Otto, and Drummond, J. C.:  A Delicate Colour Reaction for the Presence of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 19:753 (no. (4) ) 1925;.
Carr, T. H., and Price, E. A.:  Colour Reactions Attributed to Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 20:497 (no. (3) ) 1926;.
 Antimony Trichloride Test for Cod Liver Oil , British Pharmacopeia , 1932;, p. 596.
Wokes, F., and Willimott, S. G.:  A Study of Antimony Trichloride as a Possible Quantitative Reagent for Vitamin A , Analyst 52:515, 1927;.
Norris, E. R., and Danielson, I. S.:  Comparison of Biological and Colorimetric Assays for Vitamin A as Applied to Fish Oils , J. Biol. Chem. 83:469 ( (Aug.) ) 1929;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  A Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Reaction for Vitamin A: II. The Dilution Curve of Cod Liver Oil with Antimony Trichloride Reagent , J. Biol. Chem. 87:139 ( (May) ) 1930;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  A Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Reaction for Vitamin A: I. J. Biol. Chem. 85:477 ( (Jan.) ) 1930;.
Smith, E. L., and Hazley, Violet:  The Reaction of Antimony Trichloride with Cod Liver Oil and Its Unsaponifiable Fraction , Biochem. J. 24:1942 (no. (6) ) 1930;.
Wise, E. C., and Heyl, F. W.:  Vitamin A Colorimetric and Biological Assay , J. Am. Pharm. A. 21:1142 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Andersen, A., and Nightingale, E.:  Test for Vitamin A in Margarine, Butter, and Other Fatty Foods , J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 48:139T ( (June 14) ) 1929;.
Andersen, A. C., and Levine, V. E.:  Reaction to Differentiate Vitamin A from Carotene by Means of Antimony Trichloride , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:737 ( (Feb.) ) 1935;.
Ender, Fredrik:  The Reaction of Fish-Liver Oils with Antimony Trichloride , Biochem. J. 26:1118 (no. (4) ) 1932;.
Huston, R. C.; Lightbody, H. D., and Ball, C. D., Jr.:  Some Biochemical Relations of Phenols: II. The Effect of Hydroquinone on the Vitamin A Content of Stored Oils , J. Biol. Chem. 79:507 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
Rosenthal, Eugene, and Erdelyi, John:  Some Remarks Concerning the New Colour Reaction of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 29:2112 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Corbet, Ruth E.; Geisinger, Helen H., and Holmes, H. N.:  Substances Which Interfere with the Antimony Trichloride Test for Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 100:657 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  A Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Reaction for Vitamin A: V. Evaluation of a Colorimetric Unit on the Basis of the Biological Unit for Vitamin A , J. Nutrition 5:495 ( (Sept.) ) 1932;.
Carr, F. H., and Jewell, William:  Characteristics of Highly Active Vitamin A , Nature 131:92 ( (Jan. 21) ) 1933;.
Lathbury, Kathleen C.:  Vitamin A Determination: Relation Between the Biological, Chemical and Physical Methods of Test , Biochem. J. 28:2254 (no. (6) ) 1934;.
Holmes, N. H., and Corbet, Ruth E.:  A Crystalline Vitamin A Concentrate , Science 85:103 ( (Jan. 22) ) 1937;.
Drummond, J. C., and Morton, R. A.:  Observations on the Assay of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 23:785 (no. (4) ) 1929;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Dyer, F. J., and Morton, R. A.:  The Determination of Vitamin A in Cod Liver Oils, (a) Biologically, (b) Chemically, (c) Physically, with a Statistical Examination of the Results: II. Further Evidence That the Intensity of Absorption at 328 Millimicrons Gives the Best Agreement with the Biological Measure of Vitamin A in Cod Liver Oils , Biochem. J. 26:1593 (no. (5) ) 1932;.
Morton, R. A.; Heilbron, I. M., and Thompson, Albert:  Spectrographic Data Concerning Vitamin A and Liver Oils , Biochem. J. 25:20 (no. (1) ) 1931;.
Heilbron, I. M.; Heslop, R. N.; Morton, R. A.; Webster, E. T.; Rea, J. L., and Drummond, J. C.;  Characteristics of Highly Active Vitamin A Preparations , Biochem. J. 26:1178 (no. (4) ) 1932;.
Gillam, A. E., and Morton, R. A..  The Antimony Trichloride Colour Test and the Ultraviolet Absorption of Liver Oils and Concentrates , Biochem. J. 25:1346 (no. (4) ) 1931;.
Heilbron, I. M.; Gillam, A. E., and Morton,R. A.:  Specificity in Tests for Vitamin A: A New Conception of the Chromogenic Constituents of Fresh and Aged Liver Oils , Biochem. J. 25:1352 (no. (4) ) 1931;.
Brode, W. R., and Magill, Mary A.:  A Critical Study of the Antimony Trichloride Color Test for Vitamin A , J. Biol. Chem. 92:87 ( (June) ) 1931;.
Magill, Mary A., and Brode, W. R.:  A Comparison Between the Spectrophotometric and Biological Assay for the Vitamin A Content of Fish Liver Oils , Ohio J. Science 33:127 ( (March) ) 1933;.
Morton, R. A.:  The use of 7-Methylindole in the Antimony Trichloride Colour Test for Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 26:1197 (no. (4) ) 1932;.
Takahashi, K.; Nakamiya, Z.; Kawakami, K., and Kitasato, T.:  On the Physical and Chemical Properties of Biosterin (a Name Given to Fat-Soluble A) and on Its Physiological Significance , Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. (Tokyo) Sc. Papers 3:81 (no. (32) ) 1925;.
Morton, R. A., and Heilbron, I. M.:  The Absorption Spectrum of Vitamin A , Biochem. J. 22:987 (no. (4) ) 1928;.
Macwalter, R. J.:  Some Factors Which Affect the Assay of Vitamin A by the Spectrographic Method , Biochem. J. 28:472 (no. (2) ) 1934;.
Crews, S. K., and Cox, S. J.:  The Relationship between the CarrPrice Value and the 328 Millimicron Absorption Coefficient of Preparations Containing Vitamin A , Analyst 59:85 ( (Feb.) ) 1934;.
Morgan, R. S.; Edisbury, J. R., and Morton, R. S.:  A Discrepancy Between Biological Assays and Other Methods of Determining Vitamin A: I. Biochem. J. 29:1645 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Pritchard, Harry; Wilkinson, Harry; Edisbury, J. R., and Morton, R. A.: II.  A Discrepancy Between Biological Assays and Other Methods of Determining Vitamin A: I. Biochem. J. 31:258 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Hume, E. Margaret, and Chick, Harriette: Reports on Biological Standards: IV. The Standardisation and Estimation of Vitamin A, Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, no. 202, London, His Majesty's Stat. Off., 1935.
Hume, E. M.:  Estimation of Vitamin A , Nature 139:467 ( (March 13) ) 1937;.
Emmett, A. D., and Bird, O. D.:  Comparative Biological Value of Vitamin A as an Alcohol and Ester , J. Biol. Chem. 119:xxxi ( (June) ) 1937;.
Wilkie, J. B.:  Report on Vitamin A: Determinations with the Hilger Vitameter , J. A. Off. Agric. Chem. 20:208 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Morton, R. A., and Heilbron, I. M.:  Vitamin A of Butter , Biochem. J. 24:870 (no. (4) ) 1930;.
Gillam, A. E.; Heilbron, I. M.; Morton, R. A.; Bishop, Gerald, and Drummond, J. C.:  Variations in the Quality of Butter, Particularly in Relation to the Vitamin A, Carotene, and Xanthophyll Content as Influenced by Feeding Artificially Dried Grass to Stall-Fed Cattle , Biochem. J. 27:878 (no. (3) ) 1933;.
Gillam, A. E.; Heilbron, I. M.; Ferguson, W. S., and Watson, S. J.:  Variations in the Carotene and Vitamin A Values of the Milk Fat (Butter) of Cattle of Typical English Breeds , Biochem. J. 30:1728 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
Irish, F. W.:  Report on Vitamin A: Determinations with the Hilger Vitameter , J. A. Off. Agric. Chem. 19:244 ( (May) ) 1936;.
McFarlan, R. L.; Reddie, J. W., and Merrill, E. C.:  A New Photoelectric Method for Measuring Vitamin A , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 29:324 ( (July 15) ) 1937;.
Fraps, G. S.; Copeland, O. C., and Treichler, R.: The Vitamin A Requirements of Dairy Cows , Bull. 495, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1934;.
Sherwood, R. M., and Fraps, G. S.: The Amount of Vitamin A Potency Required by Hens for Egg Production , Bull. 493, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1934;.
Watson, S. J.; Bishop, Gerald, and Drummond, J. C.:  The Relation of the Colour and Vitamin A Content of Butter to the Nature of the Ration Fed: I. Influence of the Ration on the Yellow Colour of the Butter , Biochem. J. 28:1076 (no. (3) ) 1934;.
Wilbur, J. W.; Hilton, J. H., and Hauge, S. M.:  The Vitamin A Activity of Butter Produced by Guernsey and Ayrshire Cows , J. Dairy Sc. 16:153, 1933;.
Moore, Thomas:  Vitamin A and Carotene: IX. Notes on the Conversion of Carotene to Vitamin A in the Cow , Biochem. J. 26:1 (no. (1) ) 1932;.
Booth, R. G.; Kon, S. K., and Gillam, A. E.:  The Relative Biological Efficiencies of the Vitamin A and Carotene of Butter , Biochem. J. 28:2169 (no. (6) ) 1934;.
Sherman, H. C.: Chemistry of Food and Nutrition , ed. 5, New York, The MacMillan Company, p. 366.
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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