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THE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF VITAMIN A

S. W. CLAUSEN, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

From the Department of Pediatrics, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry.


JAMA. 1938;111(2):144-154. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.72790280002008
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Published online

Treatment with vitamin A is indicated in disorders clearly due to deficiency of vitamin A in the diet. These disorders include nutritional night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia and a definite kind of follicular keratosis of the skin. The use of vitamin A in the prophylaxis of these disorders is also well established. It is appropriate to discuss these well defined uses of vitamin A before undertaking an analysis of the other uses proposed for vitamin A. Tests for loss of adaptation to dim light have been introduced recently as a measure of deficiency of vitamin A. These tests are considered in the section of this review dealing with night blindness.

Treatment with vitamin A has been suggested in conditions obviously not due to deficiency, for example, in hyperthyroidism, because experiments with animals demonstrate an antagonism between vitamin A and thyroxine. Vitamin A has also been used for the local treatment of

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Horn, Z., and Sándor, S.:  Die lokale Anwendung des A-Vitamins in der Wundbehandlung , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 60:1018 ( (July 6) ) 1934;.
Zoltan, L.:  Vitamine in der Wundbehandlung , Zentralbl. f. Chir. 62:3031 ( (Dec. 21) ) 1935;.
Sándor, S.:  Vitamin A in the Local Treatment of Wounds , Lancet 2:738 ( (Sept. 26) ) 1936;.
Rachet, A. J., and Busson, A.:  Le traitement des recto-colites ulcéreuses par la vitamine A , Paris méd. 95:308 ( (April 6) ) 1935;.
Balachovski, S.:  Sur la possibilité d'insuffisances locales en vitamines, considérations théoriques et application thérapeutique , Presse méd. 42:1404 ( (Sept. 8) ) 1934;.
Lauber, H. J., and Rocholl, H.:  Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung Vitaminhaltiger Salben auf die Wundheilung , Klin. Wchnschr. 14:1143 ( (Aug. 10) ) 1935;.
Lundh, G.:  Experimentelle Untersuchungen der Wundheilung bei Tieren mit Lebertran , Zentralbl. f. Chir. 63:2860 ( (Nov. 28) ) 1936;.
McCollum, E. V.:  The Supplementary Dietary Relationships Among Our Natural Foodstuffs , J. A. M. A. 68:1379 ( (May 12) ) 1917;.
Drummond, J. C.:  Researches on the Fat-Soluble Accessory Substance: I. Observations upon Its Nature and Properties , Biochem. J. 13:81 ( (May) ) 1919;.
Mellanby, Edward:  An Experimental Investigation on Rickets , Lancet 1:407 ( (March 15) ) 1919;.
Daniels, Amy L.; Armstrong, Margaret E., and Hutton, Mary K.:  Nasal Sinusitis Produced by Diets Deficient in Fat-Soluble A Vitamin , J. A. M. A. 81:828 ( (Sept. 8) ) 1923;.
Green, H. N., and Mellanby, Edward:  Vitamin A as an Anti-Infective Agent , Brit. M. J. 2:691 ( (Oct. 20) ) 1928;
 Carotene and Vitamin A: The Anti-Infective Action of Carotene , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 11:81 ( (April) ) 1930;.
Ørskov, J., and Moltke, O.:  Studien über den Infektionsmekanismus bei verschiedenen Paratyphus-Infektionen an weissen Mäusen , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 59:357 ( (Dec.) ) 1928;.
Ørskov, J., and Lassen, H. C. A.:  Die Bedeutung der Grösse der primären Infektionsdosis bei einigen natürlichen Infektionen , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 67:137 ( (June) ) 1930;.
Lassen, H. C. A.:  Vitamin A Deficiency and Resistance Against a Specific Infection , J. Hyg. 30:300 ( (Aug.) ) 1930;
Experimental Studies on the Course of Paratyphoid Infections in Avitaminctic Rats, with Special Reference to Vitamin A Deficiency, Copenhagen, Levin and Munksgaard, 1931
 Die Bedeutung der Vitamine für den Verlauf von Infektionen , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 73:221 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Boynton, L. C., and Bradford, W. L.:  Effect of Vitamins A and D on Resistance to Infection , J. Nutrition 4:323 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
Webster, L. T., and Pritchett, I. W.:  Microbic Virulence and Host Susceptibility in Paratyphoid Enteritidis Infection of White Mice: V. The Effect of Diet on Host Resistance , J. Exper. Med. 40:397 ( (Sept.) ) 1924;.
Pritchett, I. W.:  Microbic Virulence and Host Susceptibility in Parathyphoid Enteritidis Infection of White Mice: XII. Effect of Diet on Host Resistance, Further Studies , J. Exper. Med. 46:557 ( (Oct.) ) 1927;.
Webster, L. T.:  The Role of Microbic Virulence, Dosage and Host Resistance in Determining the Spread of Bacterial Infections Among Mice: I. Pasteurella Lepiseptica and Pasteurella Aviseptica Infections , J. Exper. Med. 52:901 ( (Dec.) ) 1930;.
Topley, W. W. C.; Greenwood, M., and Wilson, J.:  The Effect of Diet in Epidemic Infections in Mice , J. Path. & Bact. 34:163, 1931;.
Watson, Marion:  Studies on the Influence of Diet on Resistance to Infection: I. The Effect of Various Diets on the Fertility, Growth and Survival of Mice , J. Hyg. 37:396 ( (July) ) 1937;
 Studies on the Influence of Diet on Resistance to Infection: II. The Effect of Various Diets on the Resistance of Mice to Bacterial Infection , WatsonJ. Hyg. 37:420 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Arons, P., and van der Rijst, M. P. J.:  The Cause of Infections Following Lack of Vitamin A , Nederl. tijdschr. v. geneesk. 76:5445 ( (Nov. 26) ) 1932;.
Harris, L. J.; Innes, J. R. M., and Griffith, A. S.:  On the Pathogenesis of Avitaminosis A, Vitamin A as the Antikeratinizing Factor , Lancet 2:614 ( (Sept. 17) ) 1932;.
Robertson, E. C.:  The Vitamins and Resistance to Infection , Medicine 13:123 ( (May) ) 1934;.
Gellhorn, Ernst, and Dunn, Joan O.:  The Influence of Lack of Vitamin A in the Diet on Phagocytosis Promoting Properties of the Blood Serum , J. Nutrition 13:317 ( (March) ) 1937;.
Torrance, C. C.:  The Relation Between Vitamin A Metabolism and Susceptibility to Diphtheria Toxin , Am. J. Hyg. 18:375 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;
 Further Studies on the Relation Between Vitamin A Metabolism and Susceptibility to Bacterial Toxins , TorranceAm. J. Hyg. 23:74 ( (Jan.) ) 1936;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Decline in Immunity as a Symptom Due to Deficiency in A Vitamin and in C Vitamin , Acta pædiat. , (Supp. 2) , (Lecture, 14th Scandinavian Paediatric Congress) 7:61, 1928;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Effects of Deficiency in Vitamins in Infancy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 42:263 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Spence, J. C.:  A Clinical Study of Nutritional Xerophthalmia and Night-Blindness , Acta pædiat. (Trans. Second Int'l Ped. Congress, Stockholm, Sweden) 11:541, 1930;.
Barenberg, L. H., and Lewis, J. M.:  Relationship of Vitamin A to Respiratory Infection in Infants , J. A. M. A. 98:199 ( (Jan. 16) ) 1932;.
Hess, A. F.; Lewis, J. M., and Barenberg, L. H.:  Does Our Dietary Require Vitamin A Supplement? J. A. M. A. 101:657 ( (Aug. 26) ) 1933;.
Wright, H. P.; Frosst, J. B.; Richel, F., and Lawrence, M. R.:  Vitamin A and the Common Cold , Canad. M. A. J. 25:412 ( (Oct.) ) 1931;.
Clausen, S. W.:  The Influence of Nutrition upon Resistance to Infection , Physiol. Rev. 14:309 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Laqueur, E.; Wolff, L. K., and Dingemanse, E.:  Ueber den Gehalt der Leber an Vitamin A (Im besonderen beim Menschen) , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 54:1495 ( (Sept. 7) ) 1928;.
Moore, T.:  Vitamin A Reserves of the Human Liver in Health and Disease, with Special Reference to the Scope of Vitamin A as an Anti-Infective Agent , Lancet 2:669 ( (Sept. 24) ) 1932;.
Wolff, L. K.:  On the Quantity of Vitamin A Present in the Human Liver , Lancet 2:617 ( (Sept. 17) ) 1932;.
McCoord, A. B., and Clausen, S. W.: Unpublished data.
Clausen (footnotes 25 and 127).
Jeghers, Harold:  The Degree and Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Adults, with a Note on Its Experimental Production in Human Beings , J. A. M. A. 109:756 ( (Sept. 4) ) 1937;.
Donaldson, S., and Tasker, J.:  Preliminary Notes on the Treatment of Pneumonia with Vitamin A , Proc. Transvaal Mine Medical Officers Assn. 9:64, Nos. (107) -108 (Feb.-March) 1930;.
Ellison, J. B.:  Intensive Vitamin Therapy in Measles , Brit. M. J. 2:708 ( (Oct. 15) ) 1932;.
Orenstein, A. J.:  Vitamin A in Treatment of Pneumonia , South African M. J. 6:685 ( (Nov. 12) ) 1932;.
Mackay, Helen M. M.; Linford, Hilda M.; Mitman, Maurice, and Wild, Mary H.:  The Therapeutic Value of Vitamins A and D in Measles , Arch. Dis. Childhood 11:127 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Sutliff, W. D.; Place, E. H., and Segool, S. H.:  Cod Liver Oil Concentrate (Concentrated Vitamins A and D): Ineffectiveness of Large Doses in the Prophylaxis of Otitis Media Complicating Scarlet Fever , J. A. M. A. 100:725 ( (March 11) ) 1933;.
Clausen, S. W.:  The Exploitation of Vitamin A , New York State J. Med. 34:154 ( (Feb. 15) ) 1934;.
Sehestedt, H.:  Die Beziehungen zwischen der Widerstandsfähigkeit der Kinder gegen Infekte der oberen Luftwege und dem Gehalt der Nahrung an Vitamin A , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 63:351, 1935;.
Holmes, A. D.; Pigott, M. G.; Sawyer, W. A., and Comstock, L.:  Vitamins Aid Reduction of Lost Time in Industry , J. Indust. & Engin. Chem. 24:1058 ( (Sept.) ) 1932;
 The Influence of Body Weight and the Administration of Cod Liver Oil on Industrial Absenteeism , J. Am. Dietet. A. 10:208 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;
 Cod Liver Oil: A Five Year Study of Its Value for Reducing Industrial Absenteeism Caused by Colds and Respiratory Diseases , Industrial Med. 5:359 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Beard, H. H.:  The Prophylactic Effect of Vitamins A and D upon the Prevention of the Common Cold and Influenza , J. Am. Dietet. A. 10:193 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Gardner, E. L., and Gardner, F. W.:  Vitamin A and Colds , Am. J. Dis. Child. 47:1261 ( (June) ) 1934;.
Tress, E. M.:  Vitamin A as a Prophylactic Against the Common "Cold" in Groups of School Children , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 1:795 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Gudjonsson, S. V.:  On the State of Health... of About 450 Brewery Workers and Officials, and of About 200 Soldiers: The Effect of a Daily Dose of Vitamins (Spinatin) , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infectionskr. 117:229 ( (July) ) 1935;. Cameron.130
Cameron, Hazel C.:  The Effect of Vitamin A upon Incidence and Severity of Colds Among Students , J. Am. Dietet. A. 11:189 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Shibley, G. S., and Spies, T. D.:  The Effect of Vitamin A on the Common Cold , J. A. M. A. 103:2021 ( (Dec. 29) ) 1934;.
Wells, H. G., and Hedenburg, O. F.:  The Toxicity of Carotin , J. Biol. Chem. 27:213 ( (Oct.) ) 1916;.
Lewis, J. T., and Reti, L.:  Sur l'hypervitaminose A et l'innocuité des fortes doses de provitamine A (Carotine cristallisé) , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 118:577, 1935;.
Clausen, S. W., and McCoord, A. B.: Unpublished data.
von Drigalski, W.:  Ueber Schädigungen durch Vitamin A , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:308 ( (Feb. 25) ) 1933;.
von Drigalski, W., and Laubmann, W.:  Ueber Schädigungen durch Vitamin A , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:1171 ( (July 29) ) 1933;.
Moll, T.; Domagk, G., and Laquer, F.:  Ueber das Vitamin A-Kozentrat "Vogan" und seine Wertbestimmung , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:465 ( (March 25) ) 1933;.
Fasold, H.:  Zur Kenntnis der Lipoidanreicherungen nach grösseren Gaben an Vitamin A , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 94:35, 1934;.
Collazo, J. A., and Rodriguez, J. S.:  Hypervitaminose A: Die Symptomatologie der durch Fütterung von reinem A-vitamin an jungen Ratten hervorgerufenen Hypervitaminose A , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:1732 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1933;
 Hypervitaminose A: II. Exophthalmus und Spontanfrakturen , CollazoKlin. Wchnschr. 12:1768 ( (Nov. 11) ) 1933;.
Strauss, K.:  Beobachtungen bei Hypervitaminose A , Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path. 94:345 ( (Dec.) ) 1934;.
Rossi, G.:  Gibt es eine Vitamin A-Hypervitaminose? Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 2:194 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Hopkins, F. G.:  The Present Position of the Vitamin Problem , Brit. M. J. 2:691 ( (Oct. 20) ) 1923;.
Harris, L. J., and Moore, T.:  "Hypervitaminosis" and "Vitamin Balance," Biochem. J. 22:1461, 1928;.
Harris, L. J., and Moore, T.:  Hypervitaminosis and Vitamin Balance: IV. An Instance of Vitamin Balance , Biochem. J. 23:1114, 1929;.
Stepp, W., and Schröder, H.:  Ueber den Antagonismus der Vitamine und seine Bedeutung für die Vitamintherapie , Klin. Wchnschr. 15:548 ( (April 18) ) 1936;
Agduhr, E.:  Postnatal Development Under Different Conditions of Nutrition and Circumstances of Functioning: I. The Changes in the Heart Through the Presence of Cod Liver Oil (Oleum Jecoris Aselli) in the Food , Acta pædiat. 5:319, 1926;
 Changes in the Organism Caused by Cod Liver Oil Added to the Foods , AgduhrActa pædiat. 6:165, 1926;.
Höjer, A.:  Changes in the Heart Through the Presence of Cod Liver Oil in the Food: Effect of Cod Liver Oil by Deficiency in Vitamin B , Acta pædiat. 6:180, 1926;.
Agduhr, E.:  Are the So-Called A Vitamins in Cod Liver Oil the Cause of Its Toxic Effect on the Organism, and Can a Basal Diet Complete as Regards the So-Called B and C Vitamin Contents Prevent This Toxic Effect? Acta pædiat. 7:289, 1928;
 Zur Kenntnis der toxischen Nebenwirkung des Dorschlebertrans auf den Organismus , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 47:97, 1930;.
Agduhr, E., and Stenström, N.:  The Appearance of the Electrocardiogram in Heart Lesions Produced by Cod Liver Oil Treatment , Acta pædiat. 10:167, 1931;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  The Toxic Effect of Fish Liver Oils and the Action of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 89:437 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Bell, M. E.; Gregory, E., and Drummond, J. C.:  Studies of the Alleged Toxic Action of Cod Liver Oil and Concentrates of Vitamin A , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 2:161 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Turner, W. A.; Meigs, E. B., and Converse, H. T.:  Toxic Effect of Cod Liver Oil in the Ration of the Rabbit and the Calf , J. Biol. Chem. (Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chem.) 114:civ ( (May) ) 1936;.
Madsen, L. L.; McCay, C. M., and Maynard, L. A.:  Possible Relationship Between Cod Liver Oil and Muscular Degeneration of Herbivora Fed Synthetic Diets , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:1434 ( (June) ) 1933;.
Madsen, L. L.; McCay, C. M.; Maynard, L. A.; Davis, G. K., and Woodward, J. C.: Synthetic Diets for Herbivora, with Special Reference to the Toxicity of Cod Liver Oil , Mem. 178, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta., (June) 1935;, p. 63.
Cox, W. M., Jr., and Roos, A. J.:  On the Alleged Toxicity of Cod Liver Oil , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 54:430 ( (June) ) 1934;.
Czerny, A.:  Beitrag zur Lebertrantherapie , Therap. d. Gegenw. 14:49 ( (Feb.) ) 1912;.
Balyeat, R. M., and Bowen, R.:  Cod Liver Oil Sensitivity in Children , Am. J. Dis. Child. 47:529 ( (March) ) 1934;.
Pfister, F. F.:  A Skin Manifestation from the Excessive Administration of Vitamins , J. A. M. A. 102:533 ( (Feb. 17) ) 1934;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

Blegvad, O.:  Xerophthalmia, Keratomalacia and Xerosis Conjunctivae , Am. J. Ophth. 7:89 ( (Feb.) ) 1924;.
Ishihara, S.:  Zur Aetiologie der idiopathischen Hemeralopie bzw. Xerosis conjunctivae , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 51:596 ( (Jan.) -June) 1913;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Clinical Investigation of Xerophthalmia and Dystrophy in Infants and Young Children (Xerophthalmia et Dystrophia alipogenetica) , J. Hyg. 19:283 ( (Jan.) ) 1921;.
Parinaud, M.:  L'héméralopie et les fonctions du pourpre visuel , Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc. 93:286 ( (July) ) 1881;.
Fridericia, L. S., and Holm, E.:  Experimental Contribution to the Study of the Relation Between Night Blindness and Malnutrition: Influence of Deficiency of Fat Soluble A-Vitamin in the Diet on the Visual Purple in the Eyes of Rats , Am. J. Physiol. 73:63 ( (June) ) 1925;.
Holm, E.:  Demonstration of Hemeralopia in Rats Nourished on Food Devoid of Fat-Soluble A-Vitamin , Am. J. Physiol. 73:79 ( (June) ) 1925;.
Tansley, Katharine:  The Regeneration of Visual Purple: Its Relation to Dark Adaptation and Night Blindness , J. Physiol. 71:442 ( (April) ) 1931;.
Yudkin, A. M.; Kriss, Max, and Smith, A. H.:  Vitamin A Potency of Retinal Tissue , Am. J. Physiol. 97:611 ( (July) ) 1931;.
Wald, George:  Vitamin A in Eye Tissues , J. Gen. Physiol. 18:905 ( (July) ) 1935;
 Carotenoids and the Visual Cycle , WaldJ. Gen. Physiol. 19:351 ( (Nov.) ) 1935;
 The Chemistry of the Visual Purple System, Cold Spring Harbor , Biol. Lab. Symposia on Quant. Biol. 3:251, 1935;
 The Visual Purple System in Marine Fishes , Nature 136:913 ( (Dec. 7) ) 1935;
 Pigments of the Retina: I. The Bull Frog , J. Gen. Physiol. 19:781 ( (May 20) ) 1936;
 Pigments of the Retina: II. Sea Robin, Sea Bass, and Scup , J. Gen. Physiol. 20:45 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;
 Bleaching of Visual Purple in Solution , Nature 139:587 ( (April 3) ) 1937;
 Visual Purple System in Fresh Water Fishes , Nature 139:1017 ( (June 12) ) 1937;.
Mirsky, A. E.:  The Visual Cycle and Protein Denaturation , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. 22:147 ( (Feb.) ) 1936;.
Hecht, Selig:  Rods, Cones and the Chemical Basis of Vision , Physiol. Rev. 17:239 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Dartnall, H. J. A., and Goodeve, C. F.:  Scotopic Luminosity Curve and the Absorption Spectrum of Visual Purple , Nature 139:409 ( (March 6) ) 1937;.
von Jancsó, N., and von Jancsó, H.:  Fluoreszenzmikroskopische Beobachtung der reversiblen Vitamin-A-Bilding in der Netzhaut während des Sehaktes , Biochem. Ztschr. 287:289 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Hart, G. H.; Mead, S. W., and Guilbert, H. R.:  Vitamin A Deficiency in Cattle Under Natural Conditions , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:1230 ( (June) ) 1933;.
Guilbert, H. R., and Hart, G. H.:  Minimum Vitamin A Requirements with Particular Reference to Cattle , J. Nutrition 10:409 ( (Oct.) ) 1935;.
Guilbert, H. R.; Miller, R. F., and Hughes, E. H.:  The Minimum Vitamin A and Carotene Requirement of Cattle, Sheep and Swine , J. Nutrition 13:543 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Baumann, C. A.; Riising, B. M., and Steenbock, Harry:  Fat Soluble Vitamins: XL. The Growth Method of Determining Vitamin A , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 3:81 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Jeans, P. C.:  Vitamin Deficiency in Childhood , Minnesota Med. 16:688 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
Jeans, P. C., and Zentmire, Zelma:  Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency Among Children in Iowa , Am. J. Dis. Child. (Society Transactions) 48:928 ( (Oct.) ) 1934;
 A Clinical Method for Determining Moderate Degrees of Vitamin A Deficiency , J. A. M. A. 102:892 ( (March 24) ) 1934;
 The Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency Among Iowa Children , J. A. M. A. 106:996 ( (March 21) ) 1936;.
Jeans, P. C.; Blanchard, Evelyn, and Zentmire, Zelma:  Dark Adaptation and Vitamin A , J. A. M. A. 108:451 ( (Feb. 6) ) 1937;.
Snelling, C. E.:  Vitamin A Deficiency in Children , Am. J. Dis. Child. (Society Transactions) 51:484 ( (Feb.) ) 1936;.
Snelling, C. E.:  A Study of the Birch-Hirschfeld Photometric Test for Vitamin A Deficiency , J. Pediat. 9:655 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Palmer, C. E., and Blumberg, H.:  The Use of a Dark Adaptation Technic (Biophotometer) in the Measurement of Vitamin A Deficiency in Children , Pub. Health Rep. 52:1403 ( (Oct. 8) ) 1937;.
Park, I. O.:  Preliminary Observations on Vitamin A Deficiency as Shown by Studies with the Visual Photometer , J. Oklahoma M. A. 28:357 ( (Oct.) ) 1935;
 Further Observations on Vitamin A Deficiency as Shown by Studies with the Visual Photometer and Clinically , ParkJ. Oklahoma M. A. 29:129 ( (April) ) 1936;
 Significance of Vitamin A Deficiency , editorial, Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 3:193 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Jeghers, Harold:  Night Blindness Due to Vitamin A Deficiency: Consideration of Its Importance in Traffic Problems , New England J. Med. 216:51 ( (Jan. 14) ) 1937;
 Night Blindness as a Criterion of Vitamin A Deficiency: Review of the Literature with Preliminary Observations of the Degree and Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency Among Adults in Both Health and Disease , Ann. Int. Med. 10:1304 ( (March) ) 1937;
 The Degree and Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Adults, with a Note on Its Experimental Production in Human Beings , J. A. M. A. 109:756 ( (Sept. 4) ) 1937;.
Edmund, C., and Clemmesen, S.: On Deficiency of A Vitamin and Visual Dysaptation , Copenhagen, Levin and Munksgaard, 1936;; London, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press; 1936, pp. 1-77.
Friderichsen, C., and Edmund, C.:  Studies on Hypovitaminosis A: II. A New Method for Testing the Resorption of Vitamin A from Medicaments , Am. J. Dis. Child. 53:89 (Jan., (part 1) ) 1937;
 Studies on Hypovitaminosis A: III. Clinical Experiments in the Vitamin A Balance in Children After Various Diets , FriderichsenAm. J. Dis. Child. 53:1179 ( (May) ) 1937;.
Clausen, S. W.:  Limits of the Anti-Infective Value of Provitamin A (Carotene) , J. A. M. A. 101:1384 ( (Oct. 28) ) 1933;.
Mu, J. W.; Frazier, C. N., and Pillat, Arnold:  Melanin Pigment of the Skin and Conjunctiva in Avitaminosis A in Man , Chinese J. Physiol. 11:247 ( (March 1) ) 1937;.
Mori, M.:  Ueber den sogenannten Hikan (Xerosis conjunctivae infantum ev. Keratomalacie) , Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 59:175, 1904;.
Mori, S.:  The Changes in the Para-Ocular Glands Which Follow the Administration of Diets Low in Fat-Soluble A, with Notes of the Effect of the Same Diets on the Salivary Glands and the Mucosa of the Larynx and Trachea , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33:357 ( (Oct.) ) 1922;.
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.:  Ophthalmia as a Symptom of Dietary Deficiency , Am. J. Physiol. 69:543 ( (Aug.) ) 1924;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Blindness and Other Diseases in Children Arising from Deficient Nutrition (Lack of Fat-Soluble A Factor) , Am. J. Dis. Child. 27:139 ( (Feb.) ) 1924;. Pillat.32
Little, W. S.:  Kerato-malacie (Sphacelus) with a Case , Philadelphia M. Times 12:490 ( (April 22) ) 1882;.
Weeks, J. E.:  Xerosis of the Conjunctiva in Infants and Children , Arch. Ophth. 15:332, 1886;.
Kollock, C. W.:  A Form of Xerosis , Ophth. Rev. 9:249 ( (Sept.) ) 1890;.
Ross, S. G.:  Nutritional Keratomalacia in Infants, with a Report of Four Cases , Am. J. Dis. Child. 22:232 ( (Sept.) ) 1921;.
Wilson, J. R., and DuBois, R. O.:  Report of a Fatal Case of Keratomalacia in an Infant with Postmortem Examination , Am. J. Dis. Child. 26:431 ( (Nov.) ) 1923;.
Blackfan, K. D., and Wolbach, S. B.:  Vitamin A Deficiency in Infants , J. Pediat. 3:679 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
Thorson, J. A.:  Nutritional Xerophthalmia , J. A. M. A. 103:1438 ( (Nov. 10) ) 1934;.
Wright, R. E.:  Keratomalacia in Southern India , Brit. J. Ophth. 6:164 ( (April) ) 1922;.
Mitchell, J. P.:  Observations on Health in Relation to Diet in His Majesty's Central Prison, Uganda: I. Prison Diets and Morbidity , East African M. J. 10:38 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Loewenthal, L. J. A.:  The Manifestations of Vitamin A Deficiency in Man , Ann. Trop. Med. 29:407 ( (Dec.) ) 1935;.
Widmark, E.:  Vitamin A Deficiency in Denmark and Its Results , Lancet 1:1206 ( (June 14) ) 1924;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Effects of Deficiency in Vitamins in Infancy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 42:263 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Wilbur, D. L., and Eusterman, G. B.:  Nutritional Night Blindness: Report of a Case , J. A. M. A. 102:364 ( (Feb. 3) ) 1934;.
Pillat, Arnold:  Does Keratomalacia Exist in Adults? Arch. Ophth. 2:256 ( (Sept.) ), 399 (Oct.) 1929;.
Frazier, C. N., and Ch'uan-K'uei, Hu:  Cutaneous Lesions Associated with a Deficiency of Vitamin A in Man , Arch. Int. Med. 48:507 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
Loewenthal, L. J. A.:  A New Cutaneous Manifestation in the Syndrome of Vitamin A Deficiency , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 28:700 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
Scheer, Max, and Keil, Harry:  Follicular Lesions in Vitamin A and C Deficiencies , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 30:177 ( (Aug.) ) 1934;.
Sweet, L. K., and K'ang, H. J.:  Clinical and Anatomic Study of Avitaminosis A Among the Chinese , Am. J. Dis. Child. 50:699 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Reiss, F.:  A Contribution to Cutaneous Manifestations of Vitamin A Deficiency , Chinese M. J. 50:945 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Frazier, C. N., and Ch'uan-K'uei, Hu:  Nature and Distribution According to Age of Cutaneous Manifestations of Vitamin A Deficiency: A Study of 207 Cases , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 33:825 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Drummond, J. C.; Bell, M. E., and Palmer, E. T.:  Observations on the Absorption of Carotene and Vitamin A , Brit. M. J. 1:1208 ( (June 15) ) 1935;.
Rowntree, J. I.:  A Study of the Absorption and Retention of Vitamin A in Young Children , J. Nutrition 3:265 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Rowntree, J. I.:  The Effect of the Use of Mineral Oil upon the Absorption of Vitamin A , J. Nutrition 3:345 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Jackson, R. W.:  The Effect of Mineral Oil Administration upon the Nutritional Economy of Fat-Soluble Vitamins: I. Studies with the Vitamin A of Butter Fat , J. Nutrition 4:171 ( (July) ) 1931;.
Jackson, R. W.:  The Effect of Mineral Oil Administration upon the Nutritional Economy of Fat-Soluble Vitamins: II. Studies with the Vitamin A Factor of Yellow Corn , J. Nutrition 7:607 ( (June) ) 1934;.
Dutcher, R. A.; Harris, P. L.; Hartzler, E. R., and Guerrant, N. B.:  Vitamin Studies: XIX. The Assimilation of Carotene and Vitamin A in the Presence of Mineral Oil , J. Nutrition 8:269 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Altschule, M. D.:  Vitamin A Deficiency in Spite of Adequate Diet in Congenital Atresia of Bile Ducts and Jaundice , Arch. Path. 20:845 ( (Dec.) ) 1935;.
Greaves, J. D., and Schmidt, C. L. A.:  On the Absorption and Utilization of Carotene and Vitamin A in Choledochocolonostomized Vitamin A Deficient Rats , Am. J. Physiol. 111:492 ( (April) ) 1935;.
Clausen, S. W.:  Limits of the Anti-Infective Value of Provitamin A (Carotene) , J. A. M. A. 101:1384 ( (Oct. 28) ) 1933;.
Heymann, Walter:  Absorption of Carotene , Am. J. Dis. Child. 51:273 ( (Feb.) ) 1936;.
Chesney, Jack, and McCoord, Augusta B.:  Vitamin A of Serum Following Administration of Haliver Oil in Normal Children and in Chronic Steatorrhea , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:887 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Friderichsen, I. C.:  Quantitative Investigations on Resorption of Vitamin A in Case of Celiac Disease: Studies on Hypovitaminosis A , Hospitalstid. 79:689 ( (July 7) ) 1936;
abstr. J. A. M. A. 107:918 ( (Sept. 12) ) 1936;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Light and the A-Body , Am. J. Dis. Child. 31:315 ( (March) ) 1926;.
Manville, I. A.:  The Production of Gastric Ulcers by Dietary Means , Am. J. Physiol. (Society Proc.) 105:70 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Manville, I. A.:  The Interrelationship of Vitamin A and Glucuronic Acid in Mucine Metabolism , Science 85:44 ( (Jan. 8) ) 1937;.
Olcott, H. S.:  Vitamin A Deficiency in the Dog , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:767 ( (March) ) 1933;.
Boller, R.:  Ueber die Behandlung verschiedener Magenkrankheiten mit Vitamin A (Vogan) , Ztschr. f. klin. Med. 130:163, 1936;.
Abelin, I.; Goldener, E., and Kobori, B.:  Ueber die Bedeutung des Fettes für die Stoffwechselwirkung der Schilddrüse , Biochem. Ztschr. 174:232, 1926;.
Abelin, I.:  Ernährung und Schilddrüsenwirkung: I. Mitteilung. Einfluss des Caseins auf den hyperthyreotischen Stoffwechsel , Biochem. Ztschr. 228:165, 1930;.
Abelin, I.; Knuchel, M., and Spechtin, W.:  Ernährung und Schilddrüsenwirkung: II. Ueber die Bedeutung der Vitamine für den Verlauf der experimentellen Hyperthyreose , Biochem. Ztschr. 1930;228 , p. 189.
Abelin, I.:  Ernährung und Schilddrüsenwirkung: III. Ueber den Einfluss bestimmt zusammengesetzter Nahrungsmischungen auf die hyperthyreotischen Stoffwechselstörungen , Biochem. Ztschr. 1930;228 , p. 211.
von Euler, H., and Klussmann, E.:  Carotin (Vitamin A) und Thyroxin , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 213:21, 1932;
 Vitamin A, und Follikulin , Arkiv. för Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi , 1932;, 11B, part 2, No. (1) , pp. 1-6.
Abelin, I.:  Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Carotin (Vitamin A) und Thyroxin , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 217:109, 1933;.
Eufinger, H., and Gottlieb, J.:  Wirkungskoeffizienten des Thyroxineffektes im biologischen Versuch , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:1397 ( (Sept. 9) ) 1933;.
Fasold, H., and Peters, H.:  Ueber den Antagonismus zwischen Thyroxin und Vitamin A , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 92:57, 1933;-1934.
"Vogan" is a concentrate of fish liver oils; 1 cc. contains 40,000 rat units of vitamin A, an unstated amount of vitamin D, and about 6 micrograms of iodine.
Fasold, H., and Heidemann, E. R.:  Ueber die Gelbfärbung der Milch thyreopriver Ziegen , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 92:53, 1933;-1934.
Schneider, E., and Widmann, E.:  Die Hepatohormonale Steuerung des Vitamin-A-Umsatzes und die Aetiologie der Ostitis deformans Paget , Klin. Wchnschr. 14:1786 ( (Dec.) ) 1935;.
Wendt, H.:  Ueber Veränderungen im Karotin-Vitamin-A-Haushalt beim Myxödem und bei Kretins , München. med. Wchnschr. 82:1679 ( (Oct.) ) 1935;.
Fasold, H.:  Ueber die Wirkung des Vitamin A auf das Ovar des Puberstätsalters , Klin. Wchnschr. 16:90 ( (Jan. 16) ) 1937;.
Wendt, H.:  Ueber die Behandlung der Basedow'schen Krankheit mit grossen Dosen Vitamin A (Vogan) , München. med. Wchnschr. 82:1160 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Dietrich, H. E.:  Vitaminbehandlung der Schilddrüsenüberfunktion mit Vogan , München. med. Wchnschr. 83:313 ( (Feb.) ) 1936;.
Abelin, I.:  Ueber die medikamentöse Anwendung des A-Vitamins bei der Hyperthyreose , Schweiz. med. Wchnschr. 66:1106 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
 Vitamin A and Urinary Lithiasis, Reports of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry , J. A. M. A. 105:1983 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1935;.
McCarrison, Robert:  The Experimental Production of Stone in the Bladder, with a Note on Pernicious Anemia and Epidemic Dropsy , Indian J. M. Research 14:895 ( (April) ) 1927;
 The Experimental Production of Stone in the Bladder , Brit. M. J. 1:717 ( (April 16) ) 1927;.
van Leersum, E. C.:  Vitamin A Deficiency and Urolithiasis , J. Biol. Chem. 76:137 ( (Jan.) ) 1928;.
Higgins, C. C.:  Production and Solution of Urinary Calculi , J. A. M. A. 104:1296 ( (April 13) ) 1935;.
Oppenheimer, G. D., and Pollack, Herbert:  Attempted Solution of Renal Calculi by Dietetic Measures , J. A. M. A. 108:349 ( (Jan. 30) ) 1937;.
Evans, H. M.:  Testicular Degeneration Due to Inadequate Vitamin A in Cases Where Vitamin E Is Adequate , Am. J. Physiol. 99:477 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Baumann, C. A., and Steenbock, Harry:  Vaginal Smear Method of Determining Vitamin A , Science 76:417 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1932;.
Hohlweg, Walter, and Dohrn, Max:  The Determination of Vitamin A by Means of Its Influence on the Vaginal Contents of the Rat , Biochem. J. 30:932 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Aberle, S. B. D.:  The Interrelation of a Gonadotropic Hormone and Vitamin A , Am. J. Physiol. 106:267 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
von Euler, H.; Zondek, Bernhard, and Klussmann, E.:  Carotinoide, Vitamin E, und Sexualhormone , Arkiv. för Kemi, Mineralogi och Geol. , 1932;, 11B, No. (2) , pp. 1-5.
Mason, K. E., and Ellison, E. T.:  Changes in the Vaginal Epithelium of the Rat After Vitamin A Deficiency , J. Nutrition 9:735 ( (June) ) 1935;
 Demonstration of Oestrus in the Vitamin A Deficient Rat by Supravital Study of the Vaginal Smears , MasonJ. Nutrition 10:1 ( (July) ) 1935;.
Sherwood, T. C.; Brend, M. A., and Roper, E. A.:  Changes in the Vaginal Epithelium of the Rat on an Excessive Vitamin A Diet , J. Nutrition 11:593 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Simpson, J. W., and Mason, K. E.:  A New Concept of Senile Vaginitis , Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 32:125 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Binet, L., and Strumza, M. V.:  Le carotène, son pouvoir hématopoiétique , Presse méd. 40:41 ( (Jan. 9) ) 1932;.
Pillat, Arnold, and Yang, C. S.:  The Blood Picture in Keratomalacia of Adults , Arch. Ophth. 4:309 ( (Sept.) ) 1930;.
Cramer, W.; Drew, A. H., and Mottram, J. C.:  On the Function of the Lymphocyte and of Lymphoid Tissue in Nutrition, with Special Reference to the Vitamin Problem , Lancet 2:1202 ( (Dec. 10) ) 1921;.
Bedson, S. P., and Zilva, S. S.:  The Influence of Vitamin A on the Blood Platelets of the Rat , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 4:5 ( (Feb.) ) 1923;.
Falconer, E. H., and Peachey, G.:  Blood Counts in Vitamin A Deficiency Disease, with Special Reference to the Platelets , Am. J. Physiol. 76:145 ( (March) ) 1926;.
Lorenz, E.:  Der Einfluss des A-Vitamins auf die Thrombocyten , Ztschr. f. Kinderh. 58:504 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Schiff, E., and Hirschberger, C.:  Weitere Untersuchungen zur Frage des Morbus maculosus Werlhofi: II. Einfluss der Vitamine A, B1, B2, C, D und des Eigelbs auf die Zahl der Thrombozyten bei gesunden Kindern Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 146:181, 1935;
 Weitere Untersuchungen zur Frage des Morbus maculosus Werlhofi: III. Einfluss der Vitamine C, A, B2 und des Eigelbs auf die Zahl der Thrombozyten und die Blutungszeit beim Morbus mac. Werlhofi , SchiffJahrb. f. Kinderh. 1935;146 , p. 191
 Weitere Untersuchungen zur Frage des Morbus maculosus Werlhofi: IV. Ein bisher unbekannter Thrombozytose herbeiführender Stoff, der fettlösliche T-Factor , SchiffJahrb. f. Kinderh. 1935;146 , p. 293
 Weitere Untersuchungen zur Frage des Morbus maculosus Werlhofi: V. A-Vitamin und Thrombozytose , SchiffJahrb. f. Kinderh. 147:81, 1936;.
Crimm, P. D., and Short, D. M.:  Qualitative Blood Cell Changes in the Rat Due to Vitamin A , Am. J. Physiol. 111:397 ( (March) ) 1935;
 Qualitative Blood Cell Changes in the Human Due to Vitamin A , J. Indiana M. A. 28:175 ( (April) ) 1935;
 Vitamin A Deficiency in the Dog , Am. J. Physiol. 118:477 ( (March) ) 1937;
Mellanby, Edward:  The Experimental Production and Prevention of Degeneration in the Spinal Cord , Brain 54:247 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
Mellanby, Edward:  Lesions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Produced in Young Rabbits by Vitamin A Deficiency and a High Cereal Intake , Brain 58:141 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Suzman, M. M.; Muller, G. L., and Ungley, C. C.:  An Attempt to Produce Spinal Cord Degeneration in Dogs Fed a High Cereal Diet Deficient in Vitamin A: The Incidental Development of a Syndrome of Anemia, Skin Lesions, Anorexia and Changes in the Concentration of Blood Lipoids , Am. J. Physiol. 101:529 ( (Aug.) ) 1932;.
Zimmerman, H. M.:  Lesions of the Nervous System in Vitamin Deficiency: I. Rats on a Diet Low in Vitamin A , J. Exper. Med. 57:215 ( (Feb. 1) ) 1933;.
Zimmerman, H. M., and Cowgill, G. R.:  Lesions of the Nervous System in Vitamin Deficiency: IV. The Effect of Carotene in the Treatment of the Nervous Disorder in Rats Fed a Diet Low in Vitamin A , J. Nutrition 11:411 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Sutton, T. S.; Setterfield, H. E., and Krauss, W. E.: Nerve Degeneration Associated with Avitaminosis A in the White Rat , Bull. 545, Ohio Agric. Exper. Sta., (December) 1934;.
Aberle, S. B. D.:  Neurological Disturbances in Rats Reared on Diets Deficient in Vitamin A , J. Nutrition 7:445 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Bartz, J. P., and Schmitt, F. O.:  Carotene and Associated Pigments in Medullated Nerve , Am. J. Physiol. 117:280 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Baker, Lillian E.:  Effect of Vitamin A on Proliferation of Fibroblasts , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 33:124 ( (Oct.) ) 1935;.
Kuh, Clifford:  A Study of Vitamin A in Relation to Experimental Cancer , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 5:123 ( (Dec.) ) 1932;.
Dittmar, C.:  Ueber den Einfluss der Kost auf das Wachstum von Impftumoren , Ztschr. f. Krebsforsch. 44:73, 1936;.
Lustig, B., and Wachtel, H.:  Therapeutische Versuche mit Vitamin A beim Krebs , Ztschr. f. Krebsforsch. 44:53 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Wolbach, S. B., and Howe, P. R.:  The Incisor Teeth of Albino Rats and Guinea Pigs in Vitamin A Deficiency and Repair , Am. J. Path. 9:275 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Orten, A. U.; Burn, C. G., and Smith, A. H.:  Effects of Prolonged Chronic Vitamin A Deficiency in the Rat, with Special Reference to Odontomas , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 36:82 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Löhr, W.:  Ueber die Lebertransalbenbehandlung (mit und ohne Gipsverband) bei frischen Verletzungen, Verbrennungen, und phlegmonösen Entzündungen , Zentralbl. f. Chir. 61:1686 ( (July 21) ) 1934;.
Löhr, W.:  Die Behandlung der akuten and chronischen Osteomyelitis der Röhrenknochen mit dem Lebertrangips , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 62:997 ( (June 19) ) 1936;.
Andernach, F., and Löhr, W.:  Die Behandlung der chronischen Arthritis mit Lebertran injektionen ins Gelenk , Zentralbl. f. Chir. 63:2493 ( (Oct. 17) ) 1936;.
Horn, Z., and Sándor, S.:  Die lokale Anwendung des A-Vitamins in der Wundbehandlung , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 60:1018 ( (July 6) ) 1934;.
Zoltan, L.:  Vitamine in der Wundbehandlung , Zentralbl. f. Chir. 62:3031 ( (Dec. 21) ) 1935;.
Sándor, S.:  Vitamin A in the Local Treatment of Wounds , Lancet 2:738 ( (Sept. 26) ) 1936;.
Rachet, A. J., and Busson, A.:  Le traitement des recto-colites ulcéreuses par la vitamine A , Paris méd. 95:308 ( (April 6) ) 1935;.
Balachovski, S.:  Sur la possibilité d'insuffisances locales en vitamines, considérations théoriques et application thérapeutique , Presse méd. 42:1404 ( (Sept. 8) ) 1934;.
Lauber, H. J., and Rocholl, H.:  Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung Vitaminhaltiger Salben auf die Wundheilung , Klin. Wchnschr. 14:1143 ( (Aug. 10) ) 1935;.
Lundh, G.:  Experimentelle Untersuchungen der Wundheilung bei Tieren mit Lebertran , Zentralbl. f. Chir. 63:2860 ( (Nov. 28) ) 1936;.
McCollum, E. V.:  The Supplementary Dietary Relationships Among Our Natural Foodstuffs , J. A. M. A. 68:1379 ( (May 12) ) 1917;.
Drummond, J. C.:  Researches on the Fat-Soluble Accessory Substance: I. Observations upon Its Nature and Properties , Biochem. J. 13:81 ( (May) ) 1919;.
Mellanby, Edward:  An Experimental Investigation on Rickets , Lancet 1:407 ( (March 15) ) 1919;.
Daniels, Amy L.; Armstrong, Margaret E., and Hutton, Mary K.:  Nasal Sinusitis Produced by Diets Deficient in Fat-Soluble A Vitamin , J. A. M. A. 81:828 ( (Sept. 8) ) 1923;.
Green, H. N., and Mellanby, Edward:  Vitamin A as an Anti-Infective Agent , Brit. M. J. 2:691 ( (Oct. 20) ) 1928;
 Carotene and Vitamin A: The Anti-Infective Action of Carotene , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 11:81 ( (April) ) 1930;.
Ørskov, J., and Moltke, O.:  Studien über den Infektionsmekanismus bei verschiedenen Paratyphus-Infektionen an weissen Mäusen , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 59:357 ( (Dec.) ) 1928;.
Ørskov, J., and Lassen, H. C. A.:  Die Bedeutung der Grösse der primären Infektionsdosis bei einigen natürlichen Infektionen , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 67:137 ( (June) ) 1930;.
Lassen, H. C. A.:  Vitamin A Deficiency and Resistance Against a Specific Infection , J. Hyg. 30:300 ( (Aug.) ) 1930;
Experimental Studies on the Course of Paratyphoid Infections in Avitaminctic Rats, with Special Reference to Vitamin A Deficiency, Copenhagen, Levin and Munksgaard, 1931
 Die Bedeutung der Vitamine für den Verlauf von Infektionen , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 73:221 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Boynton, L. C., and Bradford, W. L.:  Effect of Vitamins A and D on Resistance to Infection , J. Nutrition 4:323 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
Webster, L. T., and Pritchett, I. W.:  Microbic Virulence and Host Susceptibility in Paratyphoid Enteritidis Infection of White Mice: V. The Effect of Diet on Host Resistance , J. Exper. Med. 40:397 ( (Sept.) ) 1924;.
Pritchett, I. W.:  Microbic Virulence and Host Susceptibility in Parathyphoid Enteritidis Infection of White Mice: XII. Effect of Diet on Host Resistance, Further Studies , J. Exper. Med. 46:557 ( (Oct.) ) 1927;.
Webster, L. T.:  The Role of Microbic Virulence, Dosage and Host Resistance in Determining the Spread of Bacterial Infections Among Mice: I. Pasteurella Lepiseptica and Pasteurella Aviseptica Infections , J. Exper. Med. 52:901 ( (Dec.) ) 1930;.
Topley, W. W. C.; Greenwood, M., and Wilson, J.:  The Effect of Diet in Epidemic Infections in Mice , J. Path. & Bact. 34:163, 1931;.
Watson, Marion:  Studies on the Influence of Diet on Resistance to Infection: I. The Effect of Various Diets on the Fertility, Growth and Survival of Mice , J. Hyg. 37:396 ( (July) ) 1937;
 Studies on the Influence of Diet on Resistance to Infection: II. The Effect of Various Diets on the Resistance of Mice to Bacterial Infection , WatsonJ. Hyg. 37:420 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Arons, P., and van der Rijst, M. P. J.:  The Cause of Infections Following Lack of Vitamin A , Nederl. tijdschr. v. geneesk. 76:5445 ( (Nov. 26) ) 1932;.
Harris, L. J.; Innes, J. R. M., and Griffith, A. S.:  On the Pathogenesis of Avitaminosis A, Vitamin A as the Antikeratinizing Factor , Lancet 2:614 ( (Sept. 17) ) 1932;.
Robertson, E. C.:  The Vitamins and Resistance to Infection , Medicine 13:123 ( (May) ) 1934;.
Gellhorn, Ernst, and Dunn, Joan O.:  The Influence of Lack of Vitamin A in the Diet on Phagocytosis Promoting Properties of the Blood Serum , J. Nutrition 13:317 ( (March) ) 1937;.
Torrance, C. C.:  The Relation Between Vitamin A Metabolism and Susceptibility to Diphtheria Toxin , Am. J. Hyg. 18:375 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;
 Further Studies on the Relation Between Vitamin A Metabolism and Susceptibility to Bacterial Toxins , TorranceAm. J. Hyg. 23:74 ( (Jan.) ) 1936;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Decline in Immunity as a Symptom Due to Deficiency in A Vitamin and in C Vitamin , Acta pædiat. , (Supp. 2) , (Lecture, 14th Scandinavian Paediatric Congress) 7:61, 1928;.
Bloch, C. E.:  Effects of Deficiency in Vitamins in Infancy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 42:263 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Spence, J. C.:  A Clinical Study of Nutritional Xerophthalmia and Night-Blindness , Acta pædiat. (Trans. Second Int'l Ped. Congress, Stockholm, Sweden) 11:541, 1930;.
Barenberg, L. H., and Lewis, J. M.:  Relationship of Vitamin A to Respiratory Infection in Infants , J. A. M. A. 98:199 ( (Jan. 16) ) 1932;.
Hess, A. F.; Lewis, J. M., and Barenberg, L. H.:  Does Our Dietary Require Vitamin A Supplement? J. A. M. A. 101:657 ( (Aug. 26) ) 1933;.
Wright, H. P.; Frosst, J. B.; Richel, F., and Lawrence, M. R.:  Vitamin A and the Common Cold , Canad. M. A. J. 25:412 ( (Oct.) ) 1931;.
Clausen, S. W.:  The Influence of Nutrition upon Resistance to Infection , Physiol. Rev. 14:309 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Laqueur, E.; Wolff, L. K., and Dingemanse, E.:  Ueber den Gehalt der Leber an Vitamin A (Im besonderen beim Menschen) , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 54:1495 ( (Sept. 7) ) 1928;.
Moore, T.:  Vitamin A Reserves of the Human Liver in Health and Disease, with Special Reference to the Scope of Vitamin A as an Anti-Infective Agent , Lancet 2:669 ( (Sept. 24) ) 1932;.
Wolff, L. K.:  On the Quantity of Vitamin A Present in the Human Liver , Lancet 2:617 ( (Sept. 17) ) 1932;.
McCoord, A. B., and Clausen, S. W.: Unpublished data.
Clausen (footnotes 25 and 127).
Jeghers, Harold:  The Degree and Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Adults, with a Note on Its Experimental Production in Human Beings , J. A. M. A. 109:756 ( (Sept. 4) ) 1937;.
Donaldson, S., and Tasker, J.:  Preliminary Notes on the Treatment of Pneumonia with Vitamin A , Proc. Transvaal Mine Medical Officers Assn. 9:64, Nos. (107) -108 (Feb.-March) 1930;.
Ellison, J. B.:  Intensive Vitamin Therapy in Measles , Brit. M. J. 2:708 ( (Oct. 15) ) 1932;.
Orenstein, A. J.:  Vitamin A in Treatment of Pneumonia , South African M. J. 6:685 ( (Nov. 12) ) 1932;.
Mackay, Helen M. M.; Linford, Hilda M.; Mitman, Maurice, and Wild, Mary H.:  The Therapeutic Value of Vitamins A and D in Measles , Arch. Dis. Childhood 11:127 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Sutliff, W. D.; Place, E. H., and Segool, S. H.:  Cod Liver Oil Concentrate (Concentrated Vitamins A and D): Ineffectiveness of Large Doses in the Prophylaxis of Otitis Media Complicating Scarlet Fever , J. A. M. A. 100:725 ( (March 11) ) 1933;.
Clausen, S. W.:  The Exploitation of Vitamin A , New York State J. Med. 34:154 ( (Feb. 15) ) 1934;.
Sehestedt, H.:  Die Beziehungen zwischen der Widerstandsfähigkeit der Kinder gegen Infekte der oberen Luftwege und dem Gehalt der Nahrung an Vitamin A , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 63:351, 1935;.
Holmes, A. D.; Pigott, M. G.; Sawyer, W. A., and Comstock, L.:  Vitamins Aid Reduction of Lost Time in Industry , J. Indust. & Engin. Chem. 24:1058 ( (Sept.) ) 1932;
 The Influence of Body Weight and the Administration of Cod Liver Oil on Industrial Absenteeism , J. Am. Dietet. A. 10:208 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;
 Cod Liver Oil: A Five Year Study of Its Value for Reducing Industrial Absenteeism Caused by Colds and Respiratory Diseases , Industrial Med. 5:359 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Beard, H. H.:  The Prophylactic Effect of Vitamins A and D upon the Prevention of the Common Cold and Influenza , J. Am. Dietet. A. 10:193 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Gardner, E. L., and Gardner, F. W.:  Vitamin A and Colds , Am. J. Dis. Child. 47:1261 ( (June) ) 1934;.
Tress, E. M.:  Vitamin A as a Prophylactic Against the Common "Cold" in Groups of School Children , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 1:795 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Gudjonsson, S. V.:  On the State of Health... of About 450 Brewery Workers and Officials, and of About 200 Soldiers: The Effect of a Daily Dose of Vitamins (Spinatin) , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infectionskr. 117:229 ( (July) ) 1935;. Cameron.130
Cameron, Hazel C.:  The Effect of Vitamin A upon Incidence and Severity of Colds Among Students , J. Am. Dietet. A. 11:189 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Shibley, G. S., and Spies, T. D.:  The Effect of Vitamin A on the Common Cold , J. A. M. A. 103:2021 ( (Dec. 29) ) 1934;.
Wells, H. G., and Hedenburg, O. F.:  The Toxicity of Carotin , J. Biol. Chem. 27:213 ( (Oct.) ) 1916;.
Lewis, J. T., and Reti, L.:  Sur l'hypervitaminose A et l'innocuité des fortes doses de provitamine A (Carotine cristallisé) , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 118:577, 1935;.
Clausen, S. W., and McCoord, A. B.: Unpublished data.
von Drigalski, W.:  Ueber Schädigungen durch Vitamin A , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:308 ( (Feb. 25) ) 1933;.
von Drigalski, W., and Laubmann, W.:  Ueber Schädigungen durch Vitamin A , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:1171 ( (July 29) ) 1933;.
Moll, T.; Domagk, G., and Laquer, F.:  Ueber das Vitamin A-Kozentrat "Vogan" und seine Wertbestimmung , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:465 ( (March 25) ) 1933;.
Fasold, H.:  Zur Kenntnis der Lipoidanreicherungen nach grösseren Gaben an Vitamin A , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 94:35, 1934;.
Collazo, J. A., and Rodriguez, J. S.:  Hypervitaminose A: Die Symptomatologie der durch Fütterung von reinem A-vitamin an jungen Ratten hervorgerufenen Hypervitaminose A , Klin. Wchnschr. 12:1732 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1933;
 Hypervitaminose A: II. Exophthalmus und Spontanfrakturen , CollazoKlin. Wchnschr. 12:1768 ( (Nov. 11) ) 1933;.
Strauss, K.:  Beobachtungen bei Hypervitaminose A , Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path. 94:345 ( (Dec.) ) 1934;.
Rossi, G.:  Gibt es eine Vitamin A-Hypervitaminose? Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 2:194 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Hopkins, F. G.:  The Present Position of the Vitamin Problem , Brit. M. J. 2:691 ( (Oct. 20) ) 1923;.
Harris, L. J., and Moore, T.:  "Hypervitaminosis" and "Vitamin Balance," Biochem. J. 22:1461, 1928;.
Harris, L. J., and Moore, T.:  Hypervitaminosis and Vitamin Balance: IV. An Instance of Vitamin Balance , Biochem. J. 23:1114, 1929;.
Stepp, W., and Schröder, H.:  Ueber den Antagonismus der Vitamine und seine Bedeutung für die Vitamintherapie , Klin. Wchnschr. 15:548 ( (April 18) ) 1936;
Agduhr, E.:  Postnatal Development Under Different Conditions of Nutrition and Circumstances of Functioning: I. The Changes in the Heart Through the Presence of Cod Liver Oil (Oleum Jecoris Aselli) in the Food , Acta pædiat. 5:319, 1926;
 Changes in the Organism Caused by Cod Liver Oil Added to the Foods , AgduhrActa pædiat. 6:165, 1926;.
Höjer, A.:  Changes in the Heart Through the Presence of Cod Liver Oil in the Food: Effect of Cod Liver Oil by Deficiency in Vitamin B , Acta pædiat. 6:180, 1926;.
Agduhr, E.:  Are the So-Called A Vitamins in Cod Liver Oil the Cause of Its Toxic Effect on the Organism, and Can a Basal Diet Complete as Regards the So-Called B and C Vitamin Contents Prevent This Toxic Effect? Acta pædiat. 7:289, 1928;
 Zur Kenntnis der toxischen Nebenwirkung des Dorschlebertrans auf den Organismus , Monatschr. f. Kinderh. 47:97, 1930;.
Agduhr, E., and Stenström, N.:  The Appearance of the Electrocardiogram in Heart Lesions Produced by Cod Liver Oil Treatment , Acta pædiat. 10:167, 1931;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.:  The Toxic Effect of Fish Liver Oils and the Action of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 89:437 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Bell, M. E.; Gregory, E., and Drummond, J. C.:  Studies of the Alleged Toxic Action of Cod Liver Oil and Concentrates of Vitamin A , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 2:161 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Turner, W. A.; Meigs, E. B., and Converse, H. T.:  Toxic Effect of Cod Liver Oil in the Ration of the Rabbit and the Calf , J. Biol. Chem. (Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chem.) 114:civ ( (May) ) 1936;.
Madsen, L. L.; McCay, C. M., and Maynard, L. A.:  Possible Relationship Between Cod Liver Oil and Muscular Degeneration of Herbivora Fed Synthetic Diets , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:1434 ( (June) ) 1933;.
Madsen, L. L.; McCay, C. M.; Maynard, L. A.; Davis, G. K., and Woodward, J. C.: Synthetic Diets for Herbivora, with Special Reference to the Toxicity of Cod Liver Oil , Mem. 178, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta., (June) 1935;, p. 63.
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Czerny, A.:  Beitrag zur Lebertrantherapie , Therap. d. Gegenw. 14:49 ( (Feb.) ) 1912;.
Balyeat, R. M., and Bowen, R.:  Cod Liver Oil Sensitivity in Children , Am. J. Dis. Child. 47:529 ( (March) ) 1934;.
Pfister, F. F.:  A Skin Manifestation from the Excessive Administration of Vitamins , J. A. M. A. 102:533 ( (Feb. 17) ) 1934;.
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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